一般现在时
1.表示现在习惯或经常反复发生的动作。常与always, usually, often, sometimes, every day (week, month)等连用。
He plays football twice a week.他每周踢两次足球。
I sometimes go to work on foot.我有时步行去上班。
2．表示现在的事实或状态。
It’s cold today.今天很冷。
You look tired now.你现在看起来很疲乏。
3. 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
I don't want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.
I am doing my homework now.
第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。
4.表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..
5．表示客观事实或普遍其理。
It’s far from the earth to the sun.地球与太阳间的距离很远。
Five and three makes eight.五加三得八。
5．表示已预先安排或计划好将来确定会发生的动作。
但主要用于go, come, leave, start, return, arrive等瞬间动词。
The train from London arrives at 7:00.从伦敦来的火车7:00到站。
He leaves on business the day after tomorrow.他后天出差。
6．在时间、让步及条件状语从句中表示将来的动作。
I’ll call you as soon as I get there.我一到那里就打电话给你。
I’ll come if he invites me.他如果邀请我我就来。
7．在以here, there开头的句子里，表示正在发生的动作。
Her comes the bus!汽车来了！
There goes the bell!铃响了！
当主语是代词时，代词必须放在动词之前。如：
There he comes!他来了！
8．某些表示心理状态和感觉的动词，如feel, love, hope, want, understand等表示现在发生的具体行为。
I feel pain in my head.我头疼。
I don’t understand what you mean.我不理解你的意思。
此时只用一般现在时而不用现在进行时。
9在由after，until，before，once，when，even if，in case，as long as，as soon as，the moment以及if，unless等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：
1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.
2)I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.
10某些表示起始的动词，可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，这类动词有：be，go，come，start，depart，arrive，begin，leave等。例如：
1)The plane leaves at three sharp.
2)The new teachers arrive tomorrow.
11在由why，what，where，whoever，who，that，as等引导的从句中，也常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：
1)Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.
2)You’ll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.
12一般现在时用于倒装句中可以表示正在发生的动作,动词以come, go为主。如：Here comes the bus. (车来了) / There goes the bell.(铃响了)。
13一般现在时常用于体育比赛的解说或寓言故事中。Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it.
14一般现在时的特殊用法
a. 用于新闻标题或图片说明中
China Declares Manned Spaceflight Successful
中国宣布载人航天飞行圆满成功
Laura Bush Arrives in Moscow
劳拉·布什抵达莫斯科
b. 用于体育运动、表演等实况报道中
Francis slips past, passes the ball to Yao Ming, who jumps, catches and shoots it into the basket. 弗朗西斯穿过去，把球传给姚明，姚明跳起来，接住球投进篮里。
Now, look, I press the button and turn on the machine.
现在，看，我按下按扭，打开了这台机器。
c. 表示告诫或劝说
You mind your own business.
你不要管闲事！
If he does that again, he goes to prison.
如果他再那样的话，他就会进监狱的。
d. 表示现在瞬间的动作
Here comes the bus.
汽车来了。
There goes the bell.
铃响了。
一般过去时
1．表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示过去时间的副词如：yesterday, last week, two hours ago等连用。
My family moved here five years ago.我家五年前搬到了这里。
I was born in 1973.我生于19xx年。
2．表示过去一段时间经常或反复发生的动作。这时可与频度副词如：often, usually, always等连用。 He always worked into night those days.那些日子他总是工作到深夜。
I often left on business in 1987.19xx年我经常出差。
表示“过去经常，而今不再”时，要用used to。如：
I used to read newspaper after breakfast.
我过去经常早饭后看报纸。（意指现在已不是这样）
The children often swam in this river. 孩子们过去经常在这条河里游泳。
3．表示过去连续发生的一连串动作。
He put down the heavy box, took out the keys, and opened the door.
他放下这沉重的箱子，掏出钥匙开了房门。
过去发生的一连串动作，若用and, or, but等并列连词连接，则一律用过去式。
They moved the chairs to the table, sat down and began to have supper.
他们把椅子搬到桌边，坐下开始吃饭。
4．在时间和条件状语从句中，用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作。
He said that he would let me know as soon as he got the information.
他说他一得到消息就立即让我知道。
Mary told me that she would stay at home if it rained.玛丽告诉我如果下雨她就呆在家里。
5表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态，常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。例如：
We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.
6表示过去习惯性动作。例如：
1)He always went to class last.
2)I used to do my homework in the library.
(注意与be used to doing短语的区别)
7，讲故事、对过去经历的回忆、双方都明白的过去事件等一般用过去时,而且经常省略时间状语。如：I happened to meet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西)
8一般过去时的特殊用法
a. 在虚拟语气中表示现在或将来时间的动作或状态
It's time we went.
是我们该走的时候了。
I wish I were twenty years younger.
但愿我年轻20岁。
I would rather you didn't do anything for the time being.
我宁愿你暂时先不要采取什么措施。
b. 在口语中，一般过去时往往显示委婉客气。
I wondered if you could give me a hand.
我想请你帮个忙。
Might I come and see you tonight?
我想今晚来看你，好吗？
9句型：
It is time for sb. to do sth"到??时间了""该??了"
It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了""早该??了"
It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。
It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示'宁愿某人做某事'
I'd rather you came tomorrow.
10 wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。
I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较：
一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。
Christine was an invalid all her life.
(含义：她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.
(含义：她现在还活着)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)
注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
Did you want anything else?
I wondered if you could help me.
2）情态动词 could, would.
Could you lend me your bike?
一般将来时
一般将来时是由“will / shall + 动词原形”构成的。shall只限于第一人称，主要见于英国英语，现在的趋势是第一、二、三人称的单复数形式均用will表示。在口语中，shall和will常缩写成“'ll”，紧接在主语之后。其否定式shall not 和will not 常简略为shan't 和won't。在状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。在以第一人称为主语的问句中,常用 shall 表示提议和询问情况,在以第二人称作主语的问句中,用will 表示请求。当主语是第一人称时,用will 表示意愿.决心.允诺.命令等
（1）表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语如next month, tomorrow, in a week, soon等连用。
I will go to the zoo next Sunday.下周日我将去动物园。
She’ll go to the cinema tonight.今晚她将去看电影。
注意：
在口语中，常用will / shall + be doing结构来代替will / shall + 动词原形，以表示生动。 I'll be seeing a friend off at the airport.
我要去机场给一个朋友送行。
He'll be going with us tomorrow.
他明天和我们一起去。
（2）表示将来经常发生的动作或某种必然的趋势
Some birds will fly away to the south when winter comes.
冬季来临时，一些鸟儿将飞往南方。
（3）表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如：
I shall graduate next year.
（4）be to +v表示计划安排要做的事，具有“必要”的强制性意义。例如： I am to play tennis this afternoon.
（5）)be about to +v表示即将发生的事情。例如：
He was about to start.
注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
（6）be due to +v表示预先确定了的事，必定发生的事。例如：
The train is due to depart in ten minutes.
（7）be on the point/verge of +v – ing强调即将发生的某种事态。例如： The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home.
（8）表示将要反复发生的动作
My uncle will come to see me every Saturday.
我叔叔每个星期六都会来看我。
The students will have five English classes per week this term.
本学期学生们每周要上五节英语课。
（9）表示同意或答应做某事
That bag looks heavy. I'll help you with it.
这个包看起来很重，我来帮你提。
I won't tell anyone what happened, I promise.
我保证不告诉别人所发生的事。
（10）表示一种倾向或推测
Flowers will die without water.
没有水花会枯死的。
Water will change into ice at 0℃.
水在零摄氏度就会结冰。
This will be your sister, I guess.
我猜想这是你姐姐。
一般将来时的常用结构
①用于“I expect, I'm sure, I think, I wonder + 宾语从句”中
Don't worry about the exam. I'm sure you'll pass.
不要担心这次考试，我确信你会通过的。
I wonder what will happen.
我不知道将会发生什么事。
I don't think the test will be very difficult.
我想这次测验不会太难。
②用于“祈使句 + and + 陈述句”中
Work hard and you will succeed.
如果你努力，就会成功的。
Go at once and you will see her.
马上去，你就会见到她了。
③与表示时间或条件的状语从句连用
I'll let you know as soon as he arrives.
他一到我就通知你。
If you ask him, he will help you.
如果你请他，他会帮助你的。
We shall go unless it rains.
除非下雨，否则我们是要去的。
将来时间的其他表达法
①be going to + 动词原形
“be going to+ 动词原形”这一结构常用于口语中。
a. 表示决定或打算要做某事
I'm going to buy a new coat this winter.
今年冬天我打算买一件新大衣。
Are you going to play basketball after class?
下课后你去打篮球吗？
He is going to be a doctor when he grows up.
他长大后要当医生。
What are you going to do today?
今天你打算做什么？
b. 表示有迹象即将要发生什么事，主观判断即将要发生的事情
Look at those black clouds. It is going to rain.
瞧那乌云，天要下雨了。
The car is going to turn over.
汽车要翻了！
There is going to be a snowstorm.
将有一场暴风雪。
比较：
“be going to + 动词原形”与“will / shall + 动词原形”的区别
1．be going to通常表示很快就要发生的事，而will/shall既可表示不久的将来，也可表示长远的将来或不确定的将来。
She is going to get better.
她的病要好了。（有恢复健康的迹象）
She will get better.
她的病会好的。（认为最终会恢复健康的）
2．will表示将来，通常是指事先无计划的意图，是临时决定的； be going to则表示事先有计划的意图，是经过考虑的。
— George phoned while you were out.
你外出的时候乔治打电话来的。
— Ok. I'll phone him back.
好的，我给他回电话。（临时决定）
— Matthew phoned while you were out.
你外出的时候马修打电话来了。
— Yes, I know. I'm going to phone him back.
是的，我知道了。我准备给他回电话。（早有安排）
但在正式文体中，要用will来表示事先安排的动作。
The meeting will begin at 10:00 a.m..
会议将在10点开始。
Coffee will be served from 9:30 from today onwards.
从今天起9:30开始供应咖啡。
3．表示有迹象显示将要发生某一动作时，要用be going to，不用will或shall。 I feel terrible. I think I'm going to be sick.
我觉得不舒服，我想我要生病了。
4．be going to 可用于条件句，表示将来时间，will则不能。
If you are going to attend the meeting, you'd better leave now.
如果你要出席会议，你最好现在就动身。
②be + 动词的-ing形式
“be + 动词的-ing形式”表示根据现在的计划或安排，预期将会发生某事，这种安排不容随意改变。在这一结构中，动词-ing形式通常是表示位置转移的动词，如arrive, come, go, leave, move, start, stay, get 以及eat, meet, see off, die等，并与表示将来的时间状语连用。如果没有时间状语，则所表示的动作有即将发生之意。
He is leaving for Xinjiang in a few days.
他几天后要动身去新疆。
I am dining out tonight.
今晚我将出去吃饭。
The plane is taking off soon.
飞机马上就要起飞了。
The old man is dying.
那位老人快要死了。
比较：
“be + 动词的-ing形式”和“be going to + 动词原形”的异同
1．表示按计划发生的动作时，两者可互换。
We are moving to a new flat tomorrow.
我们明天就要搬到新房子里去了。
We are going to move to a new flat tomorrow.
我们明天就要搬到新房子里去了。
2．表示由于客观因素而产生的将来动作或状态时，用be going to结构，不用be + 动词的-ing形式。
You are going to fall if you climb that tree.
如果你爬树的话，你会摔下来的。（不可说 You are falling if ...）
Be careful. You are going to break that chair.
当心！你会把那张椅子弄坏的。（不可说 You are breaking that chair）
③ be + 动词不定式
这一结构中的be，只有现在式 (am, is, are) 和过去式 (was, were) 两种形式。 a. 表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作
The highway is to be open to traffic in May.
这条公路将在五月份通车。
Am I to take over his work?
我是不是要接管他的工作？
b. 用于条件句中强调按计划或安排将要发生的动作
If we are to take the 5:00 train, we must leave now.
如果我们乘坐5点的火车的话，那我们现在就得出发。
c. 表示命令或吩咐等。否定形式常表示“禁止”或“不许”。
You are to be back before 10 p.m..
你必须在10点前回来。
You are not to go out alone at night.
晚上你不能单独出去。
比较：
“be + 动词不定式”与“be going to+ 动词原形”的区别
1．“be going to+ 动词原形”侧重说话人个人的意图和打算，“be + 动词不定式”侧重受别人的指示或安排要做的事。
I'm going to try my best to write this article well.
我将尽力把这篇文章写好。
Am I to wait here till their arrival?
我要在这儿一直等到他们抵达吗？
2．表示由于客观因素或不受人控制的将要发生的动作时，只用“be going to+ 动词原形”，不用“be + 动词不定式”。
It's going to rain.
天要下雨了。（不说It's to rain.）
Rachel is going to faint.
雷切尔要晕倒了。
④ 一般现在时
一般现在时可以用来表示将来时间，主要用法有：
a. 表示由于日历或时刻表的规定而固定不变的或比较不易变更的将来时间发生的动作。 Tomorrow is Friday.
明天是星期五。
What time does the next train leave for Paris?
下一班开往巴黎的火车几点出发？
b. 在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来时间的动作或状态。 I'll give the book to you after I finish it.
我看完这本书就给你。
If he arrives, we must go and meet him at the railway station.
如果他到了，我们就得到火车站去接他。
c. 在hope, suppose等后面的宾语从句中常用一般现在时表示将来动作或状态。 I hope all is well with him.
我希望他一切都好。
Suppse we go hiking tomorrow.
我们明天还是去远足吧。
will与be going to都可表示将来，通常可互换，但下面几种情形只用will而不用be going to。
（1）表示“带有意愿色彩的将来”时
I’ll help you if you need.如果需要，我帮你。
（2）问对方是否愿意或表示客气的邀请或命令时
Will you go shopping with me? 你和我一起去购物吗？
Will you please open the door?请把门打开好吗？
（3）表示临时决定要做某事
It begins to rain./Will have to stay at home.
天开始下雨了，我只好呆在家里了。（本来打算外出）
（4）表示客观必然会发生的事情
It will be Monday tomorrow.明天是周一。
（5）在含有时间状语从句或条件状语从句的复合句中，主句如果是将来时，则多用will。
I’ll take care of your baby when you are out.你出门时我会照看你的小宝宝。
I’ll open the window if you smoke here.你如果在这儿抽烟我就把窗户打开。
一般过去将来时
用来表达从过去某时间点上看将要发生的动作
过去将来时的用法与一般将来时的用法相同（参见一般将来时）
过去将来时表示过去习惯性的动作时，只能用would，而不用should。如：
I would swim in this pool when I was a child.我孩童时期经常在这个池塘游泳。
This window wouldn’t close.这个窗户老是关不上。
1．一般过去将来时的构成
一般过去将来时是由“should/would + 动词原形”构成的。
He asked me yesterday when I should leave for Paris.
昨天他问我什么时候动身去巴黎。
They wanted to know how they would finish the homework earlier.
他们想知道怎样才能早一点儿完成家庭作业。
2．一般过去将来时的用法
一般过去将来时间的出发点是过去，即从过去某一时刻看以后要发生的动作和状态。 a. 一般过去将来时常用于间接引语中
He said they would arrange a party.
他说他们将安排一个晚会。
I asked if he would come and fix my TV set.
我问他是否来帮我修电视机。
b. 一般过去将来时可用来表示非真实的动作或状态
If I had a chance to study abroad, I would study at Cambridge University. 如果我有机会出国学习的话，我就会去剑桥大学。
I wish he would go with me to the cinema tonight.
今晚他能和我一起去看电影就好了。
c.过去将来时由“助动词should(第一人称)或would(第二、三人称)+动词原形”构成。在美国英语中,过去将来时的助动词一律用“would +动词原形”。
d.过去将来时常由于宾语从句中,时间状语有：later, soon, the next (day).
e.在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中不可以使用过去将来时,而应该使用一般过去时。如：他答应付给我许多钱如果我帮助他搞那个项目)/ Every time when he was free,he would sit down and read some books.(每次只要他有空他就会坐下来看看书)
f.表示纯粹的将来时用would或should,表示打算或主观认为的事情用was/were going to (+动词原形)。如：She told me she would be 18 the next month.(她告诉我她下个月就18岁了)/ She 她告诉我她打算带她的宠物狗去散步)
g.过去将来时还可以表示一个过去经常性的动作。如：When it rained in the day, he would bring
an umbrella with him.(白天下雨时他会随身带一把雨伞)
3．过去将来时间其他表达法
a. was/were going to +动词原形
He said that he was going to live in the country when he retired.
他说他退休后要住在农村。
They thought it was going to rain.
他们认为天要下雨了。
b. was/were +动词的-ing形式
Nobody knew whether the guests were coming.
没人知道客人们是否要来。
I was told that the train was leaving in a few minutes.
我被告知火车几分钟后就要开了。
c. was/were +动词不定式
She said she was to clean the classroom after school.
她说她放学后要打扫教室。
It was reported that another bridge was to be built across the Yangtse River. 据报道长江上将要再建一座大桥。
提示：
“was/were going to +动词原形”或“was/were + 动词不定式完成式”可表示未能实现的过去将来时间的动作。
Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wall, but it rained.
上星期天我们本想去游览长城的，但却下雨了。（没有去成）
I was to have helped with the performance, but I got flu the day before. 我是打算帮忙演出的，但前天我感冒了。（没有帮上忙）
d. was/were about to do
“was/were about to do”表示说话的瞬间就会发生的动作。
I felt something terrible was about to happen.
我觉得有可怕的事要发生了。
e. was/were on the point of doing
I'm glad you have come. I was on the point of calling you, but you've saved me the trouble now. 很高兴你来了。我正准备给你打电话，现在你省去我这个麻烦了。 提示：
“be about to do”和“be on the point of doing”结构一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用，但后面可以接when引导的分句。
I was about to start when it suddenly began to rain.
我正要动身天突然下雨了。
现在进行时
（1）表示现在正在进行或发生的动作。常与now, at present, at this moment等连用。
It is snowing now.现在正在下雪。
He is watching TV at present.他正在看电视。
（2）与these days, this week/month等连用，表示现阶段正在进行的动作。
He is studying hard these days.这些天他学习很努力。
He is writing a book.他在写一本书。
在“Look!, Listen!”等感叹句后，通常用现在进行时。如：
Look! The bus is coming.看，公共汽车来了。
比较：Look! There comes the bus.
（以Here, There为首的句子以一般现在时表示正在进行的动作。）
（3）与表示将来的时间状语连用，表示最近计划或安排好的将要发生的动作，具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词。即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。主要用于go, come, arrive, leave start, return等瞬间动词。即用现在进行时表示将来。
He is leaving for Nanjing tonight.他今晚去南京。
The meeting is beginning at three this afternoon.会议在下午3：00开始。
（4）表示现阶段经常发生的动作，常与always, continually, forever等词连用，表示反复出现的动作，代替一般现在时，表达说话人强烈的感情。如赞扬、不满、讨厌等。如：
He is always asking such silly questions.他老是提这类愚蠢的问题。
He is continually making mistakes.他不断地犯错误。
(5)表示即将发生的动作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常见的动词有：come, go, stay, leave, spend, do等。如：I’m coming now.(我就来)/ What are you doing tomorrow?(你明天干什么？)/ He is leaving soon.(他就要走了)
6. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。
Mr. Green is writing another novel.
(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)
She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.
7. 表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
The leaves are turning red.
It's getting warmer and warmer.
（8）现在进行时的特殊用法
a.表示一种重复的动作，带有“厌恶”、“赞叹”等感情色彩
现在进行时往往与constantly, always, forever等状语连用，给现在的动作披上一层感情色彩。 She's constantly complaining.
她不停地抱怨。
My brother is always leaving things about.
我弟弟总是乱丢东西。
He is forever thinking of doing more for the students.
他总是想着为学生多做些事情。
b. 表示某一具体动作或心理状态的发展过程
The house is falling down.
房子正在倒下。
The weather is changing for the better.
天气慢慢转好了。
注意：
有时表示一个动作刚刚开始。
I'm forgetting my English.
我的英语开始忘了。
Food is costing more.
食品贵了起来。
c. 强调动作的重复
The train is arriving late almost every day this summer.
这个夏季火车几乎天天晚点。
Someone is knocking at the door.
有人不断地在敲门。
The boy is jumping with joy.
那男孩高兴地跳个不停。
d. 表示两个动作是同一动作
He who helps others is helping himself.
帮人就是帮自己。
If you insist on doing it, you are doing a foolish thing.
如果你坚持做这件事，你就是在干傻事。
e.be动词的进行时态
be动词一般不用于进行时态。但有时可用“am, is, are + being + 形容词”结构表示暂时或故意如此。 The boy is being naughty. 这孩子有点儿淘气。
I don't think you are being fair.
我认为你不公平。
He is being modest.
他现在很谦虚。
比较：
You are not polite.
你不讲礼貌。（一贯如此）
You are not being polite.
你可有点儿不礼貌了。（暂时的现象）
没有进行时的动词
1． 表示“存在、位置”的动词。如：be（是），lie（位于），stand（位于）
She is a doctor.她是名医生。
The mountain lies in the middle of the country.这座山位于该国的中部。
The tower stands beside the river.这座塔位于河边。
lie, stand分别作“躺、站”解时，可用于现在进行时。如：
The cat is lying under the table.猫躺在桌子下面。
He is standing against the door.他正靠门站着。
2． 表示“所有”的动词。如：have（有），own（拥有）
I have a new car.我有一辆新车。
He owns a lot of houses.他拥有许多房子。
当have作“吃、举行”讲时，可用于现在进行时。如：
She is having lunch now.她现在正在吃午饭。
They are having a sports meeting. 他们正在举行运动会。
3． 表示感觉的动词。如：see（看到），hear（听到），smell（闻到），feel（摸起来），taste（尝起来），find（发现）等。如果这些动词表示一种有意识的行为，则可用进行时态。
She is tasting the apple.
她正在尝苹果。
The dog is smelling the footprints.
狗正在嗅脚印。
The bell is sounding for dinner.
晚饭铃响了。
I see a snake lying in the grass.我看到一条蛇躺在草丛里。
4． 表示心理活动和情感的动词，如： like（喜欢），love（爱），hate（恨），hope（希望），want（想要）等，表示知道、信念、理解、推测、怀疑、希望等含义的动词，这类动词有know, remember, understand, see, think, believe, suppose, hope, doubt等。
有时这些动词的进行时态可表示心理状态的缓慢发展过程。
She's understanding you better now.
她越来越了解你了。
I think they are right.我认为他们是正确的。
I like music.我喜欢音乐。
think作“想，考虑”解时，可用于进行时态。如：
I’m thinking about it now.我现在正在考虑这事。
Do you know what he is thinking about? 你知道他在想什么吗？
①表示状态的动词
这类动词有seem, look, appear, have, belong to, own, hold等。
This backpack belongs to me.
这背包是我的。
He seems rather angry with you.
看起来他很生你的气。
③表示要求、心愿等意义的动词
这类动词有want, wish, need, desire等。
Your clothes need washing.
你的衣服需要洗了。
How I wish I were a bird！
我多希望我是一只鸟啊！
④表示继续或持续含义的动词
这类动词有continue, keep, last, go on等。
She still continues in poor health.
她仍然身体很差。
Every day after finishing his homework, he goes on to do some reading.
他每天做完作业后，都会继续看会儿书。
过去进行时
过去进行时的用法与现在进行时用法相同，只不过参照的时间基准点不同。
（1）过去进行表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或该动作与过去的另一动作同时发生。一般和特定的时间状语或状语从句连用。如：then, at that time, at eight yesterday, this time yesterday, when he came in等。 I was playing volley-ball this time last Sunday.上周日的这个时候我正在打排球。
Li Fang was watching TV when her father came back.李芳的爸爸回来时她正在看电视。
（2）过去进行时表示过去某段时间是持续进行的动作。
They were making ships last month.他们上个月正在造船。
（3）go, come, leave等瞬间动词的过去进行时表示过去某一时点安排或计划好的即将发生的动作。
The plane was arriving at eight.飞机八点到达。
（4）过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示过去反复的习惯，常与always，continually，constantly等动词连用，表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩
（5）表示按计划、安排过去将要发生的事
He told me that he was going soon.
他告诉我他很快就要走了。
She said she was leaving for New York the next month.
她说她下个月动身去纽约。
(6)用于宾语从句或时间状语从句中,表示与主句动作同时进行而且是延续时间较长。句子中通常不用时间状语。如：She was it happen when she was walking past.(她路过时看到事情的发生)/ They sang a lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest.(他们在黑暗的森林里走时唱了很多歌)
（7）过去进行时的特殊用法
a.表示故事发生的背景
It was snowing as the medical team made its way to the front.
那支医疗小组往前线行进时天正下着雪。
Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking.
汤姆乘没人注意时溜进了房间。
b.表示一个新的动作刚刚开始
过去进行时可用来引出一个新的动作，这种用法颇有点儿像镜头转换。
Five minutes later, he was standing at the door, smoking.
5分钟后，他已站在门口抽着烟。
The baby was crying hard, and suddenly the crying stopped.
这婴儿在大声啼哭，突然，哭声停止了。
c. 用来陈述原因或用作借口
She went to the doctor yesterday. She was having a lot of trouble with her heart.
她昨天去看病了。她患了很严重的心脏病。
I haven't finished my homework because I was helping my mother at home all day yesterday.
我作业没做完是因为我昨天一直帮妈妈在家干活。
将来进行时
将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时刻开始，并继续下去的动作。常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。将来进行时不用于表示"意志"，不能说 I'll be having a talk with her.例如：
1)This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.
2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?
1．将来进行时的构成
将来进行时是由“shall/will + be +现在分词”构成的。
Don't phone me between 8:00 and 10:00. We'll be having classes then.
8点到10点之间不要给我打电话，我们那时正在上课。
Will you be using your bicycle this evening?
今晚你用自行车吗？
She won't be having a meeting in her office at 8:00 tomorrow.
明天8点她不在开会。
2．将来进行时的用法
①将来进行时的基本用法
a. 表示在将来某一时间正在进行的动作
I'll be taking my holiday soon.
我不久就去度假了。
They will be meeting us at the station.
他们会在车站接我们的。
b. 在口语中代替will/shall do
I hope you will be coming on time.
我希望你按时来。
I'll be seeing Mr. Smith tomorrow.
我明天将见到史密斯先生。
The minister will be giving a speech on international affairs.
部长将就国际事务发表演讲。
②将来进行时的特殊用法
a. 表示原因、结果或猜测
Please come tomorrow afternoon. Tomorrow morning I'll be having a meeting.
请你明天下午来吧。我明天上午有个会。（表原因）
Stop the child or he will be falling over.
抓住那个孩子，要不他会掉下去的。（表结果）
You will be making a mistake.
你会出错的。（表推测）
b. 用在问句中，表示委婉礼貌
Will you be reading anything else?
你还要看点儿什么吗？
When shall we be meeting again?
我们什么时候再见面？
c. 表示稍后一点儿的安排
The students aer studying Unit 3 this week, and next week we'll be studying Unit 4.
这星期我们学第三单元，下周我们将学第四单元。
My duties will end in July and I will be returning to Shanghai.
我的任务在7月结束，之后我会回上海。
过去将来进行时
过去将来进行时：should be doing , would be doing
例：The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.（政府承诺说第二年7月将有一条新的高速公路正在修建。）（此句的时间状语是具体的将来时间，所以最好用将来进行时。）（此句为被动语态）
过去将来进行时（在过去时中表示将来正在发生的动作）
I would be playing football the next morning.(明天上午我将正在踢足球)
现在完成时
现在完成时的构成形式是“have / has +过去分词”。现在完成时常被称为“与现在有联系的过去”，
因此它不能与明确的过去时间状语连用。现在完成时表示一个发生在过去的、对现在仍有影响的动作,或表示开始在过去,并且一直延续到现在,甚至还可能延续下去的动作。
Someone has broken the window.
有人把窗户打破了。
I haven't seen much of her lately.
我最近不常见到她。
How long have they been married?
他们结婚多长时间了？
（1）表示动作已经完成，但后果或影响仍在。常与already, just, yet等副词连用。
I have just read your letter.我刚刚读完你的信。
He has already come back.他已经回来了.
(2）表示过去发生的动作一直持续到现在。这是现在完成时的“未完成”用法，表示一个动作或状态从过去某时开始，持续到现在，可能要继续下去。常与for或since引导的一段时间状语连用。
注意：
现在完成时的“未完成”用法既可用于动态动词（主要是持续动词），也可用于状态动词，但它一般不适用于表示短暂动作或位置转移的动词，如：open, break, go, come, arrive, leave等。如用这类动词表示“未完成”，通常只限于否定结构。
He has lived here for three years.他在此住了两年了。
I have been here since 1976.自从19xx年我就一直在这里。
①．for后通常跟一个时间段，而since后只能跟一个具体的时间点。
如：for two weeks持续两周时间；since Monday自从周一
②．现在完成时的肯定句，其谓语动词如果是瞬间动词，如come, go, begin, join等，则不可与表示一段时间的状语连用。
如：他到此两周了：He has arrived here for two weeks.（×）
此时需转换表达方式：
①用ago代替for，并改为一般过去时
②用延续性动词代替瞬间动词
③用It is/It has been…since…句型，如：
He arrived here two weeks ago.
He has been here for two weeks.
It is/It has been two weeks since he arrived here.
当瞬间动词用于否定句时，则可以与时间段连用。如：
I haven’t gone there for six years.我六年没去那儿。
（3）表示过去发生过一次或多次的动作已成为某种经验。
I have been to Paris twice.我去过巴黎两次。
It’s one of the most interesting films I’ve ever seen.它是我看过的最有趣的电影之一。
比较have been to与have gone to
have been to表示“去过某地”，现在已回来了，可以与ever twice等词连用。如：
I have ever been to London.我曾去过伦敦。
have gone to表示“去某地了”现在尚未回来，不能与ever, twice等词连用。
He has gone to London.他去伦敦了。
(4)常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since, for, during, over等引导出的短语；副词already, yet, just, ever,
now, before, often, lately, recently等；状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如：
1)I haven’t been there for five years.
2)So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.
3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978.
(5)完成时态可用在下列结构中：
This (That, It) is (was) the first (second?) time +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如：
1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.
2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.
（6）表示结果的现在完成时
现在完成时着眼于过去的动作对现在产生的结果或影响。这是现在完成时的“已完成”用法，表示动作或过程发生在说话之前就已完成，并与现在有联系。这种联系实际上就是“过去的动作”对现在的影响或产生的结果。
I have bought a pen.
我买了一支笔。（结果：I have a pen now.）
The temperature has increased by 10℃.
温度上升了10摄氏度。（结果：It is quite hot now.）
Air pollution has taken the lives of many people.
空气污染已经夺去了很多人的生命。（结果：Air pollution is very serious now.）
注意：
现在完成时的上下文所指的时态必须呼应。
【误】I have bought a pen but I have lost it now.（have bought表示你现在已经有笔了，这和后面的have lost有矛盾）
【正】I bought a pen but I have lost it now.
我（过去）买了一支笔，但我已经把它丢了。
【误】I have lost my pen but I have found it now.（have lost强调你现在已经没有笔了，与后面have found的意思有冲突）
【正】I lost my pen but I have found it now.
我丢了一支笔，但现在已经找到了。
（7）口语中have got往往表示have(有)的意思。如：They have got thousands of books in their library.(他们图书馆有上万本书)
①与现在完成时“已完成”用法连用的时间状语
现在完成时表示的动作或状态发生在现在时间以前的某个未明确指出的过去时间内，和它连用的时间状语要与现在时间有关，不能是明确地表示过去的时间状语。
a. 不确定的过去时间状语：already, yet, before, recently, lately等
I've seen the film before.
我以前看过这部电影。
Have you been there lately?
近来你去过那里吗?
b. 频度时间状语：often, sometimes, ever, never, once, rarely 等
We have never heard of that.
我们从未听说过这事。
He has sometimes played tennis.
他有时打网球。
Big Ben has rarely gone wrong.
大本钟很少出差错。
c. 包含现在时间在内的时间状语：now, just, today, this morning, this week, this year等
I have just finished the letter now.
我现在刚写完信。
You have just missed the bus.
你刚好错过公共汽车。
Has he done much work today?
他今天做了很多工作吗？
比较：already和yet用法上的区别
already常用于肯定句，置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，置于句末。但already有时也可用在疑问句中暗示惊讶的心情。
She has already gone.
她早就走了。
Have you eaten your dinner already?
你已经吃过饭了?
He has not come yet.
他还没有来。
②与现在完成时“未完成”用法连用的时间状语
与“已完成”用法一样，表示具体的过去的时间状语不能与“未完成”用法连用。与其连用的往往是指一段时间的状语以具体表示某一动作或状态持续了多久。
a. since + 具体时间，表示动作或状态从何时开始
Since then, he has developed another bad habit.
自那以后他养成了另一个坏习惯。
He hasn't been home since he graduated.
他毕业后就没回过家。
b. for + 一段时间，表示动作或状态持续了多久
We have worked here for ages.
我们在这里工作很久了。
There has been no rain here for nearly two months.
这里已经近两个月没有下雨了。
c. until now, up till now, so far, up to the moment
到目前为止
I have not seen him so far.
到目前为止我没见过他。
Up to the present, everything has been OK.
到目前为止一切正常。
d. in/during the past/last five years
在刚刚过去的5年里
He has been away from school during the last few weeks.
过去的几个星期里他没在学校。
In the past few years they have dealt with quite a few international corporations successfully. 在过去的几年中他们已经和好几家跨国公司做成了生意。
e. all the while, all day 一直，一整天
She has been busy all day.
她忙了一整天。
用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。
过去完成时
过去完成时的动作须在过去某一时间之前发生，即发生在“过去的过去”。过去完成时是由“had+过去分词”构成的。与现在完成的用法相同，只不过作为衡量基准点的时间点不同，现在完成时以现在作为衡量的基准点，而过去完成时则以过去某个时刻作为基准点。
（1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”，常by, before等介词短语或一个时间按状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。如：
By the time he was ten, Edison had built a lab for himself.
到爱迪生10岁时，他已给自己建了一个实验室。
He had measured me before I could get in a word.我还没说话，他已把衣服量完了。
We had scarcely reached the school before it began to rain.
我们刚到学校天就下雨了。
（2）表示由过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。常与for和since引导的时间状语相连用。
She said she had worked in that hospital for 20 years.她说她已在那所医院工作20年了。
He said he had taught in the university since 1957.他说自从19xx年他就在这所大学任教。
（3）叙述过去发生的事情后，反过来又追叙或补述更早以前发生的动作时，常用过去完成时。 I knew nothing about this matter, for I had been away for six month.
对于此事我一无所知，因为我已离开6个月了。
Some people ran into the street. They had heard a loud noise.
有些人跑上了街，他们听到很响的嘈杂声。
(4)动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如：
I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.
（5）另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是：
1)was / were + to have done sth,例如：
We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.
2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth,例如： I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
(6)过去完成时常用于以下固定句型：
1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。例如：
Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.
2)no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如：
No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.
3)by (the end of ) +过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如：
The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.
（7）“已完成”用法
表示某一动作或状态在过去某一时间之前或过去某一动作之前已经完成。句中常用by引导的时间状语或以 before, until, when, than等词引导的内含一般过去时的时间状语从句。
By 5:00 yesterday morning we had done that work.
到昨天早上5点钟时，我们已经做完了那件工作。
He had just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher returned from the office.
老师从办公室回来时，他刚把教室打扫完。
They came earlier than we had expected.
他们到得比我们预料的要早。
I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.
我在进大学之前就已学了5000个单词。
It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months.
旱了好几个月之后，昨天下雨了。
注意：
在包含before和after的复合句中，因为从句动作和主句动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
The train (had) started before I reached the station.
在我到达车站之前，列车已经开了。
After he (had) arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.
马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。
（8）“未完成”用法
表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时刻之前就已开始，一直持续到这一过去时间，还可能再持续下去。 Up to that time all had gone well.
直到那时一切都很顺利。
John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage.
约翰和简在结婚前就认识很长时间了。
She said she had made much progress since she came here.
她说自从她到这儿后已取得了很大的进步。
（9）“想象性”用法
过去完成时有时表示一种未实现的愿望或想法，主要用在if引导的和过去事实相反的条件句以及wish, as if引导的从句中。
If she had worked hard, she would have succeeded.
要是她努力的话，她就会成功了。（事实上她没努力，也没成功。）
I wish I had gone with you to the concert.
我要是和你一起去音乐会就好了。
The two strangers talked as if they had been good friends for many years.
那两个陌生人交谈起来就像是多年的老朋友。
（10）表示“刚刚??就??”
过去完成时常用在hardly/scarcely/barely ... when..., no sooner ... than ... 等结构中，表示“刚刚??就??”。
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.
他刚到就又走了。
提示：
intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时可以用来表示一个本来打算做而未做的事。
I had meant to come, but something happened.
我原本打算来的，但有事发生了。
I had intended to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.
我本打算去看你的，但没能去成。
They had wanted to help but couldn't get here in time.
他们原想帮忙的，但没能及时赶到这里。
（11）过去完成时常用于宾语从句中、after引导的从句中,或者从句是before引导的主句中。如：After I had put on my shoes and hat,I walked into the darkness.(我穿上鞋子戴上帽子走进了黑暗之中)/ He said that he had never seen a kangaroo before.(他说他以前从来没有见过袋鼠)
将来完成时
将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作；也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by (the time / the end of ) +表示将来时间的短语和句子；before (the end of ) +表示将来时间的词语或句子；when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等。例如：
1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.
2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock.
3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.
1．将来完成时的构成
将来完成时的构成是由“shall/ will + have +过去分词”构成的。
Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter.
不久他就会全然忘记这件事的。
He is somebody now. He will not have remembered his old classmates.
他现在是一个有身份的人了，他可能不会记得老同学了。
Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month? 到下个月你认识凯文该有10年了吧？
2. 将来完成时的用法
①表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。
We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term.
到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元。
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.
你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。
Will you soon have finished laying the table?
你会很快摆放好餐桌吗？
注意：
在时间状语从句中，不用将来完成时，要用现在完成时来代替。
When I have finished that, I shall have done all I am supposed to do.
等我做完这件事时，我就做完我该做的所有的事了。
Please don't get off the bus until it has stopped.
请待车停稳了再下车。
②表示推测
You will have heard of this, I guess.
我想你已经听说过这件事了。
I am sure he will have got the information.
我相信他一定得到了这个信息。
过去将来完成时
过去将来完成时：should have done , would have done例：I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.（我坚信到那年年底为止，那个软件的新版本将被开发出来。但是我错了。）（此句为被动语态）
过去将来完成时（在过去时中表示将来完成的时态）
I would have played football the next afternoon.（在过去时中表示：明天下午我就已经踢过足球了）
完成进行时
(现在、过去、将来)完成进行时是(现在、过去、将来)完成时的强调形式，将放在完成时态部分讲述。 完成进行时是完成时的强调形式，有现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时。
(1)现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如： I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.
(2)过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如： It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.
(3)将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻。例如： By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.
现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时指一个从过去就开始一直延续到现在并由可能继续下去的动作,它具有现在完成时和现在进行时双重特征,结构是：“have/has + been +动词的现在分词”。如：I have been swimming in the cold water for about two hours.(我已经在冰冷的水里游了将近两个小时你在这里一直等了多久？)
①表示动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到现在
现在完成进行时常和all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等状语以及since和for引导的状语连用。
I have been reading Hemingway's Farewell to Arms recently.
我最近一直在读海明威的《永别了，武器》。
She has been reciting the words all the morning.
她整个上午都在背单词。
This is what I have been expecting since my childhood.
这是我从小以来就一直期待着的事情。
②表示动作刚刚结束
My clothes are all wet. I've been working in the rain.
我的衣服全湿了，我刚才一直在雨中干活。
He is dead drunk. He's been drinking with his friends.
他烂醉如泥，他刚才一直在和朋友们喝酒。
③表示一个近期内时断时续、重复发生的动作
You've been saying that for five years.
这话你已经说了五年了。
He has been writing articles to the newspapers and magazines since he became a teacher.
自从任教以来，他一直在为报刊杂志撰稿。
④表达较重的感情色彩
What have you been doing to my dictionary?
看你把我的字典弄成什么样子了！
Time has been flying so quickly!
时间过得可真快啊！
Too much has been happening today.
今天可真是个多事的日子。
过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时是由“had been + 现在分词”构成。
①表示过去某一时间之前一直进行的动作
过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到这一过去时间。和过去完成时一样，过去完成进行时也必须以一过去时间为前提。
I had been looking for it for days before I found it.
这东西我找了好多天才找着的。
They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came.
他们只等了一会儿车就来了。
②表示反复的动作
He had been mentioning your name to me.
他过去多次向我提到过你的名字。
You had been giving me everything.
你对我真是有求必应。
③过去完成进行时还常用于间接引语中（详见第12章）
The doctor asked what he had been eating.
医生问他吃了什么。
I asked where they had been staying all those days.
我问他们那些天是待在哪儿的。
④过去完成进行时之后也可接具有“突然”之意的when 分句
I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in.
我刚看了几分钟他就进来了。
She'd only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister interrupted her. 她温习功课才一会儿，她妹妹就打断她了。
将来完成进行时
将来完成进行时：shall have been doing ，will have been doing
例：By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years. （到下个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。）（被动语态）
将来完成进行时（表示动作从某一时间开始一直延续在将来某一时间并持续下去）
By the end of this year , I will have been playing football for two years.(截止到今年年底，我就已经踢足球两年了)
In another month’s time , I will have been playing football for three months.(再过一个月我就已经踢足球三个月了)
过去将来完成进行时
过去将来完成进行时：should have been doing , would have been doing例：They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years. （他们说到第二个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。）
过去将来完成进行时（在过去时中表示将来正在完成的时态）
I would have been playing football the next afternoon.（在过去时中表示：明天下午我就踢过足球了，并且我打算继续踢下去）
特别说明：用play football这个动作来造完成时的句子是不太恰当的，因为play football是个比较短暂的动作。用这个动作目的是为了用最简单的句型I play football来说明各种时态。 过去完成进行时和过去完成时的比较
She had cleaned the office, so it was very tidy.
她已经打扫过办公室了，所以很整洁。（强调结果）
She had been cleaning the office, so we had to wait outside.
她一直在打扫办公室，所以我们不得不在外面等着。（强调动作一直在进行）
used to/be used to
used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。
Mother used not to be so forgetful.
Scarf used to take a walk.(过去常常散步)
be used to + doing： 对??已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)
一般现在时和一般过去时的比较
一般现在时要和现在时间相联系，而一般过去时和说话的“现在”不相联系。 His father is a film director.
他父亲是电影导演。（他现在还是）
His father was a film director.
他父亲曾是电影导演。（他现在不是）
How do you like the novel?
你觉得这部小说怎么样？（还在看小说）
How did you like the novel?
你觉得这部小说怎么样？（已看完小说） 现在进行时和一般现在时的比较
①暂时性动作和经常性动作
The computer is working perfectly.
计算机运转得很好。（暂时）
The computer works perfectly.
计算机运转很好。（一直如此）
②持续性动作和短暂性动作
The bus is stopping.
车停了下来。（渐渐地）
The bus stops. 车停了。（迅速）
③暂时性动作和永久性动作
She is living in the country.
她现在住在农村。（暂时）
She lives in the country.
她住在农村。（永久）
④有感情色彩和没有感情色彩
He is doing well at school.
他在学校表现很好。（赞扬）
He does well at school.
他在学校表现很好。（一般事实）
过去进行时与一般过去时的区别
过去进行时表示过去某一动作正在进行，强调“动作的连续性”，而一般过去时则表示一个完成的动作，强调“有过这件事”。
I was playing chess last night.昨晚我在下棋。
I played chess last night.昨晚我下棋了。
My father worked last Sunday. 我爸爸上周日工作了。
My father was working last Sunday. 我爸爸上周日在工作着。
①一般过去时往往表示某一动作已经完成，而过去进行时却表示动作在持续或未完成。
She wrote a letter to her friend last night.
她昨晚给朋友写了封信。（信写完了）
She was writing a letter to her friend last night.
她昨晚一直在给朋友写信。（信不一定写完）
②一般过去时表示只做一次动作，而过去进行时却表示动作反复地进行。
She waved to me.
她朝我挥了挥手。
She was waving to me.
她不断地朝我挥手。
The boy jumped up and down.
这男孩跳了一下。
The boy was jumping up and down.
这男孩不停地跳着。
现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
二者都表示“动作已经发生”，区别在于：
（1）现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系，即对现在产生的结果、影响等，而一般过去时只表示过去的事实，不表示和现在的关系。
He has learned French for three years.他学法语已三年了。
He learned French for three years.他曾学过三年法语。
Who has taken my bag? I couldn't find it. 谁拿走了我的包？我找不着了！
He cleaned the house yesterday. 他昨天打扫过房间。
The room is clean, for he has cleaned it already. 房间很干净，因为他已经打扫过了。
He locked the door.
他锁过门。（但现在门是开是锁不清楚。）
He has locked the door.
他把门锁上了。（现在门是锁着的。）
Who turned on the light?
谁开的灯？（着眼开灯的动作，不管现在灯是开是关。）
Who has turned on the light?
谁把灯打开了？（着眼开灯的结果，即现在灯还亮着。）
（2）现在完成时不可与表示过去的时间副词连用，而一般过去时则可以。
He has done some washing yesterday. （F）
He did some washing yesterday. （T）
他昨天洗衣服了。
（3）两者都可表示过去开始并延续了一段时间的动作，现在完成时表示该动作仍在继续，而一般过去时则说明该动作现已终止。
He has lived in Beijing for four years.
他在北京住了四年了。（现在仍住那儿）
He lived in Beijing for four years.
他曾在北京住了四年。（现在不住那儿了） 过去完成时与一般过去时的比较
一般过去时表示过去时间的动作或状态。过去完成时表示的动作或状态发生在一般过去时表示的动作或状态之前，因此它表示的是“比过去更过去”。
I returned the book that I had borrowed.
我已归还了我借的书。
He didn't know a thing about the verb, for he had not studied his lessons.
他对动词一无所知，因为他没有好好学习功课。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
我在车站等了20分钟车才来。 现在完成进行时和现在完成时的比较
①现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复，而现在完成时一般不表示重复性。
Have you been meeting him recently?
你最近常和他见面吗？
Have you met him recently?
你最近见到过他吗？
②现在完成进行时有时含有感情色彩，而现在完成时一般是平铺直叙。
I have been waiting for you for two hours.
我一直等了你两个小时。（可能表示不满）
I have waited for you for two hours.
我等了你两个小时。（说明一个事实）
③现在完成进行时强调动作，而现在完成时强调结果。
Who has been eating the oranges?
谁一直在吃这些桔子呀？（还剩余一些）
Who has eaten the oranges?
谁把桔子吃光了？（强调吃得一个不剩）
现在完成时与过去完成时：
现在完成时的两个用处是：① 用来表达在过去开始的动作持续到现在，如：I've studied English for two years ② 用来表达过去发生的事但它影响到现在，如：I haven't had my breakfast. so I'm hungry now 现在完成时与过去完成时的区别在于动作的截止时间，现在完成时所表达的动作截止于现在，而过去完成时所表达的动作截止于过去。如：I haven't seen my old teacher for a long time 我好久未见到我过去的老师了。是指到目前截止。如果加上一句话，则将变为过去完成时，如：Yesterday I saw my old teacher. I hadn't seen him for a long time. 因为我好久未见他这一情况截止于昨天。还要注意的一个问题是截止性动词可以有完成时，但不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，如：When I got to school, the class had begun 如果一定要讲开始几分钟了则要换用表示状态，或延续性动词，如：When I got to school, the class had been on for five minutes语态：英语中只有主动语态与被动语态之分。主动语态，句子中的主语是动作的执行者，如：I broke the window 而被动语态句子中的主语是主动语态句子中的宾语，如：The window was broken by me 被动语态主要用于，动作的执行者不明确，或没有必要说出来，如：The New building was built last week 关键要注意的是在主动语态中有省略不定式符号to的动词，在被动语态要还原，如： 主动语态 I saw him come in.被动语态 He was seen to come in.
一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。
2）以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
3）在时间或条件句中。例如：
When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。 I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。
4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如：
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。
比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。
共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
4）一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等 例如：
I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）
Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了）
Who hasn't handed in his paper? （强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争）
He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续）
He has been a League member for three years. （是团员的状态可持续）
5）句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
一般现在时/现在进行时
一般现在时表示经常性的或习惯性的动作或存在的状态，也表示说话者的能力，还有自然现象；而现在进行时表示正在进行或发生的动作（构成方式为am/is /are/+doing）。
I do my homework in the evening.我在晚上做作业。I'm doing my homework now.我现在正在做作业。
现在进行时常与now, these days, at the moment 或Look, listen等词连用；而一般现在时常与often, always, sometimes, usually, every day, in the morning, on Mondays等连用。
We often clean the classroom after school.我们经常放学后打扫教室。
Look! They are cleaning the classroom .看！他们正在打扫教室呢。
比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如：
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。
注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。）
I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。）
注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。 （对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
（错） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然，第二句不对，它
为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
since应改的四种用法
1） since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。例如：
I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在这儿。
2） since +一段时间+ ago。例如：
I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已经有五个月了。
3） since +从句。例如：
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后，变化可大了。
4） It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如：
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。
延续动词与瞬间动词
1） 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如：
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 （表结果）
I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历）
2） 用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"。例如：
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。
典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。
3---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。
注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
（错）I have received his letter for a month.
（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1） 两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如：
When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。
2 ） 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如：
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3） 叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如：
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
不用进行时的动词
1）表示事实状态的动词，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。
This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。
2）表示心理状态的动词，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如：I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。 He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。
3）瞬间动词，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如： I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。
4）系动词，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如： You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。
一般现在时代替一般过去时
1 ） "书上说"，"报纸上说"等。例如：
The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。
2） 叙述往事，使其生动。例如：
Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进，大战开始了
一般现在时代替现在完成时
1） 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时，如hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember等。例如：
I hear （= have heard） he will go to London. 我听说了他将去伦敦。 I forget （=have forgotten） how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。
2） 用句型 " It is ? since?"代替"It has been ? since ?"。例如：
It is （= has been） five years since we last met. 从我们上次见面以来，五年过去了。
现在进行时代替将来时
1） 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。例如：
Are you staying with us this weekend? 和我们一起度周末好吗?
We are leaving soon. 我们马上就走。
2） 渐变动词，如get, run, grow, become, begin以及瞬间动词die等。例如： He is dying. 他要死了。
时态一致
1．当主句中的谓语动词是现在时态或将来时态，在这种情况下，从句的谓语动词可以用任何所需时态。如： I know that Mr. Brown is a good teacher. 我知道布朗先生是一名好老师。
She believes that he was once a solider. 她相信他以前曾是一名士兵。
He will tell us what he is going to do. 他将告诉我们他要干吗。
2．当主句中的谓语动词是过去的某种时态，在这种情况下，从句的谓语动词可以分为下面三种情况：
（1）如果从句的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，从句则需要用一般过去时或过去进行时。如：
He was wondering where he could put the box.
他不知道该把这个盒子放在哪里。
The students were talking while the teacher was writing on the blackboard.
老师在黑板上板书时，学生们在说话。
（2）如果从句的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主语的谓语动作之前，从句则要用过去完成时。如： The train had left when they got to the station. 当他们到达车站时，火车已经开走了。
He said his father had been dead for twenty years. 他说他父亲已经去世二十年了。
（3）如果从句的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主语的谓语动作之后，从句则要用过去将来时。如： She said she would finish the work tonight. 她说过她将于今晚完成这项工作。
We knew that it was going to snow. 我们知道将要下雪了。
3．当从句所说明的为一般真理或客观事实时，无论主句为何时态，从句不受影响，仍用现在时态。 The boy was told that the moon travels around the earth. 男孩被告知月亮绕着地球转。
Everybody knows that sixty minutes make an hour. 人人都知道一小时有六十分钟。
4. 宾语从句中的，助动词ought, need, must, dare 的时态是不变的。例如：
He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 他认为我不必告诉你真相。 四：时态一致
时态一致是英语四、六级考试的一个重要内容。通常应由主句谓语的时态决定从句的谓语时态。一般原则是：
1、当主句谓语使用现在时或将来时，从句的谓语根据具体情况使用任何时态
He says that he lives in Wuhan.
We hope that there will be many people at your party today.
“Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I don’t know who bought it.”
“There’s a lot of excitement on the street.”
“There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?”
2、当主句谓语使用过去时的时候，从句的谓语必须使用过去范围的时态
He said he was writing a novel.
The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment.
He said his father had been an engineer.
3、当从句是表示没有时间概念的真理时，从句的谓语应使用一般现在时。例如：
The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.
注：在此种情况下，即使主句谓语用了过去式的各种时态，从句谓语也应用一般现在时。
4、从句谓语只能用虚拟语气的情况
利用时态一致原则确定从句动词时态时，还应注意，若主语动词是表示命令、请求、要求、建议、劝告等的动词，从句谓语只能用虚拟语气，不能遵循时态一致原则。例如：
We insisted that we do it ourselves.
动词的语态
语态也是动词的一种形式，英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
1)We use electricity to run machines. (主动语态)
2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被动语态)
1.不能用于被动语态的动词和短语
(1)在英语中，不及物动词不能用于被动语态，但有些不及物动词(包括短语)容易引起误用。如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。
(2)某些表示状态或特征的及物动词，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也没有被动语态。
2.被动语态的时态形式
常用的被动语态有表1所列的几种时态形式。
表1
时?SPAN lang=EN-US> 一般时 进行时 完成时
现在 am asked am being asked
is asked is being asked
are asked are being asked
过去
was be asked was being asked
were be asked were being asked
将来 shall be asked shall have been asked
will be asked will have been asked
过去 should be asked should have been asked
将来 would be asked would have been asked
3.短语动词的被动语态
短语动词转换为被动语态时，通常被看作是一个动词，后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略。例如：
1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.
2)All the rubbish should be got rid of.
4.“get + -ed分词”的被动语态
“get + -ed分词”结构强调动作的结果，而非动作本身，常用来表示突发性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。例如：
The boy got hurt on his way home from work.
另外，“get + -ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事，是主动的行为而不是被动的行为。例如：
get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(离婚)
get engaged(订婚) get confused(迷惑不解)
get lost(迷路) get washed(洗脸)
get married(结婚)
5.能带两个宾语和复合宾语的动词改为被动语态
(1)能带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时，一次只能由一个宾语作主语，另一个宾语被保留下来。例如：
1)We showed the visitors our new products.(主动语态)
2)The visitors were shown our new products.(被动语态)
3)Our new products were shown to the visitors.(被动语态)
(2)能带复合宾语的动词改为被动语态时，原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。例如：
1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主动语态)
2)He was appointed League secretary.(被动语态)
6.被动语态与系表结构的区别
(1)The novel was well written.(系表结构)
(2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被动语态)
7.少数动词的主动语态有时有被动的意思
例1：The book is selling remarkably well.
例2：The song sounds very beautiful.
能这样用的动词还有read(读起来)，clean(擦起来)，wash(洗起来)，write(写起来)。
例3：My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned).
能像need这样用的动词还有：want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。
例4：The meat is cooking.
例5：The book written by the professor is printing.