ESSAY和Dissertation写作常用词汇与表达方式
本文介绍英文学术写作中常用的词汇与表达方式。 引用数据（图表、表格）：
? 常用的动词：show, present, illustrate, summarize,
demonstrate, contain, provide, list, report, give, reveal, display, indicate, suggest, describe, …
? as从句： As shown in …/ As can be seen in …/ As revealed by …
引用/简述他人的研究/观点：
? XXX + Verb. + n./that … 其中Verb可以为：state, claim, argue, maintain, suggest, assert, hypothesize, conclude, describe, develop, propose, find, show, report, use, study, demonstrate, note, discuss, observe, explain, expand, publish, give, examine, analyze, focus, presume, speculate, assume, support, theorize, contend, recommend …
? 其它：Based on …/ In the view of …/ According to …
表达可能性：
?
?
?
?
?
?
? It is certain that … It is almost certain that … It is very probable/ highly likely that … It is probable/likely that … It is possible that … It is unlikely that … It is very/highly unlikely that … 用于表达可能性的另一种途径： ?
?
?
?
? There is a definite possibility that … There is a strong possibility that … There is a good possibility that … There is a slight possibility that … There is little possibility that … 表示例外：
?
?
? With the exception of … Apart from … Except for …
表示原因/缘由：
?
?
?
?
? be due to be attibuted to be accounted for be a consequence of stem from
表示定义/命名：
?
?
?
?
?
? be named be called be denoted by be known as be defined as be referred to
引出设问句（不能直接使用设问句）：
?
?
?
?
?
?
? It is uncertain/unclear … It has not been determined … It is necessary to consider … The question remains … Current studies provide little information on … We need to know/consider … There is some question as to …
? Another issue raised by this study is … 指出问题所在：
?
?
?
?
?
?
? This system/process/idea has its problems. There remains the issue of reliability. This model has some serious liminations. Few solutions have been found to … Little progress has been made in … The problem remains as to how … Researchers still have to find a way to … 引出解决方案：
? Solutions to this problem are now widely discussed. One
remedy is to …
?
? One method to address this difficulty is to … There are two possible ways of handling this problem.
The first … The second …
? Several options are available to address this obstacle.
However, the best one seems to be … ? A radically different design/model is needed to overcome
this limitation.
? Recently, researchers have made significant progress in
overcoming this difficulty by … 引出中心话题：
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
? Recently, there has been growing interest in … The possibility of … has generated wide interest in … The development of … is a classic problem in … The development of … has led to the hope that … The … has become a favorite topic for analysis … Knowledge of … has great importance for … The study of … has become an important aspect of … A central issue in … is … (The) … has been extensively studied in recent years. Many investigators have recently turned to … The relationship between … and … has been investigated
by many researchers.
? Many recent studies have focused on … 表达相似之处：
?
?
? Similarly, … Likewise, … In the same fashion, …
?
?
?
?
?
? As in X, in Y … Like X, Y … The same … X is similar/comparable to Y X resemble Y X correspond to Y
表达不同之处或比较/对照：
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
? In contrast, … Unlike X, Y … In contrast to … On the other hand, … …; however, … …, but … Whereas/While …, … …, whereas/while … X differ from Y X is different from Y X contrast with
评价他人的研究/论著：
? 正面：useful, important, interesting, clarity, accessibility,
detailed, up-to-date, insightful, significant,
comprehensive, practical, successful, remarkable, impressive, elegant, scholoarly, original, perceptive, rigorous, economical
? 负面：inconsistent, restricted, misleading, thin, anecdotal,
sloppy
总结：
?
?
?
?
?
?
? Overall, … In general, … On the whole, … In the main, … With … exception(s), … The overall results indicate … The results indicate, overall, that …
指出本研究的局限：
? It should be noted that this study has been primarily
concerned with …
?
? This analysis has concentrated on … The findings of this study are restricted to …
?
?
? This study has addressed only the question of … The limination of this study are clear: … We would like to point out that we have not … 指出研究结果的局限：
?
? However, the findings do not imply … The results of this study cannot be taken as evidence
for …
? Unfortunately, we are unable to determine from this
data …
? The lack of … means that we cannot be certain … 指出本研究的意义：
?
? Notwithstanding its limitations, this study does suggest … Despite its preliminary character, the research reported
here would seem to indicate … ? However exploratory, this study may offer some insight
into …
常用的拉丁文缩写：
?
? cf. = compare e.g. = for example
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
? et al. = and other authors etc. = and others errata = list of typographical mistakes ibid. = the same as the previous reference i.e. = that is to say infra = see below loc. cit. = in the place cited N.B. = take note op. cit. = in the work cited sic = the error is in the original quote supra = see above viz. = namely
在介绍概念时常见的段落结构如下：
One sentence definition –>
components/types/classifications/applications/history/examples/operations/principles/causes/effects
如有必要还可通过和相似概念的比较，概念的历史发展，或对不同专家看法的综合来明晰概念。
另外，当一个概念的定义有广泛争议时，应当申明自己使用的是哪种定义。常用的句式有：
?
?
?
? For the purpose of this paper, XX is defined as … Here we define XX as … In this paper, I have adopted AA’s definition of XX. This paper follows AA’s definition of XX.
参考文献
? Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (1994). Academic Writing for
Graduate Students: Essential Tasks and Skills: A Course
for Nonnative Speakers of English. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
/share/315195005/133xxxxxxxx
英文著作常用缩写词
翻译或者阅读英文学术著作，常为一些缩略词所困扰，这几天翻译《政治人》就两次被注解中出现的页码后面的ff所难倒，经过不懈努力，终于查到了一个缩略词“大全”。兹录于下，以飨大家。
以下列举的缩写可能会出现在参考书目、参考资料列表、及笔记。
其中的拉丁文现在比过去较
少使用，并一般只在与人文学有关的学术文章中使用。
app. appendix 附录
art. article 文章
bk book 书籍
c. approximately, about; (Latin circa); 约；例如：c 1835 for example, c 1835
cf. compare 对比
ch., c. chapter (c. for legislation) 章节（c.用于法例） col., cols column(s) 专栏
Comp., comps compiler(s) 汇编者
div. division 部份
ed., eds editor(s) 校订者
edn, edns edition(s) 版
eq., eqs equation(s) 等式
et al. and others (Latin et alii) 与其他
et seq. and following (Latin et sequentes) 与接下来的 ex., exx. example(s) 例子
f., ff. following 接下来的
fig., figs figure(s) 图表
fn., fnn. footnote(s) 脚注
ibid. in the same work (Latin ibidem) 在同一篇文章中
id. the same (Latin idem) 相同
ill., ills. illustrator(s) 说明
inf. below (Latin infra) 以下
l., ll. line(s) 行
loc. cit. in the place cited (Latin loco citato) 所引用的地方 MS, MSS manuscript(s) (Latin manuscriptum(a)) 手稿 n., nn. note(s) 注释
n.d. no date 没有日期
no., nos number(s) 数
n.p. no place 没有地方
op. cit. in the work cited (Latin opera citato) 在引用的文章里 p., pp. page(s) 页
para., paras paragraph(s) 段
passim here and there, throughout 这里与那里，整篇 (a word, not an abbreviation) （一个词，不是缩写）
pl. (plural: plates) plate 板
pt, pts part(s) 部份
q.v., qq.v. which see (Latin quod vide, quae vide) 可看到
r., rr. regulation(s) 规则
rev. revised, reviser 已修订，修订者
Sc. scene 情景
sec., s., ss. sections (s. and ss. for legislation) 章节（法例为 s.与 ss.）
ser. serious 系列
St. stanza 节
sup. above (Latin supra) 以上
supp. supplement 补遗
trans. translator(s) 翻译者
v., vv. verse(s) 诗篇
vide see (a word, not an abbreviation) 参阅（一个词，不是缩写）
vol., vols volume(s) 卷
/fanyijiqiao/20091226-458844.html