1． 一般现在时
一般现在时的形式
是以动词的原形表示的，当主语为第三人称单数时，做谓语的动词原形后要加上词尾-s or -es, 其构成方式列表如下：
情况 构成 例词
一般情况 词尾加-s Reads, writes
以ch,sh,s,x,o结尾的词 词尾加-es Teaches,washes,guesses, fixes, goes 以辅音字母+Y 结尾的词 变Y为I，再加-es Tries, carries
但是，动词to be 和to have 的一般现在时的形式特殊如下：
一般动词的词形变化 To be 的词形变化 To have 的词形变化
I know it I am a student I have a pen.
You know it. You are a student You have a pen
He (she) knows it. He (she) is a student. He (she)has a pen.
We (you,they) know it. We (you,they) are students. We (you,they) have pens.
一般现在时的功用
1. 表示一直发生的事情，经常发生的动作：
Nurses look after patients in hospitals.
Excuse me, do you speak English?
I get up at 8 o’clock every morning.
It often rains in summer in Beijing.
2. 表示客观事实或者真理：
Birds fly.
The earth goes around the sun.
3. 谈论时间表、旅程表等，如：
What time does the film begin?
The football match starts at 8 o’clock.
Tomorrow is Thursday.
4. 谈论籍贯、国籍等，如：
Where do you come from?
I come from China. 你是哪国人？我是中国人。
Where do you come from?
I come from Guangzhou. 你是哪里人？我是广州人。
5. 询问或者引用书籍、通知或新近接到的信笺内容，如：
What does that notice say?
What does Ann say in her letter?
She says she’s coming to Beijing next week.
Shakespears says, “Neither a borrower or a lender be.”
莎士比亚说：“既不要向人借钱，也不要借钱给别人。”
一般过去时
一般过去时是表示在说话时间以前发生的动作或者状态的动词时态，它是英语时态体系中最重要的时态之一。
1) 一般过去时规则动词的构成形式：
规则动词在其原形后面加-ed:
to work-worked
以字母e结尾的规则动词，只加-d:
to love---loved
对所有人称均无词形变化。
否定式均由did not + 动词原形构成
I / you / he / she / they / we did not work.
疑问式均由 did + 主语 + 动词原形 构成
拼写注意：
情况 变化 例词
动词为单音节，以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾 辅音字母双写，再加-ed
Stop-stoppedAdmit-admitted
以y结尾的动词，在y 前为辅音字母时 Y 变为 I ,加 - ed Carry -carriedHurry -hurried 以y 结尾的动词，在y 前为元音字母时 加-ed Obey-obeyedEnjoy---enjoyed
在英语当中有一部分动词的过去式变化形式是不规则的，这类动词被称为不规则动词。总数大概不过200多个，但是使用频率很高。主要分成三类：
1》 第一类不规则动词的三种形式同形，如：
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
hurt hurt hurt
shut shut shut
set set set
注意，有些动词的过去式与过去分词有两中形式，如：
bet bet / betted bet / betted
wed wed / wedded wed / wedded
wet wet / wetted wet / wetted
2》 第二类不规则动词的过去式和过去分词同形，如：
bend bent bent
bring brought brought
catch caught caught
hide hid hid / hidden
get got got/ gotten(AmE)
lead led led
3》 第三类不规则动词的原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同，如：
原形 过去式 过去分词
begin began begun
break broke broken
forbid forbade forbidden
grow grew grown
ring rang rung
wake woke / waked woken / waked
此外还有少数不规则动词的过去分词与原形相同，如：
come came come
become became become
run ran run
一般过去时的功用
1） 表示一个没指明具体时间的过去的行动，如：
He worked in that bank for four years. (没说明起始时间，但是现在不在那里工作了)。 They once saw Deng Xiaopin.
Did you ever hear BackStreet Boy sing?
2) 表示在过去特定的时间结束的行动，如：
When did you meet him?
I met him yesterday.
When we lived in Phoenix, we studied at Arizona State University.
Where have you been?
I’ve been to the opera.
Did you enjoy it?
3) 表示过去的习惯
He always carried an umbrella.
They never drank wine.
现在完成时
现在完成时由to have 的现在时+过去分词构成：
肯定式 否定式 疑问式 否定疑问式
I have worked I have not worked Have I worked? Have I not worked?
You have worked You havenot worked Have you worked? Have you not worked?
He (she)has worked. He(she)has not worked. Has he(she) worked? Has he(she) not worked? We(you / they) have worked. We (you / they) have not worked. Have we (you / they) worked? Have we (you / they) not worked?
紧缩形式
现在完成时的功用
现在完成时可以说成是兼有现在与过去意义的一种复合时态。它与现在有密切联系，如： ------Oh,dear, I’ve forgotten her name.
和现在的联系就是 I don’t remember her name now.
------Fort has gone to Canada.
和现在的联系就是 He is not here. He is in Canada now.
1) 表示延续到现在的动作 （有时是总计做了多少次等）。
How many times have you been to the United States?
She really loves that film. She has seen it eight times.
Tom has lived in Now York all his life.
2) 表示开始与过去而在说话时刻结束的行动，如：
I haven’t seen you for ages. 我好久没见到你了。（说话时刻已经见到了）
This room hasn’t been cleaned for months. (也许从说话开始时刻就要打扫它了)
3) 表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响，如：
The window has broken.
4) 和最高级连用，表示到现在为止是最??的
What a boring film! It’s the most boring film I’ve ever seen.
Is it a thick book?------Yes, it is the thickest book I’ve ever read.
5) 和句型 This is the first time?, It’s the first time 连用，如：
This is the first time he has driven a car.
(相当于 he has never driven a car before.)
Is this the first time you’ve been in hospital?
Professor Johnson has lost his passport again. It’s the second time he has lost it.
6) 和ever, never, yet, just, already 等副词连用，如：
Have you ever eaten French cheese?
We have never had a private car.
Has it stopped raining yet? (yet 表示期待雨停止)
Would you like something to eat?
No, thanks. I’ve just had lunch.
Don’t forget to mail the letter, will you?
I’ve already mailed it. (already 表示比预料的要快)
7）与since 连用，since 表示与某一时刻或从句连用，表示“从那一刻到说话时为止”，它总是与完成时连用，如：
She has been here since 6 o’clock.
He hasn’t been himself since the accident. （那次事故后，他从未完全康复） Since I was a child I have lived in England.
一般过去时与现在完成时的比较
1） 过去时仅仅表示过去，现在完成时还表示与现在的关系，如：
He has lost his key.
He lost his key.
2) 与现在无关的或者过去很久的历史事件不能用现在完成时
The Chinese invented printing.
Shakespear wrote Hamlet.
3)如果说明动作有特定的过去时间，就不能用现在完成时，如：
Did you see the film on television last night?
Tom lost his key yesterday.
询问某事发生的具体时间或者地点时（when , what time, where）, when , what time, where）, 用一般过去时，如：
What time did they arrive?
When and where were you born?
比较：
Have you see Ann this moring? ( 说话时仍为上午)
Did you see Ann this morning? ( 说话时为下午)
Jack has lived in London for six years. 还在伦敦住
Jack lived in London for six years. 先不住伦敦了
I have never played golf in my life.
I didn’t play golf when I was on holiday last summer.
现在进行时
现在进行时是由助动词to be 的现在时 + 现在分词构成：
肯定式 否定式 疑问式
I am working.You are working.He (she) is working.We (you,they) are working. I am not working.You are not working.He (she) is not working.We (you,they) are not working. Am I working?Are you working?Is he (she) working?Are we (you,they) working?
现在分词的构成，是在动词原形上加-ing, 但是应该注意：
情况 变化 例词
动词以单个e 结尾 去掉e, 加 ing Love _lovingArgue _ arguing
动词以 -ee结尾 直接加 ing Agree_ agreeingSee _ seeing
动词为单音节：以单一元音字母 + 单一辅音字母结尾 辅音字母双写，再加 ing Hit _ hittingRun _runningStop _ stopping
动词为双音节或者多音节：最后一个音节为重读音节，以单一元音字母 + 单一辅音字母结尾 辅音字母双写，再加 ing Be’gin be’ginningAd’mit ad’mitting
以 y 结尾的动词 直接加 ing Carry carryingEnjoy enjoying
现在进行时的功用
1） 表示说话时正在发生或者进行的动作
Please don’t make so much noise, I’m studying.
Let’s get out. It isn’t raining any more.
2) 表示在现在相对较长一段时间内正在进行的动作，但是说话一刻不一定在做的动作 Have you heard about Tom? He is building his own house.
David is teaching English and learning Chinese in Beijing.
这些动作，在说话时并不一定在发生或进行，而是在包括说话的一刹那在内的一段时间内发生、进行的。
3）表示最近的确定的安排
Ann is coming tomorrow.
Oh, is she? What time is she arriving?
At 10:15.
Are you meeting her at the station?
I can’t. I’m working tomorrow morning.
以上句子也可以用be going to (do) 的形式来表示。但是谈论已确定的安排时候，用现在进行时态显得更加自然，除非受到动词的功能的限制。在此，切不可用will, 如：
Alex is getting married next month. 不能用 will get married.
4) 和always 连用表示某种情绪，可能是厌烦也可能是赞扬，如：
Tom is always going away for weekends.
My husband is always doing homework.
有些动词是表示一种状态而不是动作，一般不用于进行时。例如，我们一般不说 I am knowing, 而说 I know. 常见的这类动词有：
want like hate know see hear believe understand seem
think(相信) suppose remember need love realize mean forget prefer have
belong
To understand is to accept. 理解就是接受
Do you like Beijing?
Do you see the rainbow?
I remember him very well.
I think I understand what he wants.
一般现在时和现在进行时的比较
一般现在时表示的是一般、重复的动作或者事情
现在进行时表示说话时或说话前后正在发生的动作或事情，如：
Tom plays tennis every Sunday.
Where’s Tom? -------He is playing tennis.
What do you do? 你是干什么工作的？
What are you doing here? 你在这里干什么？
一般现在时是表示经久的情况，而现在进行时表示的是暂时的，如：
My parents live in Shanghai. They have been there for 50 years.
She’s living with some friends until she can find an apartment.
过去进行时
过去进行时的构成形式为：
I / he /she was （拥有）
We / they / you were + 动词的现在分词
过去进行时的功用
1） 表示在过去某个时间后者某段时间正在进行的动作，如：
When I rang him up, he was having dinner.
This time last year I was living in Shanghai.
What were you doing at 10 o’clock last night?
2) 过去进行时和一般过去时连用，表示在一个动作发生的过程中，发生了另一个动作，如： It was raining when I got up.
I fell asleep when I was watching television.
3) 过去一般时所说明的动作是已经完成的，而过去进行时不表示正在进行的动作一定会完成，如：
Tom was cooking the dinner.
Tom cooked the dinner.
现在完成进行时
其构成形式如下：
I / we / they have
He / she / it has been + 动词的现在分词
功用如下：
1） 表示一个在过去开始而在最近刚刚结束的行动，如：
Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.
Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
2) 表示一个从过去开始但仍在进行的行动，如：
It has been raining for two hours. (现在还在下)
Jack hasn’t been feeling very well recently.
3) 表示一个从过去开始延续到现在，可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内，重复发生的行动，如：
She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
4) 现在完成时强调动作行为的结果、影响，而现在完成进行时只强调动作行为本身，如：
Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.
The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.
过去将来时
构成
一般过去将来时是由"should/would + 动词原形"构成的。
He asked me yesterday when I should leave for Paris.
昨天他问我什么时候动身去巴黎。
They wanted to know how they would finish the homework earlier. 他们想知道怎样才能早一点儿完成家庭作业。
用法
一般过去将来时的出发点是过去，即从过去某一时刻看以后要发生的动作或状态。 ①一般过去将来时常用于间接引语中
He said they would arrange a party.
他说他们将安排一个晚会。
I asked if he would come and fix my TV set.
我问他是否来帮我修电视机。
②一般过去将来时可用来表示非真实的动作或状态
If I had a chance to study abroad, I would study at Cambridge University. 如果我有机会出国学习的话，我就会去剑桥大学。
I wish he would go with me to the cinema tonight.
今晚他能和我一起去看电影就好了。
过去将来时间其他表达法
①was/were going to + 动词原形
He said that he was going to live in the country when he retired. 他说他退休后要住在农村。
They thought it was going to rain.
他们认为天要下雨了。
②was/were + 动词-ing形式
Nobody knew whether the guests were coming.
没人知道客人们是否要来。
I was told that the train was leaving in a few minutes.
我被告知火车几分钟后就要开了。
③was/were + 动词不定式
She said she was to clean the classroom after school.
她说她放学后要打扫教室。
It was reported that another bridge was to be built across the Yangtse River. 据报道长江上将要再建一座大桥。
注意：
"was/were going to + 动词原形"或"was/were +动词不定式完成式"可表示未能实现的过去将来时间的动作。
Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wall, but it rained. 上星期天我们本想去游览长城的，但却下雨了。（没有去成）
I was to have helped with the performance, but I got flu the day before. 我是打算帮忙演出的，但前天我感冒了。（没有帮上忙）
④was/were about to do
"was/were about to do"表示说话的瞬间就会发生的动作。
I felt something terrible was about to happen.
我觉得有可怕的事要发生了。
⑤was/were on the point of doing
I'm glad you have come. I was on the point of calling you, but you've saved me the trouble now.
很高兴你来了。我正准备给你打电话，现在你省去我这个麻烦了。
提示：
"be about to do" 和 "be on the point of doing"结构一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用，但后面可以接when引导的分句。
I was about to start when it suddenly began to rain.
我正要动身天突然下雨了。
一般将来时
A. will, shall表示一般将来时
一般将来时由“will / shall + 动词原形”构成。一般来说，shall用于第一人称，will用于第二、三人称。但在现代英语中，shall常被will 所代替，可以说I will go和 We will go。
一般将来时的用法
1. 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。如
next week, tomorrow, this evening, in a month, after class, very soon等。如： I will go swimming this afternoon. 今天下午我要去游泳。
2. 表示将来经常发生的动作。如：
From now on, I will come for the newspaper every Monday.
从现在起我将每星期一来取报纸。
B. be going to表示一般将来时
“be going to + 动词原形”表示计划、打算做某事。
句式 句型 例句
肯定句 主语 + am / is / are
going to + 动词原形 +其他
I’m going to play football this afternoon. 今天下午我打算踢足球。
否定句 主语 + am / is / are +
not + going to + 动词原形
+ 其他
The boys aren’t going to stay at home and watch TV tomorrow. 那些男孩子们明天不准备呆在家里看电视。
一般疑问句 Am / Is / Are + 主语 +
going to + 动词原形 +其他?
Are they going to swim this
afternoon? 他们今天下午要去游泳吗？
英语五种基本句型列式如下：
基本句型一： S V （主＋谓）
基本句型二： S V P （主＋谓＋表）
基本句型三： S V O （主＋谓＋宾）
基本句型四： S V o O （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
基本句型五; S V O C （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
八大时态
一、 一般现在时：
1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
2.时间状语： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays,
3.基本结构：动词 原形 （如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要加（e）S）
4.否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。
6.例句：. It seldom snows here.
He is always ready to help others.
Action speaks louder than words.
二、 一般过去时：
1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
3.基本结构：be动词；行为动词
4.否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。
6.例句：She often came to help us in those days.
I didn't know you were so busy.
三、 现在进行时：
1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
2.时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc.
3.基本结构：am/is/are+doing
4.否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing.
5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。
6.例句： How are you feeling today?
He is doing well in his lessons.
四、 过去进行时：
1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
3.基本结构：was/were+doing
4.否定形式：was/were + not + doing.
5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。
6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit.
When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.
五、 现在完成时：
1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。
2.时间状语：recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.
3.基本结构：have/has + done
4.否定形式：have/has + not +d one.
5.一般疑问句：have或has。
6.例句：I've written an article.
It has been raining these days.
六、 过去完成时：
1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。
2.时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.
3.基本结构：had + done.
4.否定形式：had + not + done.
5.一般疑问句：had放于句首。
6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.
By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books
七、 一般将来时：
1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
2.时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
3.基本结构：am/is/are/going to + do；will/shall + do.
4.否定形式：was/were + not; 在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。
6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies.
It is going to rain.
八、 过去将来时：
1.概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。
2.时间状语：the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.
3.基本结构：was/were/going to + do；would/should + do.
4.否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do.
5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。
6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day