Task one (小作文) requirements:
(1) Describe the main features of the charts.
What is the main feature?
(2) Perspective ﹥ clarity
Trend vs. Proportion （time sequence and space concept）
(3) Don’t cite the data directly and try to make comparisons.
(4) A relatively wide range of vocabulary and varied sentence patterns.
(5) Linkers are always important in writing.
(6) Try to avoid grammatical mistakes and misspellings.
(7) Try to make your paper tidy and paragraphing acceptable.
How to read the charts.
（Examples）
表示趋势的句型 (核心句型+衍生句型)
(1) A increased from 1 to 2 + time.
In the past 2 decades, the population in Japan increased from 1 million to 2 million.
(2) A witnessed an increase + data + time
Time witnessed an increase in A.
The past 2 decades witnessed an increase in the population of Japan.
Witness – experience- see – undergo – go through
(3) There was an increase in A + time + data
There was in increasing tendency/trend in A + time +data
(4) Time + A increased + data before decreasing to + data.
Time + A increased + data before it decreased to + data.
Variation: after.
(5) 高分句 (1) /(2) /(3), + rising +data. / which clause.
Population in Japan increased, rising from 1 to 2 million.
The production of cotton declined, falling from 20 tones to 15 tones in the surveyed years.
The number of private cars witnessed an increase, which rose from 1 million to 2 in the period.
(6) and 句型
A increased in the first 20 years from 10 to 35 and continued to rise in the following decade.
(8) A increased in a steady way from 1995 to 2000, arriving at the peak of 1 billion. / reaching the peak of/ reaching the low point of + data.
表示增减的动词：
Increase / rise / climb / go up / grow / soar / rocket.
Decrease / fall / decline / go down / drop / reduce / plummet.
表示增减幅度的词：
Steadily , slightly, stably, slowly.
Dramatically, substantially, considerably, remarkably, significantly.
表示波动且增减：
It increased with some fluctuation.
It fluctuated in an upward trend. / in a downward trend.
表示持平（无变化）：
There was almost no change in the number of private cars with the figure of 20 million.
The number of private cars remained unchanged.
The number of private cars kept steady/ stable at +data.
如何引入时间而避免过度重复：
From 1995 to 2005,
In the first 5 years, / in the first decade,
In the following 5 years,
In the same time frame, / in the meantime, / meanwhile
In the period under survey/ in the surveyed period
In the time under view, in the viewed time period,
Afterwards, since then, following this,
如何表示预测数据(剑5 p29):
Be projected to 、Be predicted to 、Be expected to 、Be estimated to
In the following 4 decades（from 2010）, the population aged 65 or more is projected to increase substantially. And specifically, the percentage of the old population in Japan is likely to experience the most dramatic increase, arriving at the peak of about 28% which is the highest of the surveyed three countries. In the meantime, the other two countries also increases and are predicted to reach the figure of around 25%.
To sum up, the population aged 65 or more increased generally from 1940 and is projected to increase in the following years.
Clarity ---classification ---standard -----perspective
How to make comparison:
(1) A is more than B.
A is the largest one of all the items.
Compared with B, A is more/ largest.
(2) A is 3 times as much as B.
A is 3 times more than B.
(3) A is two thirds of B.
A is just a quarter of B.
（4） Order :
A was the largest one of all items, which is followed by B.
B ranked the second, with the percentage of 70%.
How to cite the statistics:
(1) A increased from 10 to 20.
(2) A increased by a margin of 10.
(3) A witnessed an increased, arriving at 20.
(4) A is larger than B, 30 and 20 respectively.
(5) A is the largest of all items, accounting for/ constituting / representing 70%.
A accounted for / constituted 70%, the largest part of all items.
(6) A took up the smallest of the chart with the figure of 20%.
The figure of A is 20, the lowest in the surveyed 10 years.
(7) A, which accounted for 30% / which was 50 million, was the largest of all items. / was much larger than B.
(8) A is larger than B (20 and 15).
How to achieve clarity:
【清晰结构】 先总后分 — 分门别类+合并同类 (根据趋势和反差分类) — 主要特征 — 句型，段落，用词，连接。
LG 277
Or so, about, around, roughly, nearly, almost, approximately, a little less than, just under, a little bit over,
The chart presents an overview ofthe proportion of families which owned cars in a European country between 1971 and 2001. In general, we can find that an increasing number of households had access to one or more cars.
In 1971, almost half of the surveyed families had no car while the percentage of families with one car and two or more cars was much lower, roughly 35% and 10% respectively. In the following ten years, the figure of no-car families witnessed a slight decrease to about 45% and continued to decrease considerably from 1991 to 2001, arriving at the lowest point of around 10%.
In contrast, the proportion of families with one car increased slightly in the first decade though it was still lower than that of no-car families. However, from 1981 to 1991, it underwent a substantial rise to the peak of 70% or so and kept stable until 2001, the highest among the three items under view/ study. In the meantime, households with two or more cars also experienced a steady increase in the percentage until it exceeded no-car families, which ranked second in the car ownership.
To sum up, more and more families began to own cars in the surveyed years.
剑 5， P 52
According to the first chart, / having an overview of the chart, we can find / it is clear that with the increase of age more and more people study for interest. As for students under 26, 80% of them study for career while only 10% study for interest. In the next age group from 26 to 49, the percentage of students who study for career witnesses a steady decrease. In the meantime, the percentage of students for career rises obviously. At the age of 40 to 49, the figure of students for both reasons is equal to each other, standing at 40%. As for students aged over 49, the percentage of students studying for career arrives at the lowest point of about 20%, while the figure for interest peaks at 70%.
剑 5 P98
London is the only city which opened the railway before the 20th century (1863). In the meantime, Los Angeles has its first line of underground in 2001, which was the latest in the surveyed cities.
When it comes to kilometers of route, the figure of London is the largest, which is nearly twice that of the city Paris (394 and199). Kyoto and Los Angeles have the shortest route of underground, both of which are less than 30 kilometers.
In regard to the number of passengers taking subway annually, though London has the earliest subway and the longest route, its annual passengers are only 775 million which ranks the third of the cities surveyed. Tokyo has the largest passengers per year who take underground and its figure is 1927. As the youngest city with underground system, Kyoto and Los Angeles have the least subway travelers (45 and 50 million respectively).
To sum up, London is the earliest city to have subway system while Tokyo has the largest population of passengers per year in the surveyed cities.
Study the table below and look for patterns in passenger death rates in country A in relation to the modes of land transport.
Passenger death rates in country A: by bode of transport
The table shows the passenger death rates by different means of land transport in Country A between 1981 and 1993. as can be seen from the table, death rates sea a general trend of decrease over the period except for buses and coaches.
It is clearly seen that cars, vans and bicycles experienced a significant reduction in the rate of road death over the period under study. For example, death among the car and van users declined by more than half, falling from 6.1 per billion passenger kilometers to 3.0 and 3.8 to 1.7, respectively. Cycling, however, despite a significant decrease from 56.9 per billion to 41.3, remained the second most dangerous type of land transport.
In the second category, comprising motorcycles and rail, the rate dropped slightly between 1981 and 1993. Motorcycle was the most dangerous type of transport, averaging more than twice as many fatalities as cycling, and more than twenty times as high as cars.
Regarding buses and coaches, the road death almost trebled over the period under view, increasing from 0.3 per billion passenger kilometers to 0.8. Nevertheless, buses and coaches were still the second safest type of transport.
剑7， P30.
In general, we can find that food was the major part of their spending in the five surveyed countries. In the meantime, the percentage of spending on clothing in five countries ranked the second and the proportion in leisure was the smallest of the three items.
In terms of/in regard to the first category of food, the percentage of expenditure in Turkey was the highest with the figure of 32.14%, which was almost twice that of Sweden (15.77%), the lowest in all five countries. The percentage of Ireland ranked second, which represented 28.91%. The figure of the countries left shared a similar percentage of around 18%.
When it comes to the second category involving clothing and footwear, Italy spent the most on this item and the percentage took up 9.00%. It was followed closely by Turkey, Ireland and Spain (1, 2 and 3 respectively).
Compared with the above-mentioned two items, leisure and education seemed to be the least invested item. The percentage of expenditure on this item kept under 5%, of which Turkey was the highest (4.35%).
LG. 2 62
The graphs provide some information about the spending of college students each year in three countries in 2003. In general, the expenditure of students in country A was the highest with the figure 5000 dollars, three times more than that of country C students.
Acco rding to the pie charts, it is obvious that students in country A and B spent the most on accommodation ( 45% and 35% respectively) while in country C food was the major item of spending ( 35%). In the meantime, food expenditure in country A and B ranked the second and was a little less than that of C, with the percentage of 22% and 27%.
Whe n it comes to the spending on leisure, the percentage of country A and B (around 20%) was almost twice of that of country C (12%). In contrast, country C students spent much of their money on books (21%) but their counterparts spent only 3% in country A and 12% in country B.
To sum up, students in country A and B spent much more on leisure while country C students invested much of their money in books.
剑7， P101
In general, the units of electricity in both countries witnessed a substantial increase in the surveyed years.
As for Australia, coal was the major fuel source used for electricity production. In 1980, the whole electricity production was 100 units and half came from coal. It increased dramatically to 130 units in 2000, about three quarters among the whole units. In the same time frame, hydro power ranked the second with the units of 20 in 1980 and 36 in 2000. However, the production of electricity from oil and natural gas underwent a considerable reduction in the period under view.
When it comes to France / however, France shows a completely different picture. In 1980, coal and natural served as the major fuel source to produce electricity and the units were both 25. The units of oil ranked the second in both years and witnessed a slight increase from 20 to 25. In the first year, nuclear power took up a relatively small share (15 units) before increasing to 126 units, the major source of all.
To sum up, the chart shows that coal was a dominant source of fuel used to generate power in Australia while France relied on nuclear power.
How to write the introduction of task one:
The charts demonstrate/ describe / illustrate / provide some information about / present an overview of / give some information about
换词， 同义词替换， 词换短语， 短语换词，动词换名词，名词换动词，
语序：主动换被动，被动换主动
句型: 分词换从句，从句换分词
增加信息: 从图表中增加题目中所没有的信息，如时间，国别，物体类别等。
LG. P283. Line chart:
The charts provide some information about how the number of property crimes and violent crimes changed in America spanning from 1982 to 2002. In general, the number of property crimes was far more than that of violent crimes in the surveyed two decades.
In 1982, there were approximately 3900 property crimes per 100,000 people while the figure of violent crimes was around 500. In the first score of years, the number of property crimes increased slightly before decreasing to the lowest point of 2900 in 1994. Since then, the figure rose suddenly to the peak of 4000. In the last period of the survey from 1998 to 2002, it saw an obvious decrease to 3000.
When it comes to violent crimes, after a slight increase with fluctuations in the first decade, the number witnessed a substantial decline to the lowest point of around 300 per 100,000 people. From 1994, it experienced a sudden rise to the peak of about 620 before a stable decrease to a little bit less than 600.
To sum up, most of the crimes were committed for property such as theft or robbery while violent crimes took up a slight share.
LG P280
The graph provides some information about how the percentage of private car ownership changed in Great Britain from 1961to 2001.In general, an increasing number of families tended to own 1 or 2 cars in the surveyed years.
In 1961, there were 35 per cent of households which had only one car. Afterwards, it saw a considerable rise to a peak of 50% in two decades before a slight decline to 45% finally. Nearly 70% households had no private car in 1961, and the figure experienced a dramatic decrease to 2222 in the surveyed years.
According to the survey, no families had 2 cars in 1961. However, this changed dramatically and the percentage of two-car families climbed substantially to more than 10% in the first decade. After a slight increase, the percentage of families with 2 cars took up a little less than 30% in 2001.
To sum up, cars became much more popular among Great Britain households in the years surveyed.
ADOPT
Do you agree or disagree?
Discuss both views.
What is your opinion?
What is the cause of this problem and give some solutions.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
2006.08.12
With the improvement of living standard, more and more people can have private cars.
The improvement of living standard witnesses the popularity of private cars which many people can have access to. Thus there is a trend that an increasing number of people choose to travel by cars rather than public transportation. This phenomenon can be attributed to many causes, which will be listed in this essay. And some proposals will be put forward concerning how to encourage people to take public transportation.
The improvement of science and technology witnesses the popularity of mobile phones and a majority of people can afford them.
The past two decades witnessed the improvement of science and technology.
Medical advancement has made people live longer. What is the advantages and disadvantages of old life.
10.14
It is admitted / it is accepted that / undoubtedly, / unquestionably, / there is no denying / indisputably, / it is acknowledged everyone wants to have a long life expectancy/ everyone desires to = is inclined to live a long life. / everyone dreams to live a long life. Fortunately, modern medical technology has rendered many people realize their dreams of prolonging their life. However, to grow old is not always beneficial to us and it may have some drawbacks in the meantime. This essay will make some exploration about this issue.
06.07.08
To respect the aged people is regarded as a virtue, which has been accepted by all the peoples around the world. However, old people are not fully respected in some countries and this phenomenon has aroused some concern. The reasons causing this problem will be analyzed in this essay and some consequences caused by insufficient respect to old people will be listed.
06.09.16
Nowadays, college students are always interested in what subject they should learn in the university. Whether they should learn subjects decided by government or choose their own favorite ones remains a controversial issue all the time. From my perspective, except some basic subjects such as language and arithmetic, students should have their freedom to make their own choices.
Do you think a museum is to educate or entertain people?
When we go to museum, we can see some fossils of extinct animals, the remains of some tribes and fresh things that we can see in our daily life. Admittedly, some people visit museums to widen their horizon while others go there for relaxation and amusement. What function the museum should serve has aroused some controversy. / Thus whether museum should educate or entertain people has caused some debate. From my perspective, a museum should serve as a place with the combination of education and entertainment.
What are the factors that cause stress and how to cope with stress?
How to develop the body paragraph.
Coherent (1) arrangement of ideas (2) linkers.
Cause and effect: thus, hence, therefore, as a result, consequently. Due to, because of, owing to, on accountant of, lead to, contribute to, result in, be attributed to, be ascribed to.
Contrast and comparison: in contrast, on the contrary, conversely, by comparison, compared with,
Shift: however, but, otherwise, unfortunately, while, as a matter of fact, in reality, in fact, actually.
Order: at first, to begin with, first and foremost, / for one thing, for another, / on the one hand, on the other hand / finally, at last, eventually, in the end.
Addition: besides,in addition, in addition to, additionally, moreover, furthermore, meanwhile, in the meantime, likewise, similarly, coincidently.
Slot-fillers: it is firmly believed/ admitted/ acknowledged that, undoubtedly, unquestionably, in general, specifically, in details, usually, it is universally acknowledged that, that is to say, put it another way, put it simply, briefly
Conclusion: in summary, to sum up, according to the above discussion/ analysis, based on the above analysis, to be concluded, in conclusion.
考虑问题的角度：
社会，公平，正义，效率，经济，政治，文化，价值，历史，传统，教育，环境。
要符合主流价值观，不能标新立异。
Topic sentence - narrow down topic sentence – supporting idea 1,2,3. – if not - exemplification
第一段— 精致； 中间段---结构， 结论段 ---正确。
中间段论述时，主题句同样要精致。
一定要有连接词。
Example of the development of body para.
Whether old buildings should be demolished?
Topic sentences: old buildings with cultural, archaeological and tourism values should not be demolished.
Narrow down/ explanation of the topic sentence: the values of old buildings cannot be recovered if they are destroyed without consideration. / Culture involved in the old buildings tends to reflect the history of the city or the country. / Old buildings with such values are sometimes precious resources for the development of tourism and the research. /a simple version: such old buildings are an integral part of our city and our history.
Supporting idea 1: on the one hand, old buildings with archaeological values provide scientists with abundant evidence and clues to understand the history of development. These evidence and clues are very direct and useful, which helps us a lot in knowing the past.
Supporting idea 2: on the other hand, old buildings serve as very precious resource of tourism. They can attract a large number of travelers and thus bring about a large sum of income for local people. Actually, many places have successfully developed some old buildings into tourist attraction.
If-not: however, if these valuable old buildings are demolished, this will be a great loss for the local community. The citizen will not have the chance to know the history and it is also a huge loss for tourism.
Exemplification: For example, with the rapid development of economy, many places in China have destroyed old buildings to give way for new ones, people find their cities lacking in uniqueness and also they cannot find the sense of belonging.
Conclusion:
In summary, we cannot demolish all the old buildings without consideration. As for buildings with cultural values, we should protect them and take advantage of them. But for those valueless old buildings, they should be removed immediately in order to give space for the development of our city.
The advantages and disadvantages of mobile phones:
In summary, mobiles phones, in general, are beneficial to us because they make our communication convenient and our work more efficient. However, we should also pay attention to its drawbacks such as radiation and try to avoid their side-effects.
Obviously, there are many benefits in changing jobs regularly.
Undoubtedly, changing jobs periodically may bring some challenges but we can still find more opportunities from it. In general, changing jobs periodically is to some degree challenging for us and for some young people, to face challenge is something pleasant for them. Firstly,
Water and air are important for human beings.
Undoubtedly, water and air, as the main elements in our planet, play an essential role in our survival.
All animals, plants and human beings in this world live with the help of water and air.
They breathe the air and drink the water.
If there were no air and water, all creatures on the earth will disappear immediately. Our earth will become a terrible and huge desert.
For example, with the development of economy, some places have polluted the water in the rivers and air around them. Due the deterioration of environment, the local residents had to move out to find new places to live on.
I think we should learn something from this and value our environment.
Globalization
Government investment
Space exploration . infrastructure
Scientific development
Time-saving, efficiency, convenience, effective, communication, promote
Living standard
Cultural protection
Demolish
Living style, social convention
Stress
Cultivate
Awareness
Art
The information on the media
Violence
Pornography
Crime rate
Raising pets
Harmony
Disease
The gap between country and city
And urbanization
Traffic congestion
Unemployment
Juvenile delinquency
Underprivileged group
The disabled
Teaching method and contents
Conformity and individualism
Widen our horizon
Broaden our vision
To live and to solve problem independently
Tuition
Supervision
Advertisement is becoming more and more important.
Advertisement, an effective means of making a product widely known, has become an integral part of our life.
Mobile phones, a convenient tool of contacting each other
, are increasingly popular especially for those businessman and white-collar clerks.
Museum, a place for widening people’s horizon,
Nowadays, English is more and more important. It has become a global language. However, it has caused not only advantages, but also disadvantages. From my perspective, its advantages outweigh disadvantages. 4.5—5
Nowadays, English, an effective communication means, plays an important role in the field of politics, economy and culture. Thus it has turned into a global language and brought about great effect, both positive and negative. People are disputing over whether its advantages outweigh disadvantages. From my perspective, English is beneficial to us all.
Some people prefer to spend their lives doing the same things and avoiding change. Others, however, think that change is always a good thing.
Lifestyle
Undoubtedly, unquestionably,
There is no denying that
It’s admitted that
It’s widely accepted that
It’s firmly admitted that different person has different lifestyle. As for some people, they are interested in doing things in the same way and afraid of change, while others always adorn it. Which one is reasonable is worth discussing. From my perspective, both are acceptable and it depends on different situation.
It’s firmly admitted that every individual has his own lifestyle, attitude and values.
It is accepted that a person’s success is influenced by numerous factors. including efforts, opportunity and personality.
Undoubtedly, university study has influence on / exerts influence on many sides of our life. To a large extent, it may help a person make great achievement. However, many successful people don’t attribute their achievement to the theoretical knowledge in university. This issue has aroused some debate.
I think further analysis should be made before making an unbiased conclusion.
From my perspective, it’s worth further discussion to draw a conclusion.
This essay will explore it and find an acceptable conclusion.
Nowadays crime rates keep increasing in a steady way and there are an increasing number of criminals. How to deal with the criminals has caused some concern. Some people propose putting them in jails while others regard education as a better way.
From my perspective, I am in favor of the former /the latter.
I think there is some truth/some positive significance in both sides.
I think both are acceptable /feasible in dealing with the problem.
I think the combination of both sides is more feasible to solve the problem.
Some people think that good health is a basic human need, so the medical service should not be run by profit-making company. Do you think the disadvantages of private health care outweigh the advantages?
Importance
Influence
Cause
Background
Function
Definition
Health is important
Every aspect of our life is influenced by health= good health has decisive influence on every aspect of our life including our work, study and survival.
A person’s good health is guaranteed/ ensured by body exercises, reasonable diet and medical care.
Medical care can
Medical care is an effective means of ensuring people’s good health and keeping all the social members equal.
There is long-term debate / controversy about who, male or female, is more fitted to leaders. Some people think that males tend to prefer wars and conflicts, therefore they advocate that females as the leader will contribute to world peace. From my perspective, I think peace or violence don’t rely on gender.
In some countries, employees are asked to wear a company uniform at work. What is your opinion towards this practice? What is the situation like in your country?
An increasing number of companies ask their worker to wear uniform for easy management and control. In the meantime, some people think wearing uniform can improve work efficiency. Whether employee should wear uniform remains controversial. I think there are both advantages and disadvantages in this practice.
Do you think a museum is to educate or entertain people?
Combine
The growth of economy and living standard will bring about environmental pollution. Do you agree or disagree?
Environmental protection is always an issue which people are interested in and show concern about. Nowadays many countries are confronted with the pressing problem of environmental pollution. Some people attribute the problem to the growth of economy and the improvement of living standard. From my perspective, whether there is a definite link between economy growth and environment pollution is an issue worth exploration. (2) From my point of view, the growth of economy is a double-edged sword which destroys environment in the early period and recovers it in the end. (3) I assert that economy growth is not necessarily the factor that destroys the environment. (4) I think that environmental pollution is inevitable in the early phase of economy development but it can be recovered in the end.
On the one hand, in the early period of the economy development, environment pollution is almost an unavoidable phenomenon in most countries. The improvement of living standard is reflected in several aspects of our life such as the popularity of private cars and the prosperity of tourism. Firstly, the dramatic increase of private cars leads to serious air pollution due to the car emission. Furthermore, when people travel to the scenic spots, they may exert negative influence on local eco-system. And also, the explosion of household appliances, when they expire, may form a serious pressure for the environment and bring some chemical pollution to the surroundings. For example, in Britain industrial revolution resulted in significant development but in the meantime it brought polluted rivers as well as cities covered with smog. The pollution was so heavy that London was called the capital of fog at that time.
On the other hand, environment pollution can be prevented and controlled due to the economic growth.
In summary / to sum up / in conclusion / to be concluded,
The rapid development of economy and the improvement of living standard can bring some negative influence to our environment. However, we cannot draw a hasty conclusion that we should stop developing the economy. In contrast, the acceleration of our economy can help us deal with environmental pollution efficiently and effectively.