华中科技大学文华学院
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译
（本科学生用）
题 目： 浅析康德美学中的“崇高”
学 生 姓 名： 学号：
学 部 （系）：人文与社会科学学部
专 业 年 级：
指 导 教 师： 职称或学位：
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第二篇：外文文献翻译模板
毕 业 设 计（论 文）外 文 参 考 译文题目：
学生姓名：专 业：所在学院：指导教师：职 称：资 料 及 译 文
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20xx年1月14日
未知领域：走向史学的书脊和函套的历史学
埃克·芭芭拉·杜福德
在装订史学中，书脊和函套并没有受到重视，并且没有形成特殊研究类别。然而，在整个中世纪时期直到十六世纪末（至少在德语地区），书脊装订普遍用于平常的木板，偶尔也用于柔软封皮装订，这种柔软封皮在九至十六世纪大量出现。函套是不太常用，但它却是典型的罗马式和哥特式的木板绑定方式。不同于书脊，函套对于书籍装订是独立的，因为它并不是书籍装订的一部分，也没有补偿书籍结构上的缺陷，但它可以使封面免受损害。函套普遍使用长达4世纪，书脊装订长达9个世纪，如果我们同意这段历史不应被忽视，那么我们必须考虑如何进行这项研究。
标准的技术和书籍装订的历史和艺术史常常再现有关函套和书脊的结论，它们还是被普遍接受，但是在最新的、需求修订的研究中则不然。这篇论文搜集了分散的、肤浅的和不同的文化，在结合各自的教育、政治、经济、文化状况背景下总结了方法和结论，并注意到了工作的原始性和宝贵性。 [末页第305页] 文献回顾
至少到20世纪60年代，中世纪和现代早期的木板装订的研究主要是由德国装订专家进行的，并且例子是以德语的哥特式形式记录的。由于活字印刷出现在德国，因此德国的装订商很早就适应了大规模生产正规的哥特式装订木板，从而在很大程度上定义了新的外观。因此，这次文章的资料收集主要集中在德国文学。非德国的知识在20世纪60年代得到发展的，并且影响了对装订历史的改造，成为了一个国际化的计划，它们有可能到影响德国学者，或需引起他们的注意。
在1877年至1878年，德国的艺术家、建筑师和历史学家理查德斯戴驰介绍了对书脊和函套的研究。他对欧洲书籍装订历史的研究，也标志着一般装订科学研究的开始。我们可以将后来120年中有关书脊和函套的历史研究分为五个阶段。在调查的第一次尝试是由艺术家和社会文明历史学家负责下，在馆员、装订师的带领下进行的，并在第四个时期，馆员再次加入。然而，他们的工作是在一个非常薄的基础上产生的。
20世纪80年代以来，书脊和函套不断引起了广大英文、荷兰的书籍修复者、保护者和专家的兴趣。像他们的前辈，他们确定一个类型的书脊和函套，用来确定日期和局部装订。为争取一个百科全书式的的完整性，他们收效甚微：他们的工作理念没有建立在对文献仔细分析的基础上，也没有根据客观进行协调。和他们的前辈一样，他们想获得新的科学见解，只有通过“书籍考古”——就是本书关于所有非文本材料方面的研究。他们将知识基于对对象的描述，包括审美角度
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在装订史学中，书脊和函套并没有受到重视，并且没有形成特殊研究类别。然而，在整个中世纪时期直到十六世纪末（至少在德语地区），书脊装订普遍用于平常的木板，偶尔也用于柔软封皮装订，这种柔软封皮在九至十六世纪大量出现。函套是不太常用，但它却是典型的罗马式和哥特式的木板绑定方式。不同于书脊，函套对于书籍装订是独立的，因为它并不是书籍装订的一部分，也没有补偿书籍结构上的缺陷，但它可以使封面免受损害。函套普遍使用长达4世纪，书脊装订长达9个世纪，如果我们同意这段历史不应被忽视，那么我们必须考虑如何进行这项研究。
标准的技术和书籍装订的历史和艺术史常常再现有关函套和书脊的结论，它们还是被普遍接受，但是在最新的、需求修订的研究中则不然。这篇论文搜集了分散的、肤浅的和不同的文化，在结合各自的教育、政治、经济、文化状况背景下总结了方法和结论，并注意到了工作的原始性和宝贵性。 [末页第305页] 文献回顾
至少到20世纪60年代，中世纪和现代早期的木板装订的研究主要是由德国装订专家进行的，并且例子是以德语的哥特式形式记录的。由于活字印刷出现在德国，因此德国的装订商很早就适应了大规模生产正规的哥特式装订木板，从而在很大程度上定义了新的外观。因此，这次文章的资料收集主要集中在德国文学。非德国的知识在20世纪60年代得到发展的，并且影响了对装订历史的改造，成在装订史学中，书脊和函套并没有受到重视，并且没有形成特殊研究类别。
标准的技术和书籍装订的历史和艺术史常常再现有关函套和书脊的结论，它们还是被普遍接受，但是在最新的、需求修订的研究中则不然。这篇论文搜集了分散的、肤浅的和不同的文化，在结合各自的教育、政治、经济、文化状况背景下总结了方法和结论，并注意到了工作的原始性和宝贵性。 [末页第305页] 文献回顾
至少到20世纪60年代，中世纪和现代早期的木板装订的研究主要是由德国装订专家进行的，并且例子是以德语的哥特式形式记录的。由于活字印刷出现在德国，因此德国的装订商很早就适应了大规模生产正规的哥特式装订木板，从而在很大程度上定义了新的外观。因此，这次文章的资料收集主要集中在德国文学。非德国的知识在20世纪60年代得到发展的，并且影响了对装订历史的改造，成
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文献来源：埃克·芭芭拉?杜福德.书籍历史（第三册）[M],宾夕法尼亚大学出版社, 2000: 305-313.
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Terra Incognita: Toward a Historiography of Book
Fastenings and Book Furniture
Eike Barbara Dürrfeld
In the historiography of bookbinding, fastenings and furniture 1 have received scant attention and have not established themselves as a special category of research. Yet throughout the medieval period and (at least in German-speaking areas) until the end of the sixteenth century, fastenings were commonplace on ordinary wooden board bindings, and were now and then employed on limp bindings as well, known to be produced from about the ninth to the end of the sixteenth centuries. Furniture was less commonly used, yet it appears to have been typical of ordinary Romanesque and Gothic wooden board bindings. 2 Unlike fastenings, furniture was dispensable for a binding as it was not integrated into its construction or applied in the attempt to compensate for its structural weaknesses, but it could help protect the binding from damage. If we agree that four centuries of general use of book furniture and more than nine centuries of book fastenings should no longer be neglected, we must then consider how this research should be organized.
Standard technical and reference works on bookbinding history and art history often reproduce conclusions about book furniture and fastenings that are still generally accepted but which, in the light of the latest research, demand revision. This essay surveys the scattered, often superficial and disparate literature on the subject, analyzing the methodologies and conclusions of the authors in the context of their respective educational backgrounds and their political, economic, and cultural situations, and taking notice of the most original and valuable work. [End Page 305] Literature Review
At least until the 1960s, research into ordinary wooden board bindings of the medieval and early modern periods was carried out predominantly by German-speaking binding specialists, and documented primarily with examples of the Gothic type from German-speaking Europe. Because printing with movable type had begun in Germany, German bookbinders had been the first to adapt the ordinary Gothic wooden board binding for mass production, and thus had largely defined its new appearance. Therefore, this review surveys mainly literature in German. Non-German scholarship, which has blossomed since the 1960s and which reflects the
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Literature Review
At least until the 1960s, research into ordinary wooden board bindings of the medieval and early modern periods was carried out predominantly by German-speaking binding specialists, and documented primarily with examples of the Gothic type from German-speaking Europe. Because printing with movable type had begun in Germany, German bookbinders had been the first to adapt the ordinary Gothic wooden board binding for mass production, and thus had largely defined its new appearance. Therefore, this review surveys mainly literature in German. Non-German scholarship, which has blossomed since the 1960s and which reflects theIn the historiography of bookbinding, fastenings and furniture 1 have received scant attention and have not established themselves as a special category of research. Yet throughout the medieval period and (at least in German-speaking areas) until the end of the sixteenth century, fastenings were commonplace on ordinary wooden board bindings, and were now and then employed on limp bindings as well, known to be produced from about the ninth to the end of the sixteenth centuries. Furniture was less commonly used, yet it appears to have been typical of ordinary Romanesque and Gothic wooden board bindings. 2 Unlike fastenings, furniture was dispensable for a binding as it was not integrated into its construction or applied in the attempt to compensate for its structural weaknesses, but it could help protect the binding from damage. If we agree that four centuries of general use of book furniture and more than nine centuries of book fastenings should no longer be neglected, we must then
??????
Literature Review
At least until the 1960s, research into ordinary wooden board bindings of the medieval and early modern periods was carried out predominantly by German-speaking binding specialists, and documented primarily with examples of the Gothic type from German-speaking Europe. Because printing with movable type had begun in Germany, German bookbinders had been the first to adapt the ordinary Gothic wooden board binding for mass production, and thus had largely defined its new appearance. Therefore, this review surveys mainly literature in German. Non-German scholarship, which has blossomed since the 1960s and which reflects the
FROM: Eike Barbara Dürrfeld. Book History 3[M], The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000: 305-313.
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