英国文学(English Literature)
一、 Old and Medieval English Literature中古英语文学 (8世纪-14世纪)
1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英语时期 (449-1066) a. pagan poetry(异教诗歌): Beowulf《贝奥武甫》- 最早的诗歌；长诗(3000行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualities
the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报
b. religious poetry: Caedmon(凯德蒙 610-680): the first known religious poet; the father of English song Cynewulf(基涅武甫 9C): The Christ
c. 8th C, Anglo-Saxon prose: Venerable Bede(673-735); Alfred the Great(848-901)
2) The Medieval Period 中世纪 (1066-ca.1485 / 1500):
a. Romance 中世纪传奇故事 (1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌
无名诗人 - Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》: Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 lines ~ 14th C, Age of Chaucer:
* Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟 1340-1400): 文风：vivid and exact language, his poetry is full of vigor and swiftness the father of English poetry; the father of English fiction; 首创“双韵体”; 首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家 The Canterbury Tales: pilgrims stories 受Boccaccio(薄伽丘) - Decameron《十日谈》启发 The House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》(译作) * William Langland(朗兰 1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》: 普通人眼中的社会抗议 b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory (1395-1471) : Morte d’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士
二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴 (1500-1660): humanism 十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧
1) 诗歌 Henry Howard(霍华德 1516-1547)
a. Thomas Wyatt (怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature b. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士 1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想 - “the complete man” Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》 Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern world c.Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞 1552-1599): the poets’ poet; non-dramatic poet of伊丽莎白时代 - long allegorical romance 文风：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd Calendar The Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗),
and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line.
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2) Prose 散文
a. Thomas More(莫尔 1478-1535): 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人 Utopia《乌托邦》: More与海员的对话
b. John Lyly (黎里 1553-160，剧作家&小说家)：Eupheus
Euphuism(夸饰文体): Abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations(头韵) and other artificial prosodic(韵律) means. The use of odd similes(明喻) and comparisons
c. Francis Bacon (培根 1561-1626)：英国首位散文家，中世纪至现代欧洲时期; 近代唯物主义哲学奠基人和近代实验科学先驱 the trumpeter of a new age; Essays(论说文集)：Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty: the first true English prose classic
3) 戏剧
a. Christopher Marlowe(马洛 1564-1593): University Wits 大学才子派 Edward II；The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》
first made blank verse(无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗) the principle instrument of English drama
The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写成; 完善了无韵体诗。
Tamburlaine the Great《帖木儿大帝》：残酷而野心勃勃的帝王
b. William Shakespeare(剧作家&诗人, 1564-1616): 154 sonnets(十四行诗) + 37 plays + long poems; 现实主义创始人 16 comedies : Merchant of Venice (Shylock; Antonio; Bassanio; Portia); The Taming of the Shrew《驯悍记》
A Mid-Summer Night’s Dream; As You Like It《皆大欢喜》; The Twelfth Night; The Comedy of Errors;
Much Ado About Nothing《无事生非》; The Winter’s Tale《冬天的故事》; All is Well that Ends Well《终成眷属》
11 tragedies: Romeo and Juliet; Hamlet; Macbeth《麦克白》; The Tempest《暴风雨》
Othello: a hero Othello vs. bad man Iago; Venice and Cyprus
King Lear: British King; greatest achievement; most complex in plot and most painful
10 historical plays: Henry IV; Henry V
c. Ben Jonson(琼生 1562-1637 诗人&剧作家&批评家): Comedy of Humors; Volpone《狐狸》; The Alchemist《炼金术士》
三、 17世纪文学
1) Literature of the Revolution Period (Age of Milton)资产阶级革命时期: poetry (Metaphysical 玄学派+ Cavalier骑士派) a. John Donne(多恩 1572-1631)：玄学派创始人; A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning《临别辞：莫悲伤》
文风：obscene, vulgar and serious philosophical thinking – the conflict between body and soul
The Holy Sonnets; The Flea; Go and Catch a Falling Star; The Songs and Sonnets（主题-爱）
b. John Milton(弥尔顿 1608-1674)：Renaissance and Reformation (宗教改革)
Paradise Regained《复乐园》; Paradise Lost《失乐园》: the greatest English epic; Satan is the hero
Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》：closet drama; for reading rather than performing;
On His Blindness《目盲自咏》; Areopagitica《论出版自由》; Comus; L’allegro《快乐的人》; Lycidas
c. John Bunyan(班扬 1628-1688): prose writing in the Puritan Age; 文风：simple and lively prose style
The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》: prose allegory depicting a human soul searching for salvation 宗教寓言
“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁《神曲》、奥古斯丁《忏悔录》并列世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。
2) Literature of the Restoration Period (Age of Dryden)王政复辟/德莱顿时期: tendancy to Realism and Formalism restoration literature: cliquish culture小集团文化; French classical taste
a. John Dryden (德莱顿 1631-1700, 批评家&戏剧家)：first poet laureate(桂冠诗人); the father of English Criticism establish the heroic couplet(英雄史诗式两行诗) as the fashion for satiric, didactic(说教) and descriptive(描写) poetry
最先提出“玄学诗人”一词；他创造的“英语双韵体couplet”, 成为英国诗歌的主要形式之一。All for Love; Alexander’s Feast; An Essay of Dramatic Poesy《论戏剧诗歌》: the great playwrights of Greece and Rome, 英国文艺复兴&当代法国
四、18世纪英国文学: Realism (关注社会现状，普通人) The Neoclassical Period (17世纪中期-18世纪)
~ Enlightenment (启蒙运动): 18th C, 法国-西欧, a progressive intellectual movement. 文艺复兴的衍伸；资本主义反对封建主义 Enlighten the world with modern philosophical and artistic ideas; rationality, equality & science ~ Neo-Classicism: 早期 (Addison, Steele and Pope); 中期 (Samuel Johnson) old classics
Conform to rules and principles established by Roman and Greek Classical writers; use rimed couplet(押韵的两行诗) Order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, be judged in terms of the thematic concern
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a. Samuel Pepys(毕博思 1633-1703): The greatest diarist in 17th C The Diary
b. Alexander Pope(蒲柏 1688-1744) : 新古典主义代表; master in satire and heroic couplet; Age of Pope – 18世纪初期 文风：词句工整、精练、富有哲理；对Byron影响巨大 first introduced rationalism to England
An Essay on Criticism(处女作); An Essay on Man; Odyssey; The Rape of the Lock《夺发记》; Dunciad《愚人记》 c. Richard Steele (斯梯尔 1672-1729) & Joseph Addison (艾迪生 1672-1719): literary periodicals
The Tattler(闲谈者报): 1709, by Steele; Addison wrote essays; 抨击封建偏见，傲慢的富人，及大众对赌博和决斗的反感 The Spectator(旁观者报)：共同创办；the Spectator Club --- 现代英语小说先锋
贡献：资产阶级新社会道德；18世纪英国社会真实写照；英语散文正式成为一大文学流派
d. Samuel Johnson (字典约翰 1709-1784) : literary dictator; “grand champion in literature of that age”
The Dictionary of the English Language: 英语字典的基础； The Lives of English poets: 52 early English poets
2) 十八世纪小说的崛起: 首批英国小说家 – the Sentimentalist & the Realist
* 现实主义
a. Daniel Defoe(笛福 1661-1731): 英国现实主义小说奠基人; Father of English and European Novels Moll Flanders
The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe: the first person singular
Crusoe represented the English bourgeoisie at the early stage of its development. A Journal of the Plague Year b. Henry Fielding(菲尔丁 1707-1754, 小说家&戏剧家): 英国小说之父; 英国现代小说创始人；comic epic in prose创始人 文风：exact study and observation of real life Joseph Andrews; Amelia
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling《弃婴汤姆·琼斯的故事》: 18世纪英国群像；Mr. Allworthy “Prose Humor” c. Jonathan Swift(斯威夫特1667-1745, 政论家&讽刺小说家): 伟大文学创造者之一；master of English satirical prose
文风：simple, clear and vigor; “Proper words in proper places, makes the true definitions of a style”
Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》: Liliput(小人国); Brogdingnagians(大人国); Laputa(勒普泰岛); Houyhnhnms(慧马国) The Battle of the Books; The Tale of a Tub; A Modest Proposal (bitter irony)
d. Tobias George Smollett (1721-1771)：冒险小说
* Sentimentalism(感伤主义): It indulges in emotion and sentiment, which are used as a sort of relief for the grief felt
towards the world’s wrongs and as a kind of mild protest against social injustice.
a. Samuel Richardson(理查森 1689-1761): the founder of the English domestic novel 小说开始审视“发生于内心的东西” Pamela; Clarissa; The History of Sir Charles Grandison
b. Laurence Sterne (斯特恩 1713-1768)：Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy《项狄传》- unusual and queer artistic form c. Oliver Goldsmith (戈德史密斯 1728-1774)：Romantic school; The Deserted Village《荒村》; She stoops to Conquer The Vicar of Wakefield《威克菲尔德的牧师》：one of the most enduring characters in English fiction
3) Poetry of the Pre-Romanticism and Sentimentalism (前浪漫主义和感伤主义诗歌)：18世纪中期
a. James Thomson(汤姆森 1700-1748 苏格兰)：
The Seasons: theme - nature; blank verse； the first significant poem in the tradition of Pre-Romanticism
b. Edward Young(杨 1683-1765) c. William Collins(柯林斯 1721-1759)：Ode to Evening《晚颂》
d. Thomas Gray(格雷 1716-1771)：sympathy for the poor and unknown, mocks the great ones who despise and hurt them Elergy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》；Ode on the Spring
e. William Blake(布莱克 1757-1827 浪漫派诗人、画家、雕刻家)： symbolism The Marriage of Heaven and Hell Songs of Experience《经验之歌》: The Tiger; London; The Chimney-Sweeper《扫烟囱的孩子》 世间的丑恶 Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》: The Lamb Poetical Sketches《素描诗集》
f. Robert Burns(彭斯 1759-1796 苏格兰)：the greatest songwriter; the national poet of Scotland; the people’s poet 文风：lyrics on love and friendship; simplicity; Scotch dialects My Heart’s in the Highland
A Red, Red Rose; Auld Lang Syne《旧日美好时光》; For a’ That and a’ That《不管那一套》
4) 戏剧
a. John Gay(盖伊 1685-1732): The Beggar’s Opera《乞丐歌剧》: one of the most conspicuous stage triumphs
b. Richard Brinsley Sheridan(谢立丹 1751-1816 喜剧作家)： tendency to Realism
the artificial comedy (风俗喜剧) & anti-sentimental movement 顶峰 The Rivals《情敌》
The School for Scandal《造谣学校》：best English comedy since Shakespeare
two brothers – Joseph/Charles surface; criticize English high society for its vanity, greed and hypocrisy
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五、The Romantic Period英国浪漫主义文学 (1798-1832) 女性小说家涌现 passion, emotion and natural beauty
It begins with William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s joint work – Lyrical Ballads in 1798.
It ends with the death of Walter Scott in 1832.
~ The Poetic Revolution(1798-1837): Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats 反对新古典主义文学
1) 特点 individuals
1. It is marked by a strong reaction and protest against the bondage of rule and custom.
2. It returns to nature and to plain humanity for its material.
3. It is marked by renewed interest and medieval ideals and literature.
4. It is marked by intense human sympathy and by a consequent understanding of the human heart.
5. It is the expression of individual genius rather than established rules.
6. Spenser, Shakespeare and Milton are inspiration of the Romantic Movement.
2) 诗歌 – Lakers / Lake Poets (湖畔诗人, 第一代): Wordsworth, Coleridge & Southey - worshipper of nature a. William Wordsworth (华兹华斯 1770-1850)：Poet Laureate
Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》：Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey《丁登寺杂咏》;
Lines Written in Early Spring 英国浪漫主义开端
The Prelude《序曲》； The Solitary Reaper《孤独的割麦女》； I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud；
Composed upon Westminster Bridge； Lucy Poems; My Heart Leaps Up; To the Cuckoo《致布谷鸟》
b. Samuel Taylor Coleridge(柯勒律治 1772-1834)：poet and literary critic； Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》；Christabel； The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (Lyrical Ballads)《古舟子咏》; The Fall of the Bastille《巴士底狱的倒塌》 c. Robert Southey(骚赛)：Joan of Arc《圣女贞德》
3) 诗歌 – 第二代诗人: 早熟、热情而短命；against the bourgeois society and the ruling class; 自由至上
a. George Gordon Byron(拜伦 1788-1824)：lyrical poems deal with nature and love Cain《该隐》
Don Juan《唐璜》：西班牙贵族子弟周游各国，发生在18世纪后半叶。长诗
Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德·哈罗尔德游记》: Childe是其诗歌中首位拜伦式英雄。长诗
Byronic Heroes: 孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满反抗精神。内心孤独苦闷，却又蔑视群小。
She Walks in Beauty; When We Two Parted; Hebrew Melodies《希伯来歌曲》
b. Percy Bysshe Shelley(雪莱 1792-1822)：love the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters
Queen Mab；The Revolt of Islam《伊斯兰的反叛》； Adonais； A Defence of Poetry；The Necessity of Atheism(无神论) 诗剧：The Cenci《钦契一家》； Promethus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》(Greek mythology)
love lyrics: Ode To a Skylark《云雀颂》；Ode to the West Wind (冬天来了，春天还会远吗): swift, proud and wild的西风 c. John Keats (济慈 1794-1821)：ode; “Beauty is truth, truth beauty” – leading principle Ode to Psyche《普赛克颂》 His poetry is distinguished by sensuousness(知觉) and the perfection of form. Ode on Melancholy；Isabella Ode to Autumn; Ode to a Nightingale； Ode on a Grecian Urn《希腊古瓮颂》
4) 散文: 19世纪早期，critical prose writing - Leigh Hunt, De Quincy
a. Charles Lamb(兰姆 1774-1834 随笔): nostalgia, humor, delicacy, personal and observations 最佳散文家
Old China《古旧的瓷器》; Tales from Shakespeare(儿童文学); Essays of Elia(论说文集)
b. William Hazlitt (哈兹利特 1778-1830): 犀利的文学批评 - The Characters of Shakespeare’s Plays
Lectures on the English Poets; Lectures on the Dramatic Literature of the Age of Queen Elizabeth
My First Acquaintance with Poets; On Going a Journey《论出游》
5) 小说
a. Walter Scott (司各特1771-1832): 西欧历史小说之父； the first novelist to recreate the past 浪漫主义向现实主义转变 Waverley《威弗利》；Rob Roy《罗伯·罗伊》(苏格兰历史)；Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》
b. Jane Austen(简奥斯丁 1775-1817)：humor, wit and delicate satire; true to life
首位女作家，以特有的敏锐和细腻刻画英国乡村中产阶级的生活和思想。预示现实主义小说崛起 Northanger Abbey《诺桑觉寺》 Sense and Sensibility；Pride and Prejudice；Emma； Persuasion《劝导》; Mansfield Park《曼斯菲尔德庄园》 c. Mary Shelly (雪莉)：Frankenstein
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六、The Victorian Period维多利亚时期 (1832-1901) Critical Realism 批判现实主义- novel poetry/prose
Full and detailed representation of social and political events, and the fate of common people and of whole social class
1) 小说
a. Charles Dickens(狄更斯 1812-1870): 小资产阶级知识分子 humoritst, satirist
With striking force and truthfulness, he pictured bourgeois civilization, showing the misery of common people. Bleak Hous《荒凉山庄》；Hard Times《艰难时世》；A Christmas Carol《圣诞颂歌》
~ 1st Period (1836-1841): youthful optimism - The Old Curiosity Shop《老古玩店》; Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》 The Pickwick Papers 《匹克威克外传》：退休商人Pickwick冒险经历 - 18世纪早期的英国的小资们 petty-bourgeoisie ~ 2nd Period(1842-): excitement and irritation David Copperfield; Dombey and Son《董贝父子》 ~ 3rd Period: intensifying pessimism Great Expectations《远大前程》
A Tale of Two Cities: 革命主题 – 法国革命中的巴黎与伦敦 Dr. Manette - Lucie&Darnay, Defarge, Sidney Carton b. The Bronte Sisters
Charlotte Bronte(1816-1855): Jane Eyre(Mr. Rochester); Shirley《雪莉》
Emily Bronte (1818-1848): Wuthering Heights (Heathcliff & Catherine) – 资本主义社会婚姻制度
Anne Bronte(1820-1849): Agnes Grey
c. Mrs. Gaskell (盖斯凯尔夫人 1810-1865): Life of Charlotte Bronte – 英国最佳传记
Mary Barton《玛丽· 巴顿》：the class struggle between the workers and the capitalists
d. George Elliot(艾略特 1819-1880 女作家): 田园生活，道德问题，心理描写 Silas Marner《织工马南》 文风：rich humor and keen observation, very philosophical Adam Bede：Adam爱上变心女 The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨房》：Tom & Maggie； Middlemarch, a Study of Provincial Life《米德尔马契》 e. William Makepeace Thackeray(萨克雷 1811-1863): Vanity Fair/ A Novel without a Hero《名利场》 f. Thomas Hardy(哈代 1840-1928 诗人&小说家): 多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。 the Wessex novels(虚构地点) Under the Greenwood Tree《绿荫下》； The Mayor of Casterbridge《卡斯特桥市长》；The Return of the Native《还乡》 Far from the Madding Crowd《远离尘嚣》； Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》
Tess of the D’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》: Tess & Angel Clare – 人无法掌控自己的命运
g. Robert Stevenson(史蒂文森 1850-1894): Treasure Island《金银岛》; Kidnapped
h. William Morris(莫里斯): The Earthly Pradise; Pilgrims of Hope《希望的探求者》
2) 诗歌: optimism and progressive vitality
a. Alfred Tennyson(丁尼生 1809-1902)：维多利亚时代最具代表性的诗人 Poet Laureate In Memoriam《悼念》 sounds and rhythms; evoking moods; linking descriptions of nature to the state of minds Poems by Two Brothers The Princess; Maud; Break, Break, Break《拍岸曲》；The Idylls of the King《国王叙事诗》; Ulysses《尤利西斯》 b. The Brownings 布朗宁夫妇 Robert/Elizabeth Browning The Ring and the Book; Sonnets from the Portuguese ~ Robert Browning(1812-1889)：dramatic monologues; realistic; optimistic; believed in the progress of mankind Men and Women(诗集)； My Last Duchess《我的前公爵夫人》；Meeting at Night； Home Thoughts, from Abroad
3) 散文
a. Thomas Carlyle(卡莱尔 1795-1881 历史学家): The French Revolution – 起因(the worker’s miserable living condition) b. John Ruskin(作家&艺术评论家): 其社会和经济观念对William Morris, Oscar Wilde, Bernard Shaw & D. H. Lawrence影响巨大
Modern Painters; The Seven Lamps of Architecture; Unto this Last; Sesame and Lilies
c. Matthew Arnold(阿诺德 1822-1888): Dover Beach《多弗尔海滩》
4) 无产阶级文学 a. Ernest Jones(琼斯 1819-1869): the Chartist poets(宪章派诗人)
b. William Morris(莫里斯 1834-1896): the first socialist writer
5) 19世纪末期文学趋势
a. Naturalism: 19世纪后半期，从现实主义发展而来；subjective and somber - 达尔文 Emile Zola & George Gissing b. New-Romanticism: oppose the idea that art reflects life reality – Stevenson (苏格兰小说家)
c. Aestheticism(唯美主义): art is self-sufficient and has no reference to life – 在诗歌中倾向于withdrawal or aversion d. Descadence(颓废派文艺): the crisis of bourgeois culture; opposes the democratic and socialist ideals; “art for art’s sake” ~ Oscar Wilde(王尔德 1854-1900): Aestheticism and Decadence - An Ideal Husband; A Woman of No Importance; The Picture of Dorian Grey; The Happy Prince and Other Tales ; Salome《莎乐美 》
Lady Windermere’s Fan《温德米尔夫人的扇子》；The Importance of Being Earnest《认真的重要》
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七、The Modern Period现代时期 (1914-)： symbolism; the stream of consciousness; naturalism; impressionism Impressionism – 个人经历(低层中产阶级&工人阶级) Poetry – short lyrics
Novels (代表James Joyce) – 心理活动；人性的深度及缺陷 an unending stream of impression, feelings and thoughts a. John Galsworthy(高尔斯华绥 1867-1933 小说家&剧作家): 1932 Nobel Prize The White Monkey《白猿》 strength & elasticity; powerful sweep & 深度心理分析 文风：concise, clear and straightforward The Forsyte Saga《福赛特家史》(小说集)：The Man of Property《有产者》(批判现实主义顶峰 Soames Forsyte & Irene) In Chancery《骑虎难下》； To Let《出让》; Interlude: The Indian Summer of a Forsyte; Awakening b. George Bernard Shaw(萧伯纳 1856-1950批判现实主义剧作家)：1925Nobel Prize Mrs. Warren’s Profession; 批判资本主义的罪恶面；humorist deals with contemporary social problems Heartbreak House; Widowers’ House; Man and Superman《人与超人》； Pygmalion《卖花女》； Major Barbara《巴巴拉少校》； The Apple Cart《苹果车》 c. William Butler Yeats(叶芝 1865-1939 爱尔兰诗人&剧作家)：1923Nobel Prize；The Irish nationalist Sailing to Byzantine《驶向拜占庭》；The Second Coming《基督再临》；Leda and the Swan《丽达与天鹅》 The Wind Among the Reeds《芦苇中的风》；Responsibilities； The Winding Stair《盘旋的楼梯》； The Lake Isle of Innisfree《茵尼斯弗里岛》；Easter, 1916；The Tower；The Land of Heart’s Desire d. T. S. Eliot(艾略特 1888-1965 诗人&剧作家&批评家): 1948 Nobel Prize The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock classicist in literature, royalist in politics and Anglo-Catholic in religion The Hollow Men《空心人》
The Waste Land《荒原》: a landmark and a model of the 20th C English poetry
The Four Quartets《四个四重奏》：a new serenity of outlook Ash Wednesday e. D. H. Lawrence(劳伦斯 1885-1930 诗人&小说家&散文家)：心理活动；资本主义工业化吞噬人性 Women in Love The White Peacock《白孔雀》；The Rainbow； Sons and Lovers(半自传体)； Lady Chatterley’s Lover f. James Joyce(乔伊斯 1882-1941 爱尔兰小说家)：意识流奠基者 obsessed with words The Dubliners《都柏林人》(短篇小说集)；Finnegan’s Wake 《芬尼根守灵夜》
A Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man《青年艺术家的肖像》: 自传性 – bitter experiences; 最终艺术和精神上的解放 Ulysses《尤利西斯》(非传统小说)：modernism – no story/plot/action
g. Virginia Woolf(伍尔芙 1882-1941 )：现代主义&意识流代表; Bloomsbury Group The Common Reader；Orlando Novels: Mrs. Dalloway ; To the Lighthouse; The Waves
Essays: A Room of One’s Own; Three Guineas《三个基尼》 - 女权运动经典作品 h. Joseph Conrad(康拉德 1857-1924): The Nigger of the Narcissus《白水仙号上的黑家伙》；Lord Jim；Heart of Darkness i. Robert Tressell (屈赛尔 1870-1911)：The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists《穿破裤子的慈善家》 j. Edward Morgan Forster(E. M.福斯特): Howards End《霍华德庄园》; A Passage to India《印度之行》
A Room with a View; Where Angels Fear to Tread《天使不敢驻足的地方》
k. William Somerset Maugham(W. S.毛姆 1874-1965): The Moon and Six Pence; Of Human Bondage《人生的枷锁》 i. George Orwell (奥威尔 1903-1950)：政治讽刺小说 Animal Farm; 1984
* Post-modernism (二战后): 愤怒青年 Aldous Leonard Huxley(赫胥黎): Brave New World a. John James Osborne(奥斯本 1929-1994 剧作家)：Look Back in Anger
b. Samuel Beckett(贝克特 1906-1989 爱尔兰剧作家&小说家)：1969 Nobel Prize 荒诞派Waiting for Godot《等待戈多》 c. William Golding(戈尔丁 1911-1993 小说家): 1983 Nobel Prize 寓言风 The Lord of The Flies《蝇王》 d. Doris Lessing(多丽丝·莱辛1919- 小说家)：2007 Nobel Prize The Grass is Singing (1950)；The Golden Notebook (1962) e. V. S. Naipaul (奈保尔1932- 印度裔小说家): 2001 Nobel Prize 小说及非虚构文学
A House for Mr. Biswas; In a Free State; A Bend in the River《河湾》; The Enigma of Arrival《抵达之谜》 g. Harold Pinter(品特1930-2008 剧作家): 2005 Nobel Prize 萧伯纳之后英国最重要剧作家 - 20世纪下半叶 英国戏剧创作流派Pinteresque，早期作品常为荒诞派戏剧 The Caretaker《看房者》；The Birthday Party；The Homecoming g. Herbert George Wells (小说家-科幻)：The Time Machine; The Invisible Man
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美 国 文 学
一、Before the Revolution of Independence(17世纪之前)
1) Native American Literature(American Indians)印第安传统文学
1. Traditional Literature: 口头文学 – 祝词、部落神话、英雄传说、民歌
2. Transitional Literature: 19世纪白人侵占史；翻译作品
3. Modern Literature: 19-20世纪，美国印第安人所著作品
2) Colonial America殖民时期(16世纪末-17世纪中): narratives & journals - earliest settlers/Puritans 外来文学本土化 ~ Puritanism: stressed predestination, original sin, total depravity, and limited atonement from God’s grace Stressed hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety 以伊甸园传说为基础
1. Captain John Smith: the first American writer A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country (1612)
A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia since the First Planting of That Colony《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》(1608) - 首部美国文学作品
2. William Bradford: The History of Plymouth plantation 3. John Winthrop: The History of New England
4. Roger Williams: A Key into the Language of America;
A Help to the Language of the Native in That Part of America Called New England
二、Around the Revolution of Independence独立革命时期(17世纪中-18世纪末) 爱国主义&独立民主自由 history/diary/political essay/religious articles 文风：plain and firm style; a polished and rhythmical balance of phrases ~ Calvinist(加尔文主义): original sin and predestination
~ Enlightenment: 18th C, an intellectual movement whose rationalistic spirit inspired Americans Deism ~ Deism(自然神论)：Deist – 一神论；人能通过自身道德感和智慧创造辉煌；love truth and do good; 科教=幸福
1. Benjamin Franklin(富兰克林 1706-1790): 思想家; 启蒙运动代表; rational man 《独立宣言》起草者之一
A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money； The Way to Wealth
Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷查理历书》； The Autobiography《自传》：simplicity, frankness & wit; American Dream 2. Thomas Paine(潘恩1737-1809 政治宣传册): Common Sense《常识》：独立革命时期最佳政治宣传册
Rights of Man《人权》；The Age of Reason《理性时代》； The American Crisis: 16本系列宣传册；
The Case of the Officers of Excise《税务员问题》； Downfall of Despotism《专制体制的崩溃》
3. Philip Freneau(弗伦诺1752-1832 诗人): Father of American Poetry; Poet of the American Revolution 文风：satire; bitter polemicist(辩论家) The Wild Honeysuckle《野金银花》；The Indian Burying Ground (lyric) The Rising Glory of America； The British Prison Ship；To the Memory of the Brave Americans - 同类诗中最佳；
4. Thomas Jefferson(杰斐逊 1743-1826): the 3rd President The Declaration of Independence 起草者之一
三、American Romanticism/Renaissance浪漫主义文学(18世纪末-19世纪中后期) individualism fold stories as an escape from the civilized society and were rich in mystic color; against rationalism
1) Pre-Romanticism(1770-1830):
1. Washington Irving(欧文1783-1859): 美国首位国际闻名作家 & 美国文学之父
the author of the first American short stories; the first prose stylist of American Romanticism
文风：American indigenous humor; mild and prone；simplicity, lucidity, poise and ease flow
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷传说》；Tales of a Traveler； Bracebridge Hall《布雷斯布里奇田庄》； Rip Van Winkle: German legend；an escape from society and return to nature； The Alhambra《西班牙见闻札记》；
A History of New York: 美国第一部诙谐文学杰作； Essay: The Sketch Book《见闻札记》: 美国浪漫主义开端
2. William Cullen Bryant(布莱恩特 1794-1878 诗人): the first American lyric poet；one of the earliest naturalist poets theme: 自然；宗教；humantarian reforms and national morality; self-consciousness 译作：Homer – Iliad; Odyssy To a Waterfowl《致水鸟》; The Yellow Violet《黄色堇香花》; The Fountain; The White-Footed Deer《白蹄鹿》; A Forest Hymn《森林赋》; The Flood of Years《似水流年》; Thanatopsis《死亡随想》(nature poems)
3. James Fenimore Cooper(库珀1789-1851 小说家): The Littlepage Manuscripts《利特佩奇的手稿》;
发展了三类小说：the revolutionary past- The Spy; sea novels -The Pilot《领航者》; the American frontier novels Leather Stocking Tales: frontier novels - The Pioneer《拓荒者》(the first true romance of American frontier)； The Pathfinder《探路者》; The Prairie《大草原》; The Deerslayer《杀鹿者》; The Last of Mohicans《最后的莫希干人》(成就最高)
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2) Post-Romanticism(1830-1860)
* American Renaissance(1836-1855): 首次美国知识分子运动 - Transcendentalism(超验主义)
marked the maturity of American Romanticism and the first renaissance
spirit and individual and nature；American Puritanism + European Romanticism 1. Ralph Waldo Emerson(爱默生 1803-1882 思想家，散文家&诗人)：超验主义代表; 主题 - nature & meditation Essays: Nature《论自然》：超验主义圣经(manifesto) ； Self-Reliance《论自立》； The Transcendentalist The American Scholar《论美国学者》：美国知识分子独立宣言 – 文化独立&文学地位; Divinity School Address《神学院演说》 Poetry: Concord Hymn《康考德颂》; The Rhodo《杜鹃花》; The Humble Bee《野蜂》; Days: 首开自由诗之先河
2. Henry David Threau(梭罗 1817-1862 思想家): Walden《瓦尔登湖》; A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers Resistance to Civil Government《抵制公民政府》; Civil Disobedience《论市民之不服从》
* The Peak of Romanticism
1. Nathaniel Hawthorne(霍桑 1804-1864 小说家): 美国首位杰出小说家 道德伦理问题; human soul
文风：the most ambivalent; mystical; criticism of life; soft, flowing and almost feminine The Marble Faun《玉石雕像》
The Scarlet Letter: Hester Prynne, Chillingworth & Dimmesdale The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》； The House of the Seven Gables《有七个尖角阁的房子》：family decadence Mosses from an Old Manse《古屋青苔》
2. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow(朗费罗 1807-1882 诗人)：首位葬入西敏寺美国诗人
highly spiritual; birth, death and love; The first to write the narrative poems; Voices of the Night《夜吟》 文风：filled with melody and charm of meter；manly, affirmative note 译作：Dante – Divine Comedy《神曲》 Song of Hiawatha《海华沙之歌》：美国第一部印第安人史诗; A Psalm of Life《生命颂》; Evangeline《伊凡吉琳》
3. Edgar Allan Poe(爱伦?坡1809-1849 诗人,小说家&批评家): 首位美国职业作家；美国侦探小说之父
Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque《怪诞奇异故事集》: first collection of short stories
Poems: To Helen The Raven； Annabel Lee(哥特风)
小说：The Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍古屋的倒塌》; The Murders in the Rue Morgue《莫格街谋杀案》
4. Walt Whitman(惠特曼 1819-1892 诗人)：democratic poet weekly newspaper: the Long Islander ~ Free verse: no regular rhythm/line length;
depends on natural speech rhythms & the counterpoint of stressed and unstressed syllables
Leaves of Grass《草叶集》：Democratic Bible；the birth of truly American poetry & the end of the American romanticism Song of Myself《自我之歌》; I hear America Singing； When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d《小院丁香花开时》
5. Emily Dickinson(迪金森 1830-1886 女诗人)：theme – religion, life and death, love and marriage, nature, immortality 文风: Abundant use of dashes, and irregular and often idiosyncratic punctuation and capitalization and clear-cut and
delicately original imagery, precise diction and fragmentary pattern; Imagism
Because I Could Not Stop for Death《因为我不能等待死神》； I’m Nobody. Who Are You?《我是无名小卒！你是谁？》 This is My Letter to the World; I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died《我死时听到一只苍蝇叫》
6. Herman Melville(梅尔维尔 1819-1891 小说家)： Typee《泰比》：romanticized story with the Polynesians Moby Dick《白鲸》: the first American prose epic; Ishmael as the narrator
The voyage = the search for the truth; Moby Dick = 宇宙的神秘；自然的强大；世间的邪恶
四、The Age of Realism现实主义(19世纪中期-20世纪初) 南北战争 – 废奴小说 - 现实主义起点 ~ 温和现实主义：William Dean Howells – 大贵族大资产阶级 vs. 乡土小说：Mark Twain – 底层社会 ~ The Gilded Age(镀金时代 1865-1914)：Mark Twain – 内战后的普遍disillusionment & frustration 工业化成果 & Gold Rush 特点：1. Straightforward 2. Focus on commonness of common people’s lives
3. Objective 4. Present moral visions 5. Usually open ending ~ Naturalism: a term created by Emile Zola(法国女作家)； men are weak; philosophical pessimists 1. Harriet Beecher Stowe(斯托 1811-1896 女作家)：the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war Uncle Tom’s Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》: 南方种植园生活 the first well-known sociological novel
2. William Dean Howells(豪威尔斯 1837-1920): The Rise of Silas Lapham《赛拉斯 拉帕姆的发迹》;
A Modern Instance《现代例证》; A Hazard of New Fortunes《新财富的危害》：三部曲
3. Stephen Crane(克莱恩 1871-1900): 自然主义代表
The Red Badge of Courage《红色英勇勋章》：美国内战 Henry Flemming
Maggie: A Girl of the Streets《街头女郎梅姬》：美国文学史上首次同情地描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运；美国自然主义文学里程碑；
4. O. Henry(欧亨利): The Cop and the Anthem《警察与赞美诗》
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5. Mark Twain(马克?吐温 1835-1910): 美国文学里程碑 the true father of our national literature
realists and humorists ；local color fiction: mixed with plots with realistic description Life on the Missippi; The Adventures of Tom Sawyer《汤姆?索耶历险记》; The Prince and the Pauper《王子与贫儿》
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝利?费恩历险记》：western literature and civilization; 美国现代文学自此始 The Innocents Abroad《傻瓜出国记》：newspaper articles about his European trip；
The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County《卡拉韦拉斯县有名的跳蛙》; The Gilded Age《镀金时代》;
6. Theodore Dreiser(德莱赛 1871-1945 小说家): 自然主义代表 Jennie Gerhardt《珍妮姑娘》; The “Genius”; Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》：the purposelessness of life; An American Tragedy;
Trilogy of Desire《欲望三部曲》: The Financier; The Titan; The Stoic
7. Henry James(詹姆斯1843-1916 小说家): the founder of psychological realism 文风：highly refined language
Daisy Miller: an outrage to American girlhood；the heroine = the free spirit of the New World The Ambassadors; The Bostonians《波士顿人》; The American; The Portrait of a Lady; The Wings of the Dove; The Golden Bowl； 评论集：French Poets and Novelists; Hawthorne; Partial Portraits《不完整的画像》
8. Jack London(伦敦 1876-1916 作家): 工人阶级代表 The Son of the Wolf: 短篇小说集
The Call of the Wild《野性的呼唤》; Love of Life; The Sea Wolf; White Fang
Martin Eden：the contradiction between socialism of Marx and the triumph of individuals
9. Edwin Arlington Robinson(罗宾逊 1869-1935 诗人): The Town Down the River; The Man Against the Sky
10. Sherwood Anderson(安德森 1876-1941 小说家): Death in the Woods; The Triumph of the Egg
Winesburg, Ohio《俄亥俄州的温斯堡》: 23 stories about a small town;
五、the Age of Modernism 现代主义 (一战后 – 至今) 现代诗歌繁荣(1912-1922)
~ Modernism: cutting off history and a sense of despair and loss; refused to accept the traditional values
1) 诗歌：introspection(自省) and social criticism 1912-1922: 繁荣期
1. Ezra Pound(庞德 1885-1972 诗人&评论家)：the father of modern American poetry Imagism self-conscious Pisan Cantos《比萨诗章》： the Bollingen Prize - In a Metro Station
2. Robert Lee Frost(弗洛斯特 1874-1963 诗人): focus on New England 诗集：A Boy’s Wish《少年的意志》; North of Boston 文风：combine traditional verse forms with a clear American local speech rhythm Desert Places
New Hampshire; The Road Not taken; Mending Wall; Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening;
3. Wallace Stevens: the rationalist humanist tradition 代言人 - The Auroras of Autumn《秋天的晨曦》
4. Thomas Stearns Eliot(艾略特 1888-1965 诗人,剧作家&批评家): leader of the new poetry and criticism
Ash Wednesday; Murder in the Cathedral; The Hollow Man《空心人》; The Sacred Wood《圣林》; Gerontion《小老头》； The Waste Land《荒原》: 二战后的社会文化； 西部地区的精神贫穷 central text of modernism
2) 小说： Lost Generation - Hemingway vs. 南方文学 - Faulkner
~ Lost Generation: Paris, a term created by Gertrude Stein(美国女作家) Hemingway – 代言人
Young writers who were cut off from old values and yet unable to handle the new era
~ Jazz Age(1920s)/the Roaring Twenties: exciting acceleration; restless pursuit of stimulus and pleasure
disillusionement(幻灭) with ideas and civilization F. Scott Fitzgerald
1. Ernest Hemingway(海明威 1899-1961): 1953 Pulitzer Prize & 1954 Nobel Prize theme – courage to tragedy 文风：spare, laconic, yet intense prose with sort sentences and very specific details The Old Man and the Sea The Sun Also Rises: 迷惘一代的写照; A Farewell to Arms(Lieutenant Henry); For Whom the Bell Tolls; 短篇小说： The Winners Take Nothing； Death in the Afternoon: 生死观 政论：To Have and Have Not《贫与富》
2. F. Scott Fitzgerald(菲茨杰拉德 1896-1940): leader of the Jazz Age/Lost Generation； Tales of the Jazz Age
This Side of Paradise《人间天堂》; Tender Is the Night《夜色温柔》; The Last Tycoon《最后的巨头》
The Great Gatsby: irony and disillusionment of the American Dream; Nick Carraway视角
短篇小说：Babylon Revisted《重访巴比伦》 The Crack-up《崩溃》(自传体文集)
3. John Steinbeck(斯坦贝克 1902-1968 小说家): the foremost writer of the Great Depression(1930s); 被压迫者代言人
The Grapes of Wrath《愤怒的葡萄》：Pulitzer Prize - an angry certainty of injustice system that has impoverished the people The Pearl: post-war novel – bitter feelings against this greedy society which made the war possible
Of Mice and Men: the tragic friendship of two migrant workers
4. Sinclair Lewis(刘易斯 1885-1951 小说家): Babbitt《巴比特》: 批评资本主义的物质性，以及中产阶级道德的压迫性 Main Street《大街》: a bitter criticism of a Middle Western village for its dullness, hypocrisy, prejudice and oppression;
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5. William Faulkner(福克纳 1897-1962 小说家): 1950 Nobel Prize the foremost southern writer of the 20th century An analysis of the underlying cause for the failure and decay of the South before the Civil War
文风：the human heart in conflict with itself & the creative method is capricious; symbolic & modernistic techniques The Sound and the Fury《喧哗与骚动》: lost innocence & 意识流; As I Lay Dying《在我弥留之际》: 意识流短篇小说; Light in August: realistic novel; Absalom, Absalom《押沙龙，押沙龙！》：a fable about the south; historical novel
6. Willa Cather(凯瑟 1873-1947 女作家): My Antonia
7. Eugene Galdstone O’Neil(奥尼尔 1888-1953 戏剧家): pessimistic The Hairy Ape《毛猿》;
Long Day’s Journey into Night《长夜漫漫路迢迢》: the problem of modern man’s identity
Desire Under the Elms《榆树下的欲望》; The Iceman Cometh《卖冰的人来了》
六、American Literature since 1945 南方小说；犹太小说；心理小说；科幻小说
~1950s–the Beat writers ~1960s – black humor ~1970s –百花齐放
~the Beat Generation(垮掉的一代): an alienation from society because they rejected conventional social and moral values
1. Ralph Ellison(埃里森 1914-1994 黑人): Invisible Man
2. Saul Bellow(贝娄 1915-2005): 1976 Nobel Prize
The Adventures of Augie March; Seize the Day《勿失良辰》; The Dangling Man《摇摆不定的人》
3. Flannery O’Connor(奥康纳 1925-1964 女作家): A Good Man Is Hard to Find
4. John Updike(厄普代克 1932-2009): the most realistic of postwar realists - Protestant mediocrity
Rabbit Run; Rabbit Redux《兔子归来》; Rabbit is Rich; Rabbit at Rest《兔子安息》
5. William Carlos Williams(1883-1963 诗人): The Yachts《游艇》; Paterson; The Red Wheel Barrow《红色手推车》
6. Tennessee Williams(威廉斯 1914-1983 剧作家, 诗人&小说家): The Glass Menagerie《玻璃动物园》;
A Streetcar Named Desire《欲望号接车》; Cat on a Hot Tin Roof《热铁皮屋顶上的猫》
7. Arthur Miller(米勒 1915-2005 剧作家)：Death of a Salesman
8. Edward Albee(阿尔比 1928- 剧作家): The Zoo Story; Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf
9. J.D. Salinger(塞林格 1919-2010): The Catcher in the Rye《麦田守望者》: the young against the dubious values of adults
10. Allen Ginsberg(金斯堡 1926-1997 诗人): Howl《嚎叫》: the birth trauma of the Beat Generation
11. Jack Kerouac(克鲁亚克 1922-1969 小说家): On the Road
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