11G_Issue模板
——Alexbob 2011/11/10
一. 指令分析
? 指令1： Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.
首先，这个introduction所对应的issue题目一定是个陈述型的statement。做题者可以同意或反对，或者参半。在论述过程中，一定要考虑到有什么方法，可以让这个statement的对错性改变。
1. 题目中的事实或观点是否在特定的条件下成立？如果是，我如何认可它们？
2. 其不成立的条件是什么？我如何抵御它们？
3. 正反兼顾的体现立场。
? 指令2： Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.
这个要求和第一种基本雷同，同一道题目，基本上，两种introduction都可能出现，主要区别在于，这个强调的是recommendation，也就是建议，一般来说，也是针对一种行为，或者措施的陈述事实的句子。而在论述当中，一定要分析到circumstances，也就是大环境，对这个行为或者措施的效果的影响。例如，明确分析，在什么情况下，这样的建议可能不能达到起预期的效果。
1. 题目中的政策或建议可行性如何？实施的好处何在？
2. 如果实施题目中的建议，是否会导致同初始目的相矛盾或荒谬的结果？
3. 有无替代或折中的办法？
? 指令3： Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons or examples that could be used to challenge your position.
这个主要是对一个声称或者主张的讨论，重点在于，在论述中，要涉及，与考生自己观点对立的理由及例子的分析，也就是类似反正自己的观点。
1. 题目中的主张基于什么标准？其合理性何在？
2. 与此主张形成挑战或对立的理由或例证是什么？
3. 如何修正原题中不合理之处？
? 指令4：
Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented above.
这中introduction 比较特殊，所针对的题目本身，肯定存在两个观点。那么考生在论述时，要指出哪个和自己的观点比较接近，而且在论述过程中，必须对题中的两种观点，都进行分析。
1. 题目中的政策或建议可行性如何？实施的好处何在？
2. 如果实施题目中的建议，是否会导致同初始目的相矛盾或荒谬的结果？
3. 有无替代或折中的办法？
? 指令5：
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim AND the reason on which that claim is based.
这个是最普通的，基本上和老GRE没有区别，可以随意发挥。
1. 这个题目中的原因是否成立？
2. 假设这个原因成立，从它是否能推出原题中的结果或主张？
? 指令6：
Write a response in which you discuss your views on the policy above and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your position.
这个特指，针对某个政策。而且考生在论述过程中，必须涉及如果实施这个政策后，可能带来的诸多效果，对效果进行分析，从而推出政策本身的好坏。
1. 题目中的政策或建议可行性如何？实施的好处何在？
2. 如果实施题目中的建议，是否会导致同初始目的相矛盾或荒谬的结果？
3. 有无替代或折中的办法？
二. 文章整体结构
? 大负小正：诚然 A，但是 B，而且 C。
? 大正小负：诚然 A，有时甚至 B，但是 C。
承认+递进+转折 承认+转折+递进
三. 常用句式
? 开头：
a) In this statement, the speaker asserts that…（作者的结论是什么）
b) I agree with the speaker insofar as...（某种程度上同意作者的观点）
c) Whereas, in my perspective, …is unilateral（作者的观点片面在什么地方）
? 第二段：
a) Admittedly,
? 第三段：
a) However,
? 第四段：
a) Furthermore,
? 结尾：
a) In summary, from what has been discussed above, it is not difficult to draw the conclusion that…（重述观点）
四. 常用词汇
1. 保证：assurance/guarantee
五. 作文重点题目
? 社会与自然：
Society should make efforts to save endangered species only if the potential extinction of those species is the result of human activities.
社会应该努力拯救濒危物种，只要这些物种的灭绝是人类活动的结果。
The speaker claims that society should make efforts to save endangered species only caused by human activities. I agree with the speaker insofar as saving endangered species is the responsibility of human beings. After all, human beings are the ruler of nature. But, in my perspective, merely focusing on saving those endangered species only caused by human activities is unilateral.
1. The variety of plant and animal is important to practical utilization.
1) Discovering the order of evolution;
2) Valuable gene pool and raw material drug: traditional Chinese medicine.
3) Technological imitation from the specious: sonar as a result of imitating dolphin.
2. Human should do so even from a moral position.
1) Plant and animal is the most important components of nature. When all ...die out, the day will come soon.
2) Human beings as the ruler of nature should take the responsibility to help other species. Let alone those endangered species because of human activities.
3) Men have the responsibility to rescue: pollution, environments destroy, catching and
killing excessively causing the plant and animal to die out much faster. For example: tiger and whale;
3. However, some kinds of
1) "Survival of fittest": some animals do have their lethal shortages and would decline even
without humans, saving those species which are biological elimination is against the nature and of no help.
2) When we save a kind of animal, we may do harm to another kind. Thus the proper way is
that human should try their best to keep the balance of nature as it is rather than change the nature as humans' purpose. Human and Nature should perform their own functions respectively.
3) Instead of saving, the restrictions on human ourselves are more important: pollution,
environmental destroy, catching and killing excessively.
4) The extinction of species is the warning of the deterioration of the environment which
would early or late threaten human beings.
Conclusion:
No matter from the position of practical utilization or morality, human both should ... However, it should be noticed that... Therefore, we should find out the real reason of dying out. Furthermore, we should pay more a...to
? 教育目的：
Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers.
教育机构应该积极鼓励学生选择那些为将来高收入工作铺路的研究领域。
The arguer asserts that most people choose a career not on the basis of his or her natural talents or interest in a particular kind of work but only on pragmatic considerations. As far as I am concerned, I concede that there are quite a few of people choose a career on pragmatic considerations in this pragmatic world. However, there are still so many individuals choose a career based on their natural talents and interest. In addition, natural talents and interest not always conflict with pragmatic considerations.
1. Admittedly, many people choose a career on the basis of pragmatic considerations such as the needs of the economy, the relative ease of finding a job, and the salary they can expect to make, which is reasonable in today’s society:
1) To earn a living 2) To get fortune, fame, and promotion.
3) To further develop the interest: Only when one’s living is under security could one have
the freedom to choose what he likes or interest in.
2. However, the author has made an over-generalization in regards to factors determining career
seeking when he or she claims that people choose their jobs only based on such pragmatic concerns as expected salary rather than their talents or interests. If this was generally true, why so many people work in the unprofitable occupations. We can see that there are certainly
someone is free to choose a career based on their natural talents or interest regardless of pragmatic considerations.
1) Many scholars are living a poor life
2) Many scientists dedicate themselves to the improvement for the better conditions of
human being, caring little about the feedback
3) Many artists, such as musicians and painters.
3. Furthermore, these two aspects are actually not contradictory: one might be able to choose a career based on individual interest or natural talents, as well as the decent pay.
1) Take NBA players as an instance. Getting pragmatic rewards such as money, is not an end, but rather a means of obtaining mental content and of attaining important goals.
Conclusion:
The most reasonable way of decision making concerning career seeking is to best fulfill one's pragmatic concerns without violating one's value, talent and interests. If we cannot fulfill both, we must choose the one which we concern much more than the other.
? 教育方法：
Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.
大学应该要求每个学生选修自己专业以外的各种学科。
University is an important place in a youth's life. To a significant extend this kind of education students receive in university determines what kind of person they will be. Taking the courses outside the student’s fields of study may expand him a wide spectrum of vision. Therefore I fundamentally agree with the speaker that the real “truly educated” should be based on the learning a wide scope of knowledge. However, close scrutiny reveals that overstate either the importance of the professional knowledge or the information outside will lead into jeopardized situation.
1. In the first place, requiring students to take courses only in their major field of study can
cause some serious problems. Actually, not every student knows with certainty which professional field they are truly interested in and can do well in at the beginning of their college life. If universities allowed their students to choose related courses freely, it would be a good opportunity for them to find their interests. Exploring subjects outside their own major may help students to find new academic fields in which their real interest and potentials lie. Fortunately, in recent years, many universities have begun to change their education policies, and set up series of minor courses for students to study. Now there are more and more students taking minor courses in what they are truly interested in and this gives them another opportunity to develop their interests where they can make full use of their spare time to expand their knowledge and enhance their capabilities.
2. Since various disciplines are related, the study of courses outside a student’s own field may
benefit the study of their majors. As we know, every subject does not exist independently. They relate to other subjects to one extend or another. For instance, philosophy is the
foundation of all subjects, which provides a fundamental approach to thinking about every problem. Whatever your major is, you can benefit from learning it. Math is a useful tool for us in solving problems. If you major is economics or accounting, you will find that the knowledge of mathematics can help you a lot in your research or your work. Therefore we can see that students with varied knowledge would have a great advantage in competing with those who have only limited scope.
3. If a person want to be a successful man in the society, the knowledge just from his or her
major is not sufficient at all. He or she should learn lots of things because those things are really important for their future success. 1) Science: logic, critical thinking, common sense
2) Art: the cognition of natural
3) Philosophy: critical thinking and better understanding of the world
4) Psychology: help to grow mentally healthy
5) Sociology: the essence of society and human being.
4. Of course, despite all of these advantages of learning various disciplines, the most important
disciplines for a student is still those lessons which is related to his or her major. Overemphasizing the various disciplines will adversely influence the student's learning of his or her major.
Conclusion:
Take a balance. A university should offer various disciplines to students while ensure that the students can learn their major well.
? 教育政策：
A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.
在进行大学教育以前，国家应该要求所有的学生学习统一的国家课程。
1. Admittedly, fundamental knowledge, social skills and moral education should be instilled in
every school before university.
1) Some course must be learned by all the students: mathematics and native language
2) Meanwhile, the early same national curriculums prevent students from the limitations, because not every place has the ability to provide a comprehensive and systematic curriculum.
3) Without having comprehensive study, the student may just choose his or her main profession based on a few courses, not even including the one where his or her real interest lies.
2. However, every region has its own tradition。
1) Those decision makers just think about the general situation, without particularity.
2) Some special cases should be also taken into consideration for those who have no
intention to go to college.
3) At present, no society can guarantee all students the opportunity to go to college. It is
quite necessary to provide various technical skills to students who are not expecting a
higher education.
4) The difference of environment: rural areas and metropolises. The difference of facilities among different schools. The difference among students
3. The optimal approach, in my view, is a balanced one that imposes a basic curriculum yet
leaves the rest up to each state or community.
1) From the student's perspective: master a required course; avoid diversity.
2) From the school's perspective: the fairness of entrance examination; provide a
predictable foundation upon which college administrators and faculty could more easily build curricular and select course materials for freshmen that are neither below nor above their level of educational experience. 3) Thinking of the possible differences: complement; minority; art students; keep local culture; business courses suitable for children live in metropolitan, unsuitable for those live in hinterland; course on farming local culture, language, tradition, arts learn literature, works related with local life easier to understand, to preserve local culture and language.
? 国家政治：
The surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of its people.
一个国家的伟大体现在国民的安乐上，而不是体现在统治者、艺术家或科学家的成就上。
1. It is true that the general welfare of its all people is a reliable indicator of a great nation. The
welfare of the people, including the living condition, social security system and charity of developed country is often far better than those of developing countries.
2. On the other hand, however, the achievements of its rulers, artists and scientists are of equal
important, which by their way bring the aim of welfare of its people into fruition.
1) As what is mentioned above, when we speak of “promoting the general welfare”, we
refer to the following index: public health and safety, security against invasion, individual liberty and freedom as well as a high standard of living, while all of these are brought about by its rulers, artists and scientist.
2) Scientific and technological achievements serve in the first place to enhance a nation’s
general welfare. (Advance in medical treatment, transportation, communication, etc.)
3) Artistic achievements could not be neglected, though. They help to make a nation a
better place to reside. (Provide inspiration, life people’s spirit and bring about creativity and imagination, all of which spur us to make more accomplishments.)
4) Yet the achievements of artists and scientist, while integral, are insufficient. The military
and diplomatic accomplishment of its leaders could neither be ignored in the general welfare of a nation. (The War of Independence)
? 个人发展：
Claim: We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from those
whose views contradict our own.
Reason: Disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning.
结论：相比意见不同的人来说，通常，我们从意见相同的人那里学的更多。
原因：意见不统一会导致压力，阻碍学习。
I concede that undue discord can impede/hamper learning. Otherwise, in my view we learn far more from discourse and debate with those whose ideas we oppose than from people whose ideas are in accord with our own.
1. Admittedly, discussing with those whose views we share is efficient with an accordant
atmosphere.
1) When facing a question, people are inclined to talk with those who are in accord with
them instead of with those opposing them.
2) People from different regions may even contradictory on some questions, such as
whether to eat pork. In that case, it's impossible to communicate between the two sides.
2. However, it is common that we learn more from those hold different views against ours.
1) Difference in opinion, perhaps due to consideration in other direction, may remind us
what we have neglected.
2) The two parties with different knowledge are able to complement each other.
3. Besides, people holding the same views often have the same way of thinking. It's hard to
progress for them to discuss together.
? 社会政治：
Claim: In any field—business, politics, education, government those in power should step down after five years.
Reason: The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership. 结论：如商业、政治、教育、政府，在任何领域中的掌权者应该在五年后就让位 在任何领域中的掌权者应该在五年后就让位。
原因：对于任何机构，最可靠的成功途径是通过新领导阶层带来革新 最可靠的成功途径是通过新领导阶层带来革新。
In this statement, the arguer actually has a dual claim. First, no matter in which profession, those in power should step down after five years. Second, revitalization through new leadership is the surest way to success for any enterprise. As far as I am concerned, I concede that limiting the term of office/tenure is an effective way to prevent corruption and the lack of initiatives, however, I disagree with both the two claims.
1. To begin with, in many areas, especially in politics and government, it might be better that those who in power don’t hold the same position all the time and should step down regularly.
1) It is known that absolute power will lead to absolute corruption.
2) And leaders tend to abuse their power when they have no fear of losing their power. In order to avoid corruption, autarchy, those in power should step down regularly.
3) In addition, such system might activate young man to work hard since they see the
choice and hope to be a leader. And a new leadership usually has greater initiative motivation and would bring about new ideas. And this new emerged leaders bring new ways of leading and managing, and they are more likely to keep pace with the changing times as well.
2. On the other hand, frequently changing the leader also brings out some problems.
1) The leader tends to only focus on his achievement in his time in the position but
regardless the subsequent leader.
2) Besides, not all those in power of all professions should step down after five years. Those in power usually have abundant experience. 3) Furthermore, new leadership cannot ensure to be the surest path to success for any
enterprise. New leaders often lack the necessary skill and experience to cope with exigent problems; therefore, they need a period of time for adaptation.
? 历史研究：
The main benefit of the study of history is to dispel the illusion that people living now are significantly different from people who lived in earlier times.
研究历史的最大益处在于打破这样的幻想：现代人和历史上的人有很大不同。
This statement actually insists of two claims. First, people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at any other time in history is an illusion. Second, the primary of the study of history is to break down this illusion. As far as I am concerned, I concede that people live in different periods of time in history share some common ground, however, I disagree with both of the two claims.
1. Admittedly, from the human history, we know that the basic nature of human being has not
changed ever: good and evil. 1) People in every period of time are thirsty for freedom, equality, democracy and the like.
People maintain the merits of intelligence, diligence, creativity and so on.
2) However, we also share the demerits of prejudice, envy and greed. Innovation promotes
development while greed leads to wars. Human race keep progressing of the civilization in this way.
2. On the other hand, the study of history is equally beneficial to understand and appreciate
significant differences between peoples of different time periods.
1) In terms of cultural morals, customs, values, and ideals. Take Chinese feudal society as
an example, during that time, all powers were in the hands of the emperor alone, who was assisted by a group of ministers led by the prime minister. Local governors were appointed by the central government. The common people had no democratic rights at all.
3. Besides, history has many other functions, which might be more significant than to break
down the illusion that people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at any other time in history.
1) For example, studying of the achievement of the past can give us inspiration. Studying
the mistakes and failures of the past can prevent us from repeating those mistakes and
failures again.
? 科学与政府：
Governments should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development. 政府应该尽量不去限制科学研究和发展。
1. Generally speaking, government should place few restrictions on scientific research and
development.
1) Little relative knowledge.
2) Would be inclined to be in support what they regard worthwhile and would benefit the
people immediately.
2. Free research can increase invention and progress easily, thus too much restrictions might
encumber the development of science.
1) We can see lots of examples in the history which can show that too much restriction
would be detrimental to the development of scientific research.
2) A telling example of the inherent danger of official restriction of the scientific research
involves the attempts of Soviet during 1920s’ to not only control the directions and goals of researches but the outcome and results of the research as well—for the purpose of the general welfare of the people. Some scientists even disappeared later because of their threats to the safety and stability of the nation. Not surprisingly, during this period of time, no significant discovery or invention occurred. 3. However, providing absolute freedom might cause other problems of equal graveness.
1) Some immoral researches or ones are in threats of the peace, safety and stability of the
society.
2) Scientific research and development is a double-edged sword that can be used equally
for good or evil. If not properly controlled, it will bring disasters to us. Such as human Cloning, biochemistry weapon, the nuclear bomb.
Conclusion:
The restrictions placed by government on scientific research should be judged according to the different nature of various research projects.
? 教育方法： The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.
教育的最佳方式是赞扬积极的行为，忽视消极的行为。
The statement overlooks circumstances under which praise might be inappropriate, as well as ignoring the beneficial value of constructive criticism, and sometimes even punishment.
1. The recommendation that parents, teachers and employers praise positive actions is generally
good advice.
2. While recommending praise for positive actions is fundamentally sound advice, this advice
should carry with it certain caveats.
3. As for ignoring negative actions, I agree that minor peccadilloes can, and in many cases
should, be overlooked.
4. At the same time, some measure of constructive criticism and critique, and sometimes even
punishment, is appropriate.
? 社会传媒：
Claim: It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero.
Reason: The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished.
结论：当今任何社会已经不再可能将任何在世的人标榜为英雄人物。
原因：任何人遭受媒体的监察，必定会声名扫地。
Technology has also made it easier to dig further than ever before into a person’s past, increasing the possibility that the subject’s reputation may be harmed.
1. Without a doubt, there are many examples of individuals whose reputation have been
diminished by media scrutiny.
1) Fame and fortune turn an ordinary individual into a media target where reporters will
stop at almost nothing to “dig up dirt” that will sell more newspapers or entice more viewers to watch a television program. Even if when they fail, they might produce some scandals to cater the public interests.
2. Even though media scrutiny increases the possibility that the reputation of a hero will be
harmed, it helps have deep insight into our heroes and we should remember that no individual is perfect.
1) In this way, we can get close to real heroes and encourage more to struggle to serve the
society.
2) Media viewers, readers and listeners find information about the misfortunes and
misdeeds of others, especially heroic public figures owing to mass media generally consist of profit seeking entities, whose chief objective is to maximize profits.
3) With the help of intensive media coverage, we can examine heroes carefully. News on
internet offer opportunities to cultivate critical thinking skills and objectivity to make correct judgment beyond what the media feeds them.