第三节议论文写作
一、议论文常见类型及写作模式
（一）议论文常见类型
1、现象解释型
现象解释型作文在四级考试作文中最为常见。命题主要要求考生对某一社会现象进行解释并加以评论，其基本结构是：首先说明现状；其次阐述这种现状产生或存在的原因；最后做出分析，提出建议或总结观点。比如2002 年 6月考题 Students Use of Computers，20##年12月的考题What Electives to Choose, 20##年6月考题Due Attention Should Be Given to Spelling 等。
此类文章的基本写作方法为：描述现象→分析原因→对现象做出预测或如何促进（限制）这种现象的进一步发展。
2、对比选择型
对比选择型同样是四级考试中常见的类型，它的标志十分明显。作文题目要求较明确，富有针对性，即直接要求考试比较两种观点或做法，进而表明自己对问题或事务的态度或观点，也就是做出选择。如20##年12月四级作文题Should the University Campus Open to a Tourist Attraction？
此类文章的基本写作方法为：阐述一种观点或态度并表明这种观点或态度正确的理由→阐述第二种（相对或相反的）观点或态度并说明这种观点或态度正确的理由→表明个人支持或反对以上观点或态度，并说明原因。
3、问题解决型
问题解决型要求考生从提示性文字或图表、图画入手，解释提示性文字、图表、图画反映出的问题，提出问题的危害性或解决这一问题的紧迫性；然后对问题展开分析，提出解决问题的方案或应对措施；最后一段要求考生表明自己的态度、做法等。如20##年1月四级作文题How to Succeed in a Job Interview? 20##年12月四级作文How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent?
此类作文基本方法为：提出问题→分析问题→解决问题。
4、观点论证型
观点论证型往往要求考生根据题目给出论点，按照提纲的结构要求对其做出论证，然后表明自己的立场和看法。如：20##年１月四级作文题It Pays to Be Honest.
此类作文的基本方法为：分析主题→举例论证→得出结论（证明观点的正确性）。
各种类型的三段式作文的结构安排可以总结为以下图表：
（二）议论文基本写作模式
1、现象解释型作文模板
模板一
例：20##年6月四级作文题 Due Attention Should Be Given To Spelling
1）如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写，
2）出现这种现象的原因是…
3）为了改变这种状况，我认为….
Due Attention Should Be Given To Spelling
Nowadays, it is becoming increasingly common that lots of students do not think spelling is the major point of mastering good English. This issue has been brought into public focus and called for further concern.
A number of factors contribute to this phenomenon. On the one hand, the goal of most students to learn English is to speak it and pass the examination，which means they just need to select the similar words according to the listening materials and passages. On the other hand, some teachers should also be responsible for it because they don’t emphasize the importance of spelling during teaching.
In view of the importance of the issue, I firmly argue that effective measures should be taken to make students attach great importance to word-spelling. For one thing, exams should be modified to include some writing factors, which would help students pay more attention to spelling. For another, schools should also set effective mechanisms to help teachers as well as the students to realize the importance.
模板二
例：20##年6月四级作文题Recreational Activities
1） 娱乐活动多种多样
2） 娱乐活动可能使人们受益,也可能有危害性
3） 作为大学生我的看法
Recreational Activities
Nowadays， with the development of society and the escalating of people’s living standard, there are all kinds of recreational activities ranging from Karaoke, dancing, movie-going to online games and various sports, which have brought many advantages to people’s life.Most importantly, recreation is an indispensable tool for us to relax and maintain mental and physical health. For example, playing tennis after a busy workday can help us relieve ourselves of the pressure and dancing provides us the opportunity to make more friends.
However, recreational activities may possibly cause problems. For instance, spending too much time on online games filled with violence and crime is very harmful, especially to children, who may become addicted to the game world and forget to study. As a result, recreational activities actually produce a negative impact on their life.
By drawing useful lessons from them, I think what really matters is to make better choice and exert more discipline. On the one hand, I will take advantage of good online recreational activities to enrich my life and broaden the scope of knowledge. On the other hand, I will stay away from those addictive, time-consuming and less meaningful activities. In brief, we should keep a healthy balance between recreation and work or study.
2、对比选择型作文模板
模板一
例：20##年12月真题Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists?
1）名校校园正成为旅游新热点；
2） 校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同；
3） 我认为．．．．．．
Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists?
Nowadays, there is an increasing interest in visiting campuses of famous universities. Therefore, a hot debate arises over whether the university campus should e open to tourists.
Some people are in favor of the idea of opening it to the public. They believe that the atmosphere of famous universities can motivate student visitors to seek more knowledge. They also argue that as more tourists come to visit, these universities can make themselves known to more people. However, other people hold an opposite viewpoint. They consider that with tourists pouring into campuses, the beauty of the campus will be ruined. What’s more, they firmly point out that the normal teaching activities will be disturbed.
There is some truth in both arguments. But I think the advantages of opening them outweigh the disadvantages. In my opinion, university campuses should be open to tourists.
模板二
例：20##年6月真题Is a test of spoken necessary?
1．很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是．．．．．．
２．也有人持不同意见，．．．．．．
3.我的看法和打算
Is a test of spoken necessary?
A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of the College English Test (CET). Different people have different views on it. Some prefer to have such a test. Others tend to decline any kind of test of spoken English. As to me, I agree with the first statement.
Of course, a test of spoken English is very difficult to handle and the test time is not long enough to fully display participants’ ability to spoken in English. For example, if a candidate draws a topic which he or she is not familiar with, it’s hard to show his or her command of spoken English. But without such a test, some people may not have motivation to practice spoken English. The following reasons can account for my preference.
The main reason is that such a test enhances college students’ awareness of the importance of spoken English. A good example to illustrateis many students begin to participate more actively in class discussion since the oral test is conducted. For another, a certificate of such a test will make job-hunting easier. From the foregoing, I think a test of spoken English is of necessity.
3、问题解决型作文模板
模板一
例：20##年12月真题：How should parents help children to be independent?
1. 目前不少父母为孩子包办一切
2. 为了让孩子独立，父母应该… …
How Should Parents Help Children to be Independent?
Currently, many children in China get used to depending on their parents and family members. Thus how to help them to be independent has become a matter of concern. These following channels are possible for parents to help their children to face their lives by themselves.
As far as I am concerned, parents should try to tell the children the importance of independence at an early age. On the one hand, children should have a chance to see the world around them individually to understand that there are various people and competitions in their lives. Moreover, they should learn to find their right positions in the society only by individual efforts. Anyway, parents should give these children enough help and space to learn the difficulties and challenges in the society. On the other hand, parents can help their children make their own decisions, which can challenge their abilities to deal with problems.
In view of this, it's essential for us to dispose of the problem of children’s independence timely and effectively.
模板二
20##年1月真题How to Succeed in Job Interview?
1) 面试在求职过程中的作用;
2) 取得面试成功的因素：仪表、举止谈吐、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求是……
How to Succeed in Job Interview
It is certain that with the development of the job market, interviews play an important role in job-hunting. On the one hand, a job interview offers both interviewees and interviewers a chance to know each other within quite a short time. On the other hand, excellent performance in an interview will enable the interviewees to make a good impression upon the interviewers and finally get the job.
Therefore, how to succeed in a job interview is worth paying attention. Firstly, interviewees should have some knowledge about the company and the position they apply for. Secondly, interviewees should have self-confidence. For example, being too modest is not welcome to most human resources professionals. Thirdly, interviewees should dress neatly and properly. In this way, interviewees could show that they attach vital importance to the job.
In brief, if the interviewee takes the advice and makes better preparations, he is more likely to be employed.
4、观点论证型作文模板
模板一
例：20##年１月四级作文 It Pays to Be Honest
1. 当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象
2. 诚实利人利已，做人应该诚实
It Pays to Be Honest
It is true that most of us value honesty highly. However, nowadays we often confront confidence crisis such as cheating, overcharging, fake commodities, etc. I think we should be honest because being honest is beneficial not only to the individual but also to the whole society. The reasons can be listed as follows.
Firstly, only honest people can be truly respected by the others and can make more friends over a long period of time. Secondly, honesty, which is the traditional virtue of the Chinese people, can make our life easier and more harmonious. For example, consumers will not be afraid of being overcharged if dealers are honest, and on the contrary dealers can win more customers. Thirdly, honesty can make our society. A case in point is that Singapore which is a society of trustworthiness and integrity has a comparatively low criminal rate.
It goes without saying that being honesty is of benefit to both the society and the individual. There is no doubt that we should foster the spirit of honesty. In conclusion, laying stress on honesty will become the public morals in our society.
模板二
It Pays to Be Honest
Some people believe that many dishonesties, such as cheating, overcharging, fake commodities, etc. ruin our normal life, and they maintain that being honest is not only beneficial to others but also to oneself. The truth is deep and profound. As we know, if one is honest, other people will deeply respect him or her, and are willing to make friends with him or her. In addition, being honest can make people’s life easier and more harmonious.
There are numerous examples supporting the argument. A case in point is that Singapore--- a society of trustworthiness and integrity --- has a comparatively low criminal rate. This is close to suggest that honesty can make our society more stable, and all people can live a peaceful life there. For another example, buyers usually like to make a deal with the dealers they trust. Moreover, the dealer, such as Tongrentang Herbal Medicine Shop which runs business honestly is more likely survive the fierce market competition.
All mentioned above tell us that it is high time that we took action to fight against dishonesty. But one thing we have to notice is that sometimes we need white lies to comfort the patients who have suffered serious illness. In short, we should let the dishonesty have no place to stay in our society.
二、议论文写作常用句型
(一) 用于句首提出论题或现象的句型
(v=动词或动词短语 n=名词性短语)
1. Recently, … has become the focus of the society.
2．…has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.
3. Nowadays there is a growing concern for …
4. Nowadays it is common to hear /see …
5.…has become a common occurrence in our daily life.
6. Nowadays more and more people are beginning to be aware of the seriousness of …
7. It is only during the last /past few years that man has become generally aware that …
8. There is an old / popular saying / proverb which says / goes …
9. In recent years, there is a general tendency …
10. Nowadays … has become a problem we have to face.
(二)用于比较、阐述不同观点的常用句型
1. Some people like / prefer …, while others are / feel inclined to …（v）
2. There are different opinions among people as to … (n.) Some believe … while others hold …
3. Some people claim that … (n.) is superior to … (n) . Others, however, disagree with it.
4. Some people believe that … Others maintain that … Still others claim that …
5. Some people suggest that …/ doing … Others, however, hold the opposite opinion.
6. On the one hand, people tend to … (v), On the other hand, they feel …
7. Some people argue that … Others, in contrast, believe that …
8. Although more and more people come to believe … there are still others who insist that …
9. On the contrary, there are people in favor of … (n)
10. There are some people who hold different opinions about … (n)
(三)用于陈述个人观点/想法的常用句型
1. My own experience tells me that …
2. In my opinion , we should attach more importance to …(n)
3.As for my own idea about … (n) I believe that …
4.As far as I am concerned , I plan to …(v.)
5. Personally, I prefer … (n)
6. In my view, both sides are partly right in that …
7. But for me, I would rather … (v)
8. My own point of view is that …
9.In conclusion, I support the statement that …
10. As regards me, I tend to choose … (n)
(四)用于结尾的常用句型
1. From what has been discussed / mentioned above, we may conclude / arrive at the conclusion that …
2. As a result, we should take some effective steps to …
3. It is high time that something was done about …
4. From all the reasons / consideration above, it is evident / clear / obvious that …
5. Taking into account all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that …
6. Given the reasons / consideration I have just outlined / discussed / presented, I strongly recommend that ……
7. All in all/ In conclusion, what really matters is /the most important is, in fact, to …
8. It is essential that effective measure be taken to …
9. Only in this way / in so doing, can be really …
10. On the whole, it is high time that every one ……
议论文写作巩固练习：
1. Face-to-face or Other Types of Communication? （现象解释型）
１）有的人喜欢面对面的交流，有的人喜欢打电话或发Email等其他交流方式
２）这两重类型的方式各有什么好处
３）你更喜欢哪种方式
２．Online Romance． （对比选择型）
１）随着互联网的普及，出现了很多网络恋情
２）人们对此褒贬不 一
３）你的看法
3. How to Reduce Natural Disasters? （问题解决型）
１）近年来自然灾害频繁发生
２）分析导致该现象的原因
３）我们应该怎么做
４．Learn to Love Others （观点论证型）
１）不管是在灾难面前还是日常生活中，我们都需要别人的关爱
２）试举例论证爱心对于社会和个人的意义
３）每个人都应该学会关爱别人