医学英语论文写作中常见词语的正误用法及其解释
梁蔚骏 (山西医科大学外事处 太原 030001) 关键词 英语教学 语法错误 中图号 H314 (文章来源：)
目前关于介绍英文医学论文写作中应注意问题的文献尚不多见,本文拟就英文论文写作中常用词语的正确用法以及易犯错误,加以说明和解释。
1 Almost (文章来源：)
Almost 可以修饰all ,none ,nothing, no ;但almost 不可修饰not ,也不可被not 修饰。例如: Almost all the cell contain the constitutive Nitric Oxide synthase. (几乎所有细胞都含有原生型一氧化氮合酶。) —— almost 修饰all。 There is almost nothing left 。( 几乎什么都没有留下。) ———almost 修饰nothing。但是不能说:almost not ,也不能说not almost 。如果说 “几乎不”,则应用hardly, scarcelly。所以,应注意下述的〔误〕〔正〕用法: 〔误〕The membrane conducts so little ion current that it al2 most can not be measurable. (膜所通过的离子流小得几乎无法测量。) 〔正〕The membrane conducts so little ion current that it is hardly measurable.
2 Alternate,Alternative (文章来源：)
在作为名词或形容词时,这两个词一般是不能够交换使用的。前者是指在一个系列中,每隔一个,或交替,轮流的; 而后者则是有选择的意思,为二者选其一的。作为二者之中的一个,alternate 意指“另一个”,但alternative 虽然也有相同的意思,但有选择其中的一个的意思,而alternate 则无此义。例如: As the flooded road left them no alternative ,they took the alternate route.
(国为道路被洪水所淹,他们没有选择的余地,只能走另外的路。) In pathology state ,the cells have the alternative of apopto2 sis or of necrosis. (在病理情况下,细胞或者发生凋亡,或者发生坏死。) They do the experiment on alternate day. (他们每隔一天做实验。)
3 As yet ,Yet
(文章来源：) 二者意义相近,可以通用,但在句中位置不一样,通常as yet 放在句末,而yet则插在has (have) 后。如: No agreement has been reached as yet. 也可用No agreement has yet been reached. 但是二者的主要区别是放在句首时,它们的意义有所不同。如: Yet he has not succeeded. (然而他还没有成功。) As yet he has not succeeded. (至今他还没有成功。)
4 Below,Above 〔误〕The below table shows the actions ofα-adrenoceptor. (下表列出了α-肾上腺素受体的作用。) 〔正〕The table below shows the actions ofα-adrenoceptor.
below 的反义词是above ,我们经常写“above table”,但不能说:the below table”,而要说“the table below”,或“the fol2 lowing table”。例如: The above results indicate the effects of dopamine. (上述结果指明了多巴胺的效应。) —above 放在所修饰的名词之前。See the note below. (参看下面注释。) —below 放在所修饰名词之后。
5 Both , Neither (文章来源：) 〔误〕The both instruments are valuable to measure the hor2 mone level. (这两种仪器对检测激素水平都是很有价值的。) 〔正〕Both the instruments are valuable to measure the hor2 mone level. 〔误〕His both experimental results are same. (他的两个实验结果相同) 。〔正〕Both his experimental results are same. 说明:both 用the 连用时the 应位于both 后面或省略 the ,both 用my ,his,her ,their ..连用时,代词也应位于both 后面。〔误〕Both of your answers are not correct.
〔正〕Neither of your answers is correct. (你的两个回答都不正确。) 说明:both不能作否定句的主语,若要用作主语时,必须改用neither 。在否定句中both 作宾语则可以。(也可用ei2 ther) ,但both同either 在含意上不同。如: I can not promote both of you (意为I can promote only one of you. ) I can not promote either of you (两者都不提升。) 〔误〕Both of them did not
join the experimental work. (他们俩人都没有参加实验工作。) 〔正〕Neither of them joins the experimental work. 说明:在否定句中,both 要换用neither. neither作形容词或代词时,有时也可用于两个以上的人或物,例如: Neither of the three components was in the plasma. (三种成份均不在血浆中。)
6 By , With (文章来源：)
〔误〕The laboratory is heated with electricity. (实验室是用电力加热的。)
〔正〕The laboratory is heated by(means of )electricity. 〔正〕The laboratory is heated with electric lamps. 说明:用无形的手段时用by ,因此by 同抽象名词连用, 用有形的手段时要用with , 因此with同普通名词连用。 electricity 是抽象名词,要用by ,而electric lamps 是普通具体名词,可以用with 连用。
7 Compare Compare to 是指两个具有相似性,但不同性质和量级之间的比较,而compare with 是指同一性质和量级的两种对象之间的比较,以反映其差异性。如: Life has been compared to a pilgrimage ,to drama ,to a bat2 tle. (生命曾被比喻长途旅程,戏剧人生和战役人生。)
生命与旅程为性质不同的两种对象,但它们也有某种相似的意义。又如: Paris has been compared to ancient Athens;it may be com2 pared with modern London. (巴黎可与古雅典城相比;也可与现代伦敦相比。)
巴黎与古雅典不是一同时代的,故用com2 pare to ,而巴黎与伦敦是性质相同的,故用compare with。
8 Data
〔误〕Datum have been collected. (资料已收集完。〔正〕Data have been collected.
说明:Datum“数据,论据”为单数,不能用复数动词。da2 tum 的复数为data ,datum 现在已不通用。在美国往往把da2 ta
当作单数, 如: This data has been collected from various sources. (这项资料是从各方面搜集来的。)
9 关于涉及数目的有关数词的用法,英语有其特殊的规律,须注意掌握。〔误〕One killogram equals 2. 2 pound (一千克等于2. 2 磅) 。〔正〕One killogram equals 2. 2 pounds. 说明:整数位为零时,
小数后的名词用单数, 例如0. 25ton ,0.3gram; 整数位不是零时,小数后面的名词用复数。〔误〕About four -fifths of the air are nitrogeu. (空气中大约五分之四是氮。) 〔正〕About four -fifths of the air is nitrogseu. 说明:分数后的名词和动词用单数还是复数取决于分数的值是否大于1, 2值小于1,所以要用单数名词。如:3/ 8 inch ———(用单数) 2 < meters —(用复数)
下一篇文章： 医学英语论文写作的格式
医学英语论文写作的格式
作者：医山 文章来源：
屈顺海 袁 朴 李蓟龙 王晓婷 张家口医学院学报编辑部 075000
(文章来源：)
分析和研究近年来国外各类医学刊物上的论文, 副标题, 这种情况在国外刊物上的各类论文中可谓俯
虽然研究项目、阐述内容以及推导结论等均有所不同, 拾即是。采用副标题, 一般是在正标题过于简单、笼统
但是, 在撰写的方法上却有其自身的特点和格式。观统的情况下, 起到补充和系统说明正题等的作用, 或观察结果表明: 所采用的格式有渐趋近似之倾向。其排是要强调某一个方面或几个方面, 以其引起读者注意
列的项目和顺序通常为: ( 1) TITLE, (2) AB2 等等。
STRACT, (3)INTRODUCTION, (4)METHODS,or Ultra -Low -VolumeAdministration: Systems
EQUIPMENT AND TEST(EXPERIMENT) PROCE2 Evaluation and Date Analysis 超低量用药一系列评价
DURE, (5) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION, ( 6) 和数据分析(补充正题) 。
CONCLUSIONS (SUMMARY) , (7) ACKNOWL2 Medical News: Adjuvant Chemotherapy
Works for
EDGEMENTS, (8) REFERENCES 。笔者认为: 了Breast Cancer with Involved Nodes 医学新闻:
辅助性
解、熟悉并掌握运用这些特点及其编写格式, 无论对化学疗法对伴有淋巴结转移的乳腺癌奏效(说明上
阅读和撰写英语论文, 捕捉论著的原意, 还是中英互题) 。
译等均具有颇为重要的应用价值,特别是对撰写医学Unresolved Issue : Do Smokers Catch Less Lung
论文, 具有一定的指导意义。Cancer ? 尚未解决的问题: 吸烟者患肺癌少吗?(提醒 1 TITLE 标题人们注意吸烟者患肺癌的数量增加) 。 (文章来源：)
既然是标题, 不言而喻, 就要力求新颖、简明、扼要时, 为了避免标题太长而使用缩写词。
要,例如以下几个例子。Effect of LATS(=Long-ActingThyroid Stimula2 Advances in Control of Cancer Pain 控制癌肿疼痛tor) and LATS Protectoron HTACA ( = Human Thy2 方法的进展。roid Adeny Cyclase Activity)
Semiquantitatie Analysis of the Autoradiographs 放长效甲状腺刺激素和长效甲状腺刺激素保护物对
射自显影半剂量分析人体甲状腺甙酸环化酶活性的作用。
The Higher the Diffusion Rate , the Higher thd 考虑文章较长, 可在统一的标题下, 用不同的副
Chance of Each NewlyIodinated Tgb Molecule Coming 标题分成若干相对独立的篇章。例如:
Factors Influinto Repeated Contact with the Peroxidase Site at the encing one’s Ability to Adopt to Chronic Illness 影响个
Apical Membrane 弥散率越高, 新碘化的Tgb 分子与人对慢性疾病适应能力的因素
(1) CARE 保健; (2)
实膜过氧物酶部位所接触的机会越多。TECHNOLOGY 技术学; (3) FAMILY RELATION2
有些杂志, 某些作者除采用正标题之外, 还采用SHIPS 家庭关系; (4) DEVELOPMENTAL LEVEL
发展水平( 研究标准) ; (5) CULTURAL VALUES AND BEL IEFS 文化价值和信仰。 2 ABSTRACT(SUMMARY) 摘要, 提要 (文章来源：)
这部分是对整篇文章的高度概括或浓缩, 故要简单、明了。常用的词汇和句型有:
Somebody studied (examined investigated , determined , found , reported, interviewed , measured , documented , considered, though evaluated , observed , .) 。运用这些动词, 所采用的时态通常是一般过去时和现在完成时。被动语态也屡见不鲜, 常见有: This study was taken to examine.; Patients with .were followed up for + 时间;
It is showed that .; It is concluded that .; Indications were obtained that ., 等。结尾时常用的表达方法有:
The results indicate ( show , state , suggest , demonstrate , conclude , express .) that .; These findings have special importance in showing that .; The findings have general significance in that .; This possibility is strengthening by the observation that ., 等等。例:
Enzyme Linkel Immunosorbent Assay ( EL ISA) is used to the detection for antibody of anti -thy oglobulin in normal human serum , cord serum , and amniotic fluid. The results demonstrate that it seemed to be an certain rule that the lower appeared in the amniotic fluid, the highest in cord serum. Antibody is decreasing for a normal level with the grown -up age after birth. It is thus concluded that antibody of anti -thyroglobulin we measured may play a certain significance in diagnosis of cretinism by EL ISA. 作者采用EL ISA 对正常人的血清、脐带血清和羊水中的抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体进行了测定。其结果有一定规律: 抗体在胎生期首先出现,分娩时浓度达高峰, 而后随年龄增长逐渐降至正常水平。故测定该抗体对地方克汀病之诊断有一定意义。 3 INTRODUCTION 引言 (文章来源：)
本项除课题意义外, 主要涉猎前人研究情况的评述及本研究的目的, 后两者有时分别列出。兹分述如下:
3.1 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK 以往研究评论 还有用其它题目的, 例如: REVIEWOFLITERATURE(文献评述) , LITERATURE CITED (文献引述) , PRIOR RESEARCH ( 以前的研究) , SOME PAST DESIGNS(过去的某些设计) , BACK -GROUND ( 背景材料), 等等。而这些资料引文的重点要放在引述与本文有关的以往研究的结果, 否则会喧宾夺主。句式常有Sb. et al. tested (reported , gave , carried out experiment on .; Sb found (showed .) that ..
还有若干不同的其它表达方法, 写在下边: our experiments show that .; The present study was undertaken toidentify ., Date are presented that suggest ., Our results supported .; The distribution has reported by.; Our laboratory has undertaken a reexamination of.; This article (paper) documents .; We trace (evidence) .This model extends .; Our findings demonstrate .; We reasoned that .; The effect .were evaluated by means of .; The present results add some further elements to ..
A recent study analyzed he effect of aspirin (ASA) on primaryhemostasis in uremia , measuring bleeding time (BT). It was found that the same dose of ASA prolonged BTmorein uremic that in control subjects, suggesting platelets were more susceptible to the inhibitory of ASA. This might be due to different ASA pharmaco-kinetics and bioavailability that might be influenced by the uremic condition. 新近一项研究分析了乙酰水扬酸对尿毒症第一期出血的影响, 测定了出血的时间。
我们发现, 同样剂量的ASA 均可延长出血时间, 而尿毒症受验者比对照受验者要多。这提示尿毒症的血小板对ASA 的抑制更具敏感性。这可能是由于ASA 的药物动力学和生物可用性不同所致。
3. 2 OBJ ECTIVES 目的 这一条还可写作OBJ ECTIVES OF STUDY ( 研究的目的), 有时OBJ EC2TIVES不列在INTRODUCTION 之内, 而独立列为一项。多采用开门见山, 直接点出目的方式。常见的用语有: The (major main, overall, broad, primary.) objectives(purpose
goal , aim .)of this study (research, article, paper, project, experiment ) , were (was) .;
The study aims at doing something .。例: The objective of this article was to suggest that pulmonary impedance rheograph is one of the methods for differential diagnosis of early pulmonale cor and hyperthyroidism 。本文的目的在于提示肺阻抗图是早期肺心病和甲状腺机能亢进的鉴别诊断方法之一。
4 METHODS, or EQUIPMENT AND TEST (EXPERIMENT) PROCE DURI 方法, 设备和试验程序这一部分内容须视论文的类别而有所不同, 但就该题目而论, 则多系试验研究和技术报告一类。还可以用以下名称等: TEST AND EQUIPMENT (试验与设备) , MATERIALS AND METHODS ( 材料及方法) , EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE ( 试验过程), DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENT(试验描述), 或者只写PROCEEDURE (过程), 及METHODS (方法), 较常见的句式有: Sb or Sth was (were) tested at .; Sb or Sth participated in this study ; 或者The equipment which was used (consisted of , constructed from , furnished to .by , .) is .. 例: Three groups of subjectsparticipatedinthisstudy: (a)18patients (10men and 8 women with a medianage of 46 year , range 24～69) with chronic renal failure with anuria
参加本研究的有: (a) 18 例无尿慢性肾衰竭患者,其中男性10 人, 女性8 人, 平均年龄为46 岁, 年龄范围为24～69 岁..。
The test equipment which was used consisted of a cupboard complete with temperature measuring transducers and recording equipment. 所有的试验装置由一个配有测温传感器和记录器的小柜组成。
5 RESUL TS AND DISCUSSION 结果和讨论这个项目是全文的重点, 其篇幅约占整个文章的一半或三分之二。它将对研究、试验、观察等结果加以分析和讨论, 其中包括曲线、图表和照片等。大都采用分题逐一讨论的方法。常用语有: The test (experimental)resultspresented ( obtained)show (indicate, confirm) .that .; It should be noted that .等。例: Our results have shown that T -cell deplection is effective in the prevention of acute and chronic GVHD. 我们的结果已经说明,T 细胞缺失对预防GVHD 有效。
6 CONCLUSION 结论 (文章来源：)
其它的表达方法还有: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ( 小结及结论) , CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (SUGGESTIONS) ( 结论与建议) 。常用语有: From (On the basis of)., the followingconclusionscan (may)bemade (drawn,reached).或者The following recommendations (SUGGESTIONS.) may be made (PUT FORWARD) .。例:
The following recommendations may be made for the improvement of the method of this kind of operations
.
对这类手术方法的改进可作下述改进.
7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 感谢 (文章来源：)
这项的常用语是: We acknowledge with.; This study was supported by ., We thank .for .; This study was supported grants from .。例: We wish to thank profeor F. J. Kezdy for his valuable suggestions and discussions. We thank also Mrs. A. Abram for her assistance at the initial stage of this work and Ms, Bebetter wilkerson for typing the manuscript.
通常, thank 和support 均可用以人和单位, 而者多用于人, 后者多用于单位。有时, 在这一项之后还有一行内容: Correspondence should be addresed to L. S. F MRC Cancer Trials office , Medical Research Council Centre , Hills Road , Cambridge CB22 QH 这是表示致函的地点和单位。
8 REFERENCES 参考文献
参考文献的写法有多种, 但都有一定格式。无论采用哪一种, 前后要一致。众所周知, 列出参考文献是为了查看或查证与文章叙述或引用部分有关的资料。通常的办法是在论文中的引用部分按出现的先后顺序编上号码。参考文献要按号码顺序排列。每一条书目要包拓以下几个内容: 作者姓名、书名、出版者和出版年份、页数等。也可以不按文中引用先后编号, 而按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列, 而出版年份紧跟在姓名之后。例:
文章正文: The capillary tube is used in such appliances ashousehold refrigerauors , small freezers and room air conditioners, usually up to three ton system[1] . Central air conditioning systems insmall residence , small ice-making machins and small beverage cooler also use the capillary tube. It is not practicle in large commercial systems because of its lack of sensitivity to load changes[2] 。
如上所述, 我们把参考的文献, 按照作者的姓氏的字母排序, 写在下面:
REFERENCES
1. Althouse,A.D (1978)Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning . In Michael Wallace , et al. (eds) New Developments in Ari -coditioning. Cambridge University Press
2. Black , Max (1976) Selected Writings of Max Black in Modern Air -conditioning Engineering (ed. David G. Mandelbaum) . Oxford University Press
3. Nelson , C. W (1972a) Principles of Refrigerstion. New York: McGra -wHill (1972) Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration. In Science , May1972, PP. 52～68 , (1972b)ibid , PP. 72～74
注意: (1) 若文章选自一本论文集, 则先写作者姓名、篇目, 然后另起一句注明该文集的编辑者姓名及文集名称。如不另起一句, 中间要用逗号。ed, eds分别为editor 和editors 的缩写。(2) 作者姓名和书名一般不用逗号隔开。而书名和出版社之间用句号分开。每条书目的最后用逗号, 也可不用。(3) 出版年份指的是所引出书籍或文章的印刷年份, 不是第一版的出版年份。(4) P、PP 分别是page 和pages 的缩写, ibid 意为“同上”。(5) 若论文多次引出同一篇文章,则可以引文后面写上作者的姓名和文章、书籍的出版年份, 并注上页次, 前后用括号括上, 如(Nelson, 1972 , P. 123) 。如果出现引用同一作者, 同一年份的几本著作, 要在印刷年份加上a, b ., 以示区别, 如(Nels on , 1972a , P. 123) , (Nelson , 1972b , PP. 52～
68)。
9 APPENDIX 附录、补遗这一项包括LIST OF SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS (符号及定义表) , NOME NCLATURE (技术术语表), 等。
如何用英语撰写医学论文, 笔者认为, 对很多作者来说, 耗时最多的工作不是本文所谈及的, 而应是扎扎实实地搞好平时的英语学习和阅读; 加强文学修养及本专业知识的学习、提高和更新等。如果做好这些工作, 用英语撰写医学论文, 并且撰写较高水平论文的问题便会迎刃而解。
下一篇文章： 如何在美国杂志上发表学术论文