成人学历教育本科毕业论文
作 者： 陆某某 专 业： 英语教育 指导教师： 朱老师 完成日期：
南通大学毕业设计（论文）
摘要
名片是当今社会中人际交往的重要载体，当人们递交名片时，最先看到的总是名片上的姓名，可见姓名在名片中的重要性。姓名是用来指代社会成员的符号，在人际交往中占据着举足轻重的位置。不管这种符号形式如何变化，其基本功能是相同的。交际过程一开始，交际者遇到的问题往往是需要了解对方的姓名，以便交际正常进行。比如，在称呼，介绍，问候语中，姓名是比不可少的，离开姓名，人际交往几乎无法实现。本文剖析了大量的名片案例，从名片的重要性和姓名翻译的原则出发，深入分析了名片中英翻译的差异性。作者举出大量案例，从中译英和英译中的角度深入分析名片翻译及名片中头衔翻译的特征。并且，基于英汉文化内涵的差异，音译是名片翻译中最重要的原则。本文的研究对未来的名片翻译研究及商务名片翻译中起到参考作用。
关键字：姓名翻译，翻译原则，头衔翻译
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南通大学毕业设计（论文）
ABSTRACT
Business card is the important carrier in the interpersonal communication in the current society. When passing the business card, the earliest thing that people always notice is the name on the business card, which identifies the significance of name on business card. Name is regarded as the symbol of social members, which takes the important position in daily intercourse. No matter how the symbol form changes, the basic function keeps the same. During the intercourse process, the first question they communicator wants to know is the name for smooth communication. For example, during calling, introduction and greeting, name is inevitable since without name, the daily personal communication can’t be conducted. This essay explores many cases and deeply analyzes the difference of name translation between Chinese and English from the perspective of name significance and translation principle. With many cases, the author makes detailed analysis on the characteristics of name translation and the title translation from the perspective from Chinese to English and from English to Chinese. Moreover, based on the different cultural connotation between Chinese and English, transliteration is the most important principle of name translation. The research on name translation can provide reference to the further study and the actual application in business card translation.
Keywords: name translation, translation principle, title translation
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南通大学毕业设计（论文）
Content
摘要 ............................................................................................................. I ABSTRACT ............................................................................................... II
1. Introduction ........................................................................................... 1
1.1 The significance of business card ................................................ 2
1.2 The principle of name translation ................................................ 2 2 The Difference of Business Card Translation between English and
Chinese ........................................................................................................ 4
3 Name Translation .................................................................................. 5
3.1 From Chinese name to English name .......................................... 5
3.2 From English name to Chinese name .......................................... 6
3.3 Title translation ............................................................................ 7
4 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 8
Biography .................................................................................................... 9
Acknowledgements ................................................................................... 10
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南通大学毕业设计（论文）
1. Introduction
Business cards are cards bearing business information about a company or individual. They are shared during formal introductions as a convenience and a memory aid. A business card typically includes the giver's name, company or business affiliation (usually with a logo) and contact information such as street addresses, telephone number(s), fax number, e-mail addresses and website. Before the advent of electronic communication business cards might also include telex details. Now they may include social media addresses such as Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter. And the most important thing on the business card is the name, that’s why the translation of the name on the business card need to be discussed. Name is used for representing social member as a sign, which plays an important role in the communication. No matter how this kind of sign changes, the basic function keeps the same. When the intercourse is starting, the successful communicators should know the counterpart’s name first so as to achieve the successful communication. When we refer to addressing, introducing and greeting, name is necessary. Communication nearly cannot be conducted if we have no names. Names are used by human beings and they are the signs for people to distinguish one person from the others. They have some particular functions that no other signs can perform. They are not only linguistic symbols, but also social symbols, representing relationship in societies and cultures. “Each person has his name which distinguishes himself from other members in the community, and each country has its own name system owing to their different historical and cultural background”. In a word, personal names are windows for people to see through different cultures in different societies. For these reasons, the translation of Chinese and English names should follow the pronunciation of the owner’s country and adopt the established popular translated names, use transliteration and paraphrase so as to reflect the real meaning of Chinese and English names.
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南通大学毕业设计（论文）
1.1 The significance of business card
In the current society, business card, which can also be named as visiting card or calling card, has become one of the most familiar elements among people and even become the most economical and practical introduction vehicle during private commutation or business intercourse nowadays. It possesses the characteristics of convenience and easy for perseverance with simple letters, anyone with any ages can be applied. Based on its wide application, it is widely accepted by all walks of life. The target of business card is enabling others to have better understanding about you and increasing the credibility, which can promote communication with other people for further private intercourse and business activities. Among job market, the first impression is almost originated from your business card that represents your identification. Therefore, it is important to pay close attention to the business card since a tiny business card can wield extremely influence on the various things. It is extremely important to pay close attention to name translation to avoid unnecessary embarrassment.
1.2 The principle of name translation
Names are used to indicate one individual in order to differ him from other persons in the community. Therefore, the methods and principles in translating names in business card are highly regarded in the translation field. As to the principle of business card, the major emphasis is the information function and intercommunication function. There, the translator must pay close attention to the translation of names in business card with serious and active attitude. Besides, they should clearly apprehend the difference in China and Western countries from the perspective of politics, economy, culture, society and language, et al. they should make great endeavor to make the target language suitable for international customs for smooth communication to improve the quality of communication.
Generally speaking, the translation of the names in business card can adopt the various translation principle based on the various part in business card. However, liberal translation is the most widely used method in name translation of business
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南通大学毕业设计（论文）
card.
Since there are various difference in business card in China and Western countries, we can’t translate every information correspondingly to English or translate the every information to Chinese. Name translation is translating the name of the original language to the target language for the foreigners to have a better understanding on the person with the business card. Therefore, the business card should be translated and designed for their sakes and the translation of name should take their culture and knowledge into consideration. Whether the business card can be accepted or understood is the intercourse target of the business card. Therefore, name translation in business card should accord with skopostheorie since it is the core of functionism translation. Skopostheorie emphasizes the function of reader as well as focuses on their significance, so the translator should have clear command on the special condition of the reader on the target language with the combination of translation skopostheorie. The result of name translation is target language, so the translator should precisely understand the target and the function of the target language to perform better in name translation and create the ideal translation outcome. Meanwhile, skopostheorie discuss name translation in action theory and cross-culture intercourse to put forward the breakthrough from the linguistic perspective, maintaining name translation is not the exclusive language transformation but the realization of the target for the translator. Skopostheorie gives out a new concept for the translation researchers, which is extremely significant in name translation of business card.
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南通大学毕业设计（论文）
2 The Difference of Business Card Translation between English
and Chinese
Every nation has its own history, during which it has shaped its own particular characteristics. As a special social and linguistic phenomenon, names relate to cultures extensively and profoundly. When we learn a foreign language and try to make effective communication, we must understand its culture and need to know about names and naming, just as when we study a language we need to know its vocabulary and its grammar. In this section, we are going to make a comparative study on these aspects between Chinese and English name systems.
As we all know that, the Chinese people emphasize “name”, since they maintain the only when name is certified can language be smooth, that’s why there are many titles in the business card in China and some title of the part-time job will be added in the business card in China as well. However, when it comes to English business card, the definition of business card in English is a small card with one’s name (and address) on it which one gives to people one does not know when one goes to visit them or leave if they are not home. We can understand from the definition that business card is used for the visiting on the unknown persons with name and address on the card. Therefore, the business card in English countries also only has the name, address, educational degree or one or two practical occupations.
Another different of business card translation in China and Western countries are the title and occupation. With the influence of planed economy, the occupation of one person is almost the summarization of his whole life and the tile and occupation refer to salary, allowance and even the living condition, which is paid close attention among the Chinese people. Those phenomenon leads to many special situations in the business card in China. For example, the authority or power one owns may be larger than the actual power with the actual occupation, which means the power doesn’t match with the actual occupation. Under such condition, the description or the title on the business card will be complicated, which will be extremely hard for the foreigner to understand such condition without particular cultural background. The cultural
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南通大学毕业设计（论文）
condition brings many difficulties for name translation in business card.
3 Name Translation
Even though a business card is tiny, actually it contains the unique information function and intercourse function. Any incorrectness and mistakes during the translation of business card will wield the bad influence on the international communication. Therefore, name translation in business card is extremely significant whenever from Chinese name to English name or from English name to Chinese name.
3.1 From Chinese name to English name
The translation of names in business card from Chinese to English is translating Chinese names into English names. During name translation, transliteration is the most common translation method. Following the pronunciation of the owner’s language means when translating personal names, one should follow the pronunciation of the owner’s language. According to this principle, the names of Chinese people should be translated according to Chinese Phonetic Alphabet.
Actually, name is a symbol, referring to the particular person. In China, family name is a code for a family since Chinese people possess the strong family concept, so the family name comes first and the given name comes second. The family name in China is with long history with profound connotation, so the parents pay close attention to name giving and the name is full of the particular meaning. Chinese name is composed by family name and given name. Besides, name translation always adopts transliteration with Pinyin. According to the custom of Chinese, family name comes first, given name comes second, and there is a space between family name and given name, such as Zhao Zilong. In order to let people who come from different countries get full understanding of each other’s culture, we need some principles to standardize these naming translation.
Firstly, putting family name ahead of given name. For example, “张健” should be transliterate into “Zhang Jian”, but no “Jian Zhang”. When the syllables “a”, “e” and “o” is after other syllables, it is needed to add a syllable-dividing mark to
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南通大学毕业设计（论文）
distinguish. For example, “吴建安” should be translated into “Wu Jian’an”.
Secondly, Family name and given name should be departed. There should be not any space or marks like hyphen or point between different characters in the given name. And the first letter of them must be capitalized”. For example, “邓小平”should be translated into “Deng Xiaoping”. Some names of Chinese people are not translated according to Chinese Phonetic Alphabet. They adopt the established popular translated names. For example Confucius(孔子)，Sun yat-sen(孙中山)，Soong Ching Ling(宋庆龄)，Tan Kah Kee(陈嘉庚)，Yuan Shi-Kai(袁世凯), Chou En-Lai(周恩来) and so on.
Chinese name can be translated into English, which can make more Chinese people to be known among the world and make a general rule for English name translation. However, the special connotation among Chinese name will lost, especially for the names given in the special historic period or particular place. However, the transliteration from Chinese name to English name can’t precisely demonstrate the special meaning to some extent for the cultural difference.
3.2 From English name to Chinese name
In addition to the translation from Chinese name to English name, there are also the cases of name translation from English to Chinese. During name translation, the translator should pay close attention to the following principles.
Firstly, putting the family name at last. As we all know, English names have their own forms: first name + middle name + family name. Such as “James Justin Brown” is translated into “詹姆斯 贾斯汀 布朗”. According to their traditional culture, we should put their Christian names at first and then middle names, and family names in the end.
Secondly, there should be a point among the first name, the middle name and the family name. Namely, in transliteration English first name and middle name, there should be a “.” between them. And“.” is also needed between family name and given name. For example, “John F. Kennedy” should be transliteration into “约翰. F.肯尼迪”. As to the short form of middle name, we can remain it in the transliteration.
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南通大学毕业设计（论文）
The translation from English name to Chinese name can demonstrate more celebrities to China and make more Chinese people to aware their achievements. However, since the majority of translation method is adopted with transliteration and the same pronunciation of Chinese can correspond to the various letters, the name translation from English to Chinese can’t guarantee absolute correctness and preciseness, which needs a general standard to regulate the rule for the name translation from English to Chinese.
Since name translation is affected by the various cultures from the different countries or regions, it is distinctive among mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. For example, the name of Hillary is translated into “希拉里” in mainland China, into “希拉蕊” in Taiwan and into “希拉莉” in Hong Kong. During name translation, the translator should pay close attention to the distinctive local cultures and social conventions.
3.3 Title translation
Title translation plays significant role on the translation of names in business card, which represents the occupation and the social status. It needs the particular attention that there are the corresponding translations to the relative title among translation. For instance, “办公室主任” will be confused to take this person as the person in charge if translating it into “office head” or “office director”. However, the person in this occupation refers to the one who assists daily cases. Moreover, the translation of “副” should be paid particular attention since it have many equivalences in English, such as “vice”, “deputy”, “associate”, “assistant” and so on. During the translation, many occupation is fixed based on the social stereotype, such as “副总统” is translated into “vice president”, “副经理” is translated into “assistant manager” and “副院长” is translated into “deputy dean”.
From the above difference, we can’t simply derive that the labor division is not as precise as that in English countries, but we can still infer from those phenomenon in some industries. Since the social environment and cultural life in a nation will affect the language expression to some extent.
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南通大学毕业设计（论文）
Moreover, we can still understand that the order of occupation and title is different in English. In Chinese culture, with the influence of traditional cultural consciousness, people pay close attention to the administrative occupation, so “dean” is also put ahead of “professor”. However, in English counties, people are more willing to accept the appellation of “professor”. Of course, the majority of translator will translate those based on the original order.
To sum up, title translation is mostly based on the fixed translation rule in the society, so the translator should try to remember the fixed translation rule in title translation.
4 Conclusion
The phenomena of personal names are put in the scale of culture and reveal the deep-going culture connotation in different cultures. From the analysis, we can see the roles of various social factors played in naming: patriarchy system, hierarchy and Confucian-worship are the key factors with the influence on Chinese personal names; religion and the emphasis of individualism are the key factors functioned in English naming process. The Chinese name system is quite different from that of English, not only in the forms and naming principles and cultural background, but also in the translation. All these differences play an important role in communication. In translation of personal names, translators should be fully aware of these differences.
The study of Chinese and English names and their culture connotations and their translation help us to have a better understanding of Chinese culture and Chinese people as well as English language and English people. Thus in the intercultural communication we can communicate more effectively and successfully.
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南通大学毕业设计（论文）
Biography
[1] Dunkling, Leslie, and Gosling, William. Everyman’s Dictionary of First Name. London: J. M. Dent, 1983.
[2] Frumkes, Lewis Burke. Name Crazy: What Your Name Really Means. New York: Simon&Schuster, 1987.
[3] Lawson, Edwin D. More Names and Naming: an annotated Bibliography. Westpot, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1955.
[4] Lieberson, Stanley. A Matter of Taste: How Names, Fashions, and Culture Change. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.
[5] Nuessel, Frank H. The Study of Names: a Guide to the Principles and Topics. Westport, Conn.” Greenwood Press, 1992.
[6] Reaney, Percy H. A Dictionary of English Surnames. London. New York: Routledge, 1991.
[7]饶小飞. 汉英人名姓氏的文化心态来源与命名习俗探微[J]. 培陵师范学院学报, 2003, 7 第17卷第3期: P58.
[8]任朝迎. 中国人姓名的音译之探讨[J]. 有色金属设计, 2003, 第30卷第2期:
[9]李庆云. 英语姓名的来源及其翻译[J]. 大同职业技术学院学报, 2002, 9, 第16卷第3期: P49.
[10]朱红梅. 英语人名翻译初探[J]. 郑州轻工业学院学报，2002，3, 第3卷第1期: P79.
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南通大学毕业设计（论文）
Acknowledgements I have eternal gratitude to Zhu Mingsheng, my tutor, for his inestimable help and valuable instruction, and his insightful lectures, which inspire me to compose this dissertation. I also thank those who help me in course of the writing and whose names I can’t list here one by one.
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