Reading is playing an important part in our life. First of all , we can not only get knowledge but also open the mind through reading .Besides , it is also a good way to make us intelligent.

Textbooks , newspaper, magazines and other kinds of reading materials can help us know more about the outside world and it is also a great help to make us grow into an excellent person.

I’m planning to read at least 5 books in the coming holiday . And I’ll spend more time reading every day. Reading makes a full man ! Let’s start reading now.

Cheetahs are the fastest runners in the world.They can run with a top speed of more than 110 kilometers per hour . Cheetahs mainly live in west Asia and Africa . An adult cheetah’s body is 1-1.5miters long and 0.75-0.85meters high and weighs 50 kilos. As we all know, cheetahs live in the forests. Nowadays , people have cut down so many trees that cheetahs’ living conditions are being destroyed .Also, they can’t find enough food.So it’s very difficult for them to live in the wild. Worse more , people have killed too many cheetahs for their fur. As a result ,cheetahs are endangered. Protecting them has been a main task. If we do nothing , soon there will be no more cheetahs in the world!

How to read the book in the original?Different people have different opinions.

Some of us think it is better to see the film instead of reading the book in the original . The reason is that it takes less time to understand the whole story. What’s more ,the film is more interesting.Some others have the opposite opinions. They think they can get more information from the original. And the language in the book is possibly more lively and beautiful.

Personally, I agree with the second view. Actually I have more reasons for it. I think I can stay at home, reading quietly in a situation of my own, and what’s more, I am able to better understand the author’s ideas. In a word, to read the original work is better than to see the film based on it

Our school’s club is holding a film activity .We saw Life of Pi last week.It is directed by Ang Lee.And he gets the Best Director Award for it.The film is about the story of a young man called Pi.He takes a boat trip alone.He not only has to deal with difficult weather but also needs to find enough food for himself.In the face of dangers,he is so brave.and at last he comes back home successfully.

Many people think Life of Pi is one of the year’s best films.It tells us we should brave enough to face any problem and spare no effort to find ways to solve them.We are heroes of ourselves.

Last weekend ,I had a wonderful trip to Hainan with my parents by plane.The weather was warm there.We visited many places of interest,such as Tianya Haijiao,which means the edge of sky and the rim of the sea,and Wanquan River.We went swimming,fishing and diving there.We also enjoyed the delicious food .We relaxed ourselves on the beautiful white beaches.What a great time we had .All my family felt happy,although tired.

Among all the travel experiences I’ve had so far, my trip to an ordinary hill is the most unforgettable one because I experienced and learned a lot.

Two years ago, while my parents and I were climbing a hill, we found an injured bird lying on the side of the road. Hurriedly, I took it into my car to give it the first aid and took him back to the hotel. I cared for him so patiently that fortunately it recovered two days later. I had thought he would like to be my pet, but to my surprise, it began to struggle and tried to escape from the cage. I knew maybe I should let him go, but I loved him so much that I didn’t want him to leave me.

However, the next day when I saw the disappointment clearly on his face, I made a big decision: let him go! I unlocked the cage in the open air and was extremely enjoyable to see him fly freely and disappear finally.

It was on the day that I realized the essence of love is to let him go and give him the world he should belong to.

Dear Tony,

There are a lot of things you can do.First,you can play in the neighborhood and try to find some kids.When you find some ,you can go up and talk to them.At the same time,you should let your paretns know that you want to make friends. Second, it’s a good way to tell your parents to take you to the library or some places where there are some kids. Trying to join a sports club is not bad . These are all great ways to meet people. Third, you can try making friends when taking part in activities on Sunday. In conclusion ,try to be active wherever you are . It takes some time and patience .I hope you will make many friends soon.

yours,

第二篇：初二英语语法

should的用法：

should用来提出建议和忠告，后边加动词原形，否定句直接在should后边加not. 例如：I think you should eat less junk food.

我认为你应该少吃垃圾食品。

She drives a lot and she seldom walks. So I think she should walk a lot. 她经常开车，很少走路。所以我认为她应该多走路。

Students shouldn’t spend too much time playing computer games.

学生们不应当花太多的时间玩计算机游戏。

学习向别人提建议的几种句式：

(1)I think you should?

(2)Well, you could?

(3)Maybe you should ?

(4)Why don’t you??

(5)What about doing sth.?

(6)You’d better do sth.

★★练一练★★

用should或shouldn’t填空

1. I can’t sleep the night before exams.

You ______ take a warm shower before you go to bed.

2. Good friends ______ argue each other.

3. There is little milk in the glass. We _______ buy some.

4. They didn’t invite you? Maybe you ______ be friendlier.

5. I am a little bit overweight. So I think I _______ do exercises every day. 答案：1. should 2. shouldn’t 3. should 4. should 5. should

过去进行时

过去进行时表示过去某一点时间正在进行的动作或者过去某一段时间内一直进行的动作。

1. 构成

was /were + doing，例如：

I was watching TV at 9 o’clock last night.

at 9 o’clock last night是时间点

They were playing football all afternoon.

all afternoon是时间段

2. 过去进行时的标志词

at 8 o’clock last night, this time yesterday等。例如：

I was having lunch at home this time yesterday.

昨天的这个时候我正在吃午饭。

At that time she was writing a book.

那阵子她在写一本书。(表示她在那段时间里一直在做那件事情。)

★★练一练★★

用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。

1. This time yesterday I ____ ______(read)books.

2. At 9 o’clock last Sunday they ______ ______(have)a party.

3. When I _____(come)into the classroom, she ________ ______(read)a storybook.

4. She _____ ______(play)computer games while her mother ____

______(cook)yesterday afternoon.

5. I _____ ______(have)a shower when you _______(call)me yesterday.

答案：1. was reading 2. were having 3. came; was reading

4. was playing; was cooking 5. was having; called

间接引语

形成步骤：

(1)不要逗号，冒号，引号

(2)要考虑到人称的变化(人称的变化与汉语是一致的)

(3)要考虑时态的变化

(4)要考虑时间状语、地点状语和语示代词的变化。

1. 直接引语变成间接引语时，几个主要时态的变化规律

?

直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时过去将来时现在进行时过去进行时

2. 直接引语变成间接引语时，一些词汇的变化规律

?

直接引语

?? 1. am / is

2. are

???????????????? 3. have / has

4. will

5. can

6. may间接引语

1. was

2. were

??????????????? 3. had

4. would

5. could

6. might ★★练一练★★

用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。

1. She said I _____(be)hard-working.

2. Peter told me he _____(be)bored yesterday.

3. She said she _____(go)swimming last Sunday.

4. Bobby said he _____(may)call me later.

5. Antonio told me he _____(read)a book then.

答案：1. was 2. was 3. went 4. might 5. was reading

请转述他人说的话：

1. I go to the beach every Saturday. (Tom)

2. I can speak three languages. (Lucy)

3. I will call you tomorrow. (Mike)

4. I’m having a surprise party for Lana. (she)

if引导的条件状语从句

结构：if+一般现在时，主语+将来时

含义：如果??，将要??

例如：If you ask him, he will help you.

如果你请求他，他会帮助你。

If need be, we’ll work all night.

如果需要，我们就干个通宵。

★★练一练★★

1. 如果你参加聚会，你将会过得很开心。

If you ________ the party, you __________.

2. 如果明天下雨，我们将不去野餐。

3. 如果你经常听英文歌，你将会喜欢英语的。

If you often ________, you _________________.

答案：

1. If you go to the party, you will have a good time

2. If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go to the picnic

3. If you often listen to English songs, you’ll like English

一般将来时

一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或者存在的状态。通常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next year, next month, next week, in 100 years等。

be going to do (动词原形)结构：表示打算、准备做的事情或者肯定要发生的事情。如：It is going to rain.

will do 结构表示将来的用法：

1. 表示预见

Do you think it will rain?

You will feel better after a good rest.

2. 表示意图

I will borrow a book from our school library tomorrow.

What will she do tomorrow?

基本构成如下：

一般疑问句构成：

(1)will+主语+do?? Will Sarah come to visit me next Sunday?

(2)there be 结构的一般疑问句：Will there + be ??

Will there be fewer trees? Yes, there will. / No, there won’t

否定句构成：will + not (won’t)+do

Sarah won’t come to visit me next Sunday.

特殊疑问句构成：

特殊疑问词+will+主语+??What will Sarah do next Sunday?

★★练一练★★

根据例句，用will改写下列各句

例：I don’t feel well today. (be better tomorrow)

I’ll be better tomorrow.

1. Gina has six classes today. (have a lot of homework tonight)

_____________________________

2. I’m tired now. (sleep later)

_____________________________

3. My parents need a new car. (buy one soon)

_____________________________

4. We can’t leave right now. (leave a little later)

_____________________________

5. The weather is awful today. (be better tomorrow)

_____________________________

答案：1. She’ll have a lot of homework tonight.

2. I’ll sleep later.

3. They’ll buy one soon.

4. We’ll leave a little later.

5. Maybe it’ll be better tomorrow.

every day 与 everyday

1. every day 作状语，译为“每一天”。如：

We go to school at 7:10 every day. 我们每天7：10去上学。

I decide to read English every day. 我决定每天读英语。

2. everyday 作定语，译为“日常的”。

She watches everyday English on TV after dinner. 她晚饭后在电视上看日常英语。 What's your everyday activity? 你的日常活动是什么?

forget doing/to do与remember doing/to do

1.forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做)

forget doing 忘记做过某事。 (已做)

The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off.

办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)

He forgot turning the light off.

他忘记他已经关了灯了。 ( 已做过关灯的动作)

Don't forget to come tomorrow.

别忘了明天来。 (to come动作未做)

典型例题

---- The light in the office is still on.

---- Oh，I forgot___.

A. turning it off B. turn it off

C. to turn it off D. having turned it off

答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth 表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。

2.remember to do 记得去做某事 (未做)

remember doing 记得做过某事 (已做)

Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。

Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?It's for sb.和 It's of sb.

1.for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：

It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。

2.of sb 的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。

It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。

什么是助动词

1.协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。

助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，例如：

He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。

(doesn't是助动词，无词义;like是主要动词，有词义)

2.助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：

a. 表示时态，例如：

He is singing. 他在唱歌。

He has got married. 他已结婚。

b. 表示语态，例如：

He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。

c. 构成疑问句，例如：

Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗?

Did you study English before you came here?你来这儿之前学过英语吗? d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，例如：

I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。

e. 加强语气，例如：

Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。

He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。

3.最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would

What...? 与 Which...?

1. what 与 which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。如： What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的?

该句相当于：

What does your father do?

What is your father's job?

Which 指代的是特定范围内的某一个人。如：

---Which is Peter? 哪个是皮特?

---The boy behind Mary. 玛丽背后的那个男孩。

2. What...?是泛指，所指的事物没有范围的限制;而 Which...?是特指，所指的事物有范围的限制。如：

What color do you like best? (所有颜色)

你最喜爱什么颜色?

Which color do you like best, blue, green or yellow? (有特定的范围) 你最喜爱哪一种颜色?

3. what 与 which 后都可以接单、复数名词和不可数名词。如：

Which pictures are from China?

哪些图片来自中国?

频度副词的位置

1.常见的频度副词有以下这些：

always(总是，一直) usually(通常) often(常常，经常) sometimes(有时候) never(从不)

2.频度副词的位置：

a.放在连系动词、助动词或情态动词后面。如：

David is often arrives late for school. 大卫上学经常迟到。

b.放在行为动词前。如：

We usually go to school at 7:10 every day. 我们每天经常在7：10去上学。 c.有些频度副词可放在句首或句尾，用来表示强调。如：

Sometimes I walk home, sometime I rides a bike. 有时我步行回家，有时我骑自行车。

3.never放在句首时，主语、谓语动词要倒装。如：

Never have I been there.

1.不定式和动名词作主语的区别

(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作。

Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)

It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)

(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。

不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。

Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(经验)

Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)

(3)不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。

It took me only five minutes to finish the job.

2.不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别

(1)不定式作表语

1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。

To do two things at a time is to do neither.--次做两件事等于未做。

What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。

2)如果主语是不定式(表示条件)，表语也是不定式(表示结果)。

To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。

To work means to earn a living.工作就是为了生活。

3)如果主语是以aim， duty， hope， idea， happiness， job， plan， problem， purpose， thing， wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。

His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。

The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.

The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant.

(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。

Our work is serving the people.我们的工作是为人民服务。

His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。

(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。

People cannot but feel puzzled， for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.

His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected. leave的用法

1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如：

When did you leave Shanghai?

你什么时候离开上海的?

2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如：

Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London.

下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。

3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如：

Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing?

你为什么要离开上海去北京?

情态动词should“应该”学会使用

should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，例如： How should I know? 我怎么知道?

Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚?

should有时表示应当做或发生的事，例如：

We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。

我们在使用时要注意以下几点：

1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如： You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。

2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如：

You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。

3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如： We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。

She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。

一、并列复合句中某些相同成分的省略。

1. This beeper works well，but that one doesnt (work well).

这个寻呼机工作正常，但那个就不行。

2. All uranium atoms do not have the same atomic weight. Some of them weigh 234 units，some (of them) (weigh) 235 units，and some (of them) (weigh) 238 units.所有的铀原子并非都有相同的原子量。其中有的重234，有的重235，而有的重238。

二、在when，while，if，as if，though(或although)，as，until，once，wheth er，unless，where等连词连接的状语从句中，常省略跟主句相同的主语和be动词。

1. When (water is) pure，water is a colorless liquid.

水纯净时，是无色的液体。

2. When (I am) in trouble I always turn to her for help.

我困难时总是找她帮助。

3. Errors，if any，should be corrected.

如果有什么错误，就应当改正。(if后省略了there are)

4. Wood gives much smoke while (wood is) burning.

木头燃烧时，它放出很多烟。

5. The letter is to be left here until (it is) called for.

这封信留在这里待领。

6. Henry looked about as if (he were) in search of something.

亨利向四周环视，似乎在寻找什么。

7. She studies very hard though (she is) still rather weak.

她尽管体弱，但学习仍十分努力。

三、当见到“when (或if，where，wherever，whenever，as soon as，as fast a s，than等)+possible/necessary等”时，可理解中间省略了it is(或was)。

1. Answer these questions，if (it is) possible without referring to the book. 如果有可能，请不看书回答这些问题。

2. When (it is) necessary you can help us to do something.

必要时你可以帮助我们做些事。

四、有形式主语it的主语从句可省略that。

1. It seems (或appears) (that) Joe is out，not Jack.

外出不在的似乎是乔，不是杰克。

2. It is an honor (that) I was invited to your birthday party.

我很荣幸被邀请参加你的生日聚会。

3. Its a pity (that) you cant operate a computer.

很遗憾，你不会操作计算机。

4. It is the third time (that) I have come to China.

这是我第三次来中国。

五、在限制性定语从句中可省略作宾语的关系代词whom，which，that。

1. That is the naughty boy (whom/that) we talked about last week.

那就是我们上周议论的淘气男孩。

六、在direction(方向)，way(方式)，distance(距离)，time(时间)，times(倍数)等后面所接的定语从句中常省略that，which，in which。

1. The direction (in which) we move a body can be changed.

我们移动物体的方向是可以改变的。

2. The distance (which或that) light travels in one second is 300，000 kilometers. 光每秒走的距离是30万公里。

七、以there be开头的句子，其主语的定语从句常可省略关联词，而there be结构作定语从句时，省略作主语的关系代词。

1. There is a chance Dr. Li will be able to be back for May Day.

李博士也许有机会能回来过五一节。

2. We have to make a list of all the books there are on the subject. 我们必须把所有关于这个题目的书列出一个单子。

八、命令句、惊叹句、部分第一人称的陈述句、部分问句和答句中省略最为常见。

1. Open the door!开门!

2. Why not?为什么不?

3. Why so?为什么这样?

4. Anybody wishing to go?谁愿意去啊?

九、用so，not或其它手段来省略上文或问句中的一部分或整个句义。

1.—Can Emily do this work?

埃米莉能做这件工作吗?

—I think so.

我想她行。

—I think not (或I dont think so).

我想她不行。

2.—Did you know anything about it?

这件事你以前知道吗?

—Not until you told me.

你告诉了我，才知道。

3. He has gone. No one knowsswheres(he has gone).

他走了，谁也不知道他去什么地方了。

4. Jenny knows what (is to be done)!

詹妮有办法!

can的用法

1.表示能力。如：

We can carry the heavy box. ? 我们可以搬得动箱子。

Who can sing an English song? 谁会唱英文歌？

2.表示惊讶、不相信等态度，主要用于否定句和疑问句中。如：

Can it be true?????????????? 这会是真的吗？

You can't be serious???????? 你不会当真吧？

3.表示允许，意思与may相近，主要用于口语中。如：

Can I smoke here??????????? 我可以在这儿吸烟吗？

Can I go with him???????????????? 我可以跟他一起去吗？

too many,too much与much too

1.too many意为"太多"，用于修饰可数名词的复数。如：

There are too many students in our class. 我们班上有太多的学生。

2.too much意为"太多"，用于修饰不可数名词。如：

We have too much work to do.????????? 我们有太多的工作要做。

3.much too表示"太"，用来修饰形容词或副词。如：

The box is much too heavy, so I can't carry it.

箱子太重了，所以我搬不动它。

decide的几种句式

1.decide to do sth ?? 决定去做某事

They decide to fly kite on weekend. 他们决定在周末去放风筝。

2.decide on doing sth 决定做某事

They decide on flying kites.?????? 他们决定放风筝。

3.decide on sth ?? 就某事决定......

Betty decided on the red skirt.? 贝蒂选定了那条红裙子。

4.?decide的名词形式为decision，

结构：make a decision，意为"做决定"。如：

He has made a decision. 他已经做一个决定了。

need的用法

1.need作实义动词，意为"需要"。如：

Do you need to stay at home? 你要呆在家里吗？

2.need作情态动词，一般用于对must的否定回答。如：

---Must he leave now? 他必须离开吗？

---No, he needn't. 不，他不必。

3.区分：

a.need作实义动词。

He needs to go.

He doesn't need to go.

Does he need to go?

Yes, he does./No, he doesn't.

b.need作情态动词，一般不用于肯定句。

He needn't go.

Need he go?

Yes, he need./No, he needn't.

ago与before

ago与before都表示"......以前"，但用法有所区别。

1.ago意为"以前"，表示从此刻算起的若干时间之前，常用于过去时的句子 中。如：He took a photo a week ago. 他一周前照了一张相片。

2.before作为副词时表示：

a.从过去某一时刻算起的若干时间以前，用于过去完成时的句子中。如： The boy had already seen the comedy before.

那男孩以前已经看过那部喜剧片了。

b.笼统的"以前"，用于一般过去时或现在完成时的句子中，一般单独使 用，而ago不可以单独使用。如：

He's read this novel before. 他以前读过这部小说。 well的用法

well可以作副词，也可以作形容词。

1.well作副词，意为"（某事干得）好"。如：

The boy draws very well. 男孩画得很好。

2.well作形容词，意为"健康、安好"。如：

I'm not feeling well. 我觉得不舒服。