浙江省涉侨人士信息汇总表

填表单位：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　联系电话：　　　　　　　　　　　　　填表日期：　20##年　　月　　日

1、填表说明：

本表格的填表对象为本系统、单位外派至国（境）外设立的机构中直接聘用的海外留学人员、华侨、外籍华人和港澳同胞。

2、身份解释：

①华侨：指定居在国外的中国公民。包括：已取得住在国长期或永久居留权；虽未取得住在国长期或永久居留权，但已取得住在国连续５年及以上合法居留资格。

②外籍华人：指已加入外国国籍的原中国公民及其外国籍后裔，及中国公民的外国籍后裔。

③港澳同胞：指香港或澳门居民中的中国公民。即在香港享有居留权的永久性居民中的中国公民和虽未取得居留权但系经内地主管部门批准、正式移居香港的中国公民，以及持有澳门正式居民身份证的中国公民。

④海外留学人员：指在国（境）外就读的大专及以上学历的中国学生，进修一学年及以上的中国访问学者，以及在国（境）外获得大专及以上学历后未回国定居的中国公民。

第二篇：温州大学外国语学院硕士学位论文基本规范(新)

温州大学外国语学院硕士学位论文基本规范（新）

【说明】根据大家反馈的意见，对原学位论文规范作了一些修改（已用红色标出），对注释和参考书目格式作了更详细的补充说明（见附件一）。原则上要求大家按照本格式规范执行。如有不尽之处，请咨询自己导师的意见。但同一篇论文，格式必须保持一致！

学位论文是研究生从事科研工作的主要成果，它集中表明作者在研究工作中获得的发明、理论或见解，展示在科学研究工作中取得的成果和研究能力，并全面反映对本学科基础理论和专门知识的掌握程度，是研究生申请硕士学位的重要依据，也是科研领域中的重要文献资料和社会的宝贵财富。学位论文撰写是研究生培养过程的基本训练之一，必须按照确定的规范认真执行。

为了保证我院英语专业硕士研究生学位论文质量, 实现学位论文在内容和格式上的规范化，特制定本规范（其它未尽事项参见《温州大学研究生学位论文格式规定》）。

基本要求

1、 论文字数：论文字数在2万词以上。

2、论文语言：原则上要求使用英语撰写

3．论文构成：硕士学位论文一般由12个部分组成，依次为：1、封面及扉页；2、英文摘要及关键词；3、中文摘要及含关键词；4、目录；5、符号说明（必要时）；6、引言； 7、正文主体； 8、结论 ； 9．参考文献；10. 附录（必要时）；11、致谢; 12、攻读硕士学位期间发表的论文（目录）和取得的科研成果。

4．论文结构及各部分要求（请参见附件一）

（1）前置部分

前置部分包括封面、扉页、摘要、目录、插图和附表清单。

论文题目要恰当、准确地反映本论文的研究内容。摘要应介绍本论文的主要研究工作及其理论与实际意义。为了便于国际交流，摘要、关键词应有中英文表述。如果插图和附表较多，可列出插图和附表清单。

（2）论文主体部分

论文主体部分包括引言、正文主体、结论、参考文献、攻读硕士学位期间发表的论文和取得的科研成果。

正文是学位论文的核心。由于研究工作涉及的学科、选题、研究方法、工作进程、结果表达等有很大差异，故不对正文主体的内容作统一规定。但要求在结论中总结本论文的创新点及成果的应用情况，指明需进一步开展的工作。文中引用的他人研究成果部分(包括观点、原理、公式、图表等)要注明出处，不得将其与本人提出的理论分析混淆在一起。论文主体部分要求逻辑清晰，层次分明，实事求是，简练可读。

（3）附录部分（必要时）

对需要收录于学位论文中且又不适合书写于正文中的附加数据、资料等有助于读者理解学位论文的内容，可作为附录。

5．学位论文各部分具体编写要求与规范

（1） 论文封面及扉页

硕士学位论文应使用校研究生部下发的统一论文封面；论文扉页提供整个学位论文有关信息的详细说明，写作格式及所含项目须符合《温州大学研究生学位论文格式规定》 。

（2）硕士论文摘要 ( Abstract)

摘要是学位论文中心内容的简短陈述，应具有独立性和自含性，体现科研工作的核心思想，即：不阅读全文就能获得必要信息。摘要内容要说明研究工作目的、根据采取的原理（技

术、方法）所做的工作内容、得出的结论、此项工作的意义，注意重点突出学位论文中具有创造性成果和新见解部分。

摘要分别用中、英文书写；英文摘要的内容应与中文摘要基本相对应。英文摘要中宜用较为客观的被动语态、第三人称、现在时态表述。

中、英文摘要附在全文前页，英文摘要为200—300单词，中文摘要与之对应，篇幅分别以一页为限； 除特别情况外, 数字一律用阿拉伯数码；摘要中不允许出现插图，重要的表格可以写入。

摘要中要列关键词。关键词是供检索用的主题词条，应采用能覆盖论文主要内容的通用词条。关键词一般列3-5个，按词条相关度排列。中文关键词与英文关键词要求一一对应。

（3）题目 ( Title)

论文题目名称应恰当、准确地反映本论文的研究内容。文字要简练、明确、醒目。突出新颖性、实用性，既有理论价值又有实用价值 。题目中尽量少用生僻的缩略语或符号。学位论文的英文题名不宜超过20个单词，并尽量不设副标题。题名应标注于扉页偏上正中位置，并在其正上方注明“温州大学硕士学位论文题目名称”字样。

（4）目录 ( Contents)

（a）目录应包括论文中全部章节的标题及页码，含：

· 章节题目（要求编到第3级标题）

· 结论

· 参考文献

· 附录（必要时）

· 致谢

· 攻读硕士学位期间发表的论文和取得的科研成果

· 索引（必要时）

· 插图和附表清单（必要时） 如果论文中图表较多，可以分别列出清单置于目录之后。图的清单应有序号、图题和页码。表的清单应有序号、表题和页码。

（b）目录中的章节编排要注意：

各章标题要突出重点、简明扼要。字数一般在15字以内，不得使用标点符号。标题中尽量不采用英文缩写词，对必须采用者，应使用本行业通用缩写词。

章、条的编号参照国家标准GB1.1《标准化工作导则标准编写的基本规定》第8章“标准条文的编排”的有关规定，采用阿拉伯数字分级编号，即1…1.1…1.1.1……的形式，层次一般不大于4级。

引言（或文献综述）作为第一章。结论、参考文献、、附录、致谢、攻读硕士学位期间发表的论文和取得的科研成果、索引不编排章号。

目录格式要求：

字体一律为Times New Roman。除各章节一级标题用四号字外，各次级标题均用小四号字，另外，目录上的页码以及各个标题到页码的标点均用小四号字体。目录中除单词 ―Contents‖为三号字外，其它单词都用小四号字。一级目录加粗，二级目录及更次级目录都不加粗。

目录中的各个章节长度超过一行时，应悬挂缩进，第二行第一个单词应与第一行的第一个单词对齐。格式如下：

Chapter Two Image and Artistic Conception in Ancient Chinese Women‘s

Poetry…………………………………………………………..........3

（5）引言 ( Introduction)

硕士学位论文的引言, 应含以下内容:

（a）问题的提出。即说明论文选题研究的必要性和可能性。

（b）国内外文献综述。即对国内外同类研究的现状剖析，包括涉及的问题、代表性的学术

观点和成果、发展趋势、存在的问题、难点等。

（c）说明本文的研究思路及研究工作；本论文所要解决的问题。

（6）正文主体 ( Main Body)

正文主体是硕士学位论文的主体与核心。要本着分析问题（定量和定性的分析）、解决问题的思路，着重反映研究生自己的工作, 突出新的见解, 例如新思想、新观点、新规律、新研究方法、新成果等。在行文上，要注意语句通顺，达到科技论文所必须具备的“正确、准确、明确”的要求。

正文要求论点正确，推理严谨，数据可靠，文字精炼，条理分明，文字图表清晰整齐。有关规范如下：

（a）每章应单独起页，章标号及标题加粗，三号字，置顶，居中，下空一行（小四号字）。 （b）章内每节标号及标题左起顶格，前后不空行，加粗，四号字。

（c）节内小标题左起顶格，前后不空行，加粗，小四号字。

（d）若节内小标题下还有分级，则格式与节内小标题相同，但字体不加粗。

（e）正文内容采用小四号字，两端对齐，行距固定值20磅，每段首行缩进0.75cm。 长文引用，前后各空一行，五号字，引文五号字，两端对齐，行距固定值20磅，左缩进2cm, 首行不缩进。例句若需独立，用五号字。引用文如超过四行，则须另外起段，并左右缩进2字符, 号用5号字。

（9）术语和缩略词

术语和缩略词应采用国家标准。标准中未规定的要按本学科或本专业的权威性机构或学术团体公布的规定执行。全文名词术语必须统一。首次出现的特殊术语和缩略词应在适当位置加以说明或注解。

（10）结论(Conclusion)

结论是在理论分析,试验结果的基础上通过分析、推理、判断、归纳的过程而形成的总观点, 是整篇论文的归宿,不是正文中各段小结的简单迭加。结论必须完整、准确、鲜明、精炼，突出本研究内容的创造性成果或创新点理论（含新见解、新观点），并对其应用前景和社会、经济价值等加以预测和评价，及其今后进一步进行研究工作的展望与设想。

（11）参考文献：“Bibliography”一词三号字，加粗。每条文献悬垂缩进0.75cm，不使用序号，外文在前，中文在后，分别按首字母顺序排列。

参考文献书写格式应符合GB7714-87《文后参考文献著录规则》。若同一文献中有多处被引用，则要写出相应引用页码，各起止页码间空一格，排列按引用顺序，不按页码顺序。

产品说明书、各类标准、各种报纸上刊登的文章及未公开发表的研究报告不宜作为参考文献。

参考文献要达到一定数量，硕士一般不少于30篇。原则上参考文献中应有近5年的文献，以说明论文的前沿性。

参考文献中设计的标点符号均用Times New Roman字体。

（12）附录（必要时）(Appendix)

附录是论文主体部分的补充项目，视论文需要决定是否使用。以下内容可放在附录之内： ·正文内过于冗长的公式推导;

·方便他人阅读所需的辅助性数学工具或表格;

·重复性数据和图表;

·论文使用的主要符号的意义和单位;

·程序说明和程序全文。

·其他需要收录于学位论文中，但又不便书写于正文中的附加数据、资料、详细公式推导等有特色的内容。

每一附录均另页起，论文的附录依序用大写正体A，B，C，……编序号，如：Appendix A。

附录中的图、表、式、参考文献等另行编序号，与正文分开，也一律用阿拉伯数字编码，但在数码前冠以附录序码，如：Figure A1；Table B2等。

（13）致谢 (Acknowledgements)

对给予各类资助、指导和协助完成研究工作，以及提供各种条件的单位及个人表示感谢。致谢应实事求是，切忌浮夸与庸俗之词。

（14）攻读硕士学位期间发表的学术论文和取得的科研成果

按学术论文发表的时间顺序，列齐本人在攻读学位期间发表或已录用的学术论文清单(时间、发表刊物名称及论文署名)。论文署名必须以温州大学外国语学院名义的第一、第二或第三作者。

攻读学位期间发表的论文格式与参考文献相同。

取得的科研成果格式为：

a.获奖项目名称 奖励名称 级别 日期 排名

Project Name Award Class Date Place

b.获专利名称 专利号 专利所在国家和专利类别 日期 排名

Patent Name Patent No. Country and category Date Place

（注意：不论有无发表的论文和取得的科研成果，此项内容的标题不能省略）

（15）索引（必要时）(Index)

为便于检索文中内容，可编制索引置于论文之后，索引不是必需的项目。索引以论文中的专业词语为检索线索，指出其相关内容的所在页码。索引用英、中两种文字分别书写，英文在前。英文按各词第一个字母排序，中文按各词汉语拼音第一个字母排序。

5. 论文打印装订印

学位论文采用计算机打印，用标准的A4纸(210mm×297mm) 单面打印和单面复印，装订成册并包上统一印制的封面后再按封面大小分别在上方和下方及右边适当切边。装订时严格按照下面顺序：

1. 论文封面

2. 论文扉页

3. 独创性声明和关于论文使用和授权的声明

4. 英文摘要（含关键词）

6. 中文摘要（含关键词）

7. 目录

8. 论文正文（绪论、正文、结论）

9. 参考文献

10. 附录

11. 致谢

12. 攻读学位期间发表的学术论文清单。

13. 索引（可选择）。

6.页眉与页面设置

页面设置：上边距4.0cm，下边距3.5cm，左边距2.5cm，右边距3.5cm。装订线0 cm。距边界：页眉3.0cm，页脚3.0cm。

相关事项：

（a）字体：除特别说明外，英文用Times New Roman，中文用宋体。

（b）字号：除特别说明外，用小四号字。

（c）行距：除特别说明外，用固定值20磅行距。适用于致谢、中英文摘要、目录（但应控制在一页以内）、正文、注释和参考文献。

（d）页眉与页码：学位论文各页均加页眉、页脚。在页眉线上居中打印页眉，页眉内容一

律用“温州大学硕士学位论文”，字号用小五号宋体。页码排在页脚居中位置，采用形式为：第M页，其中M为阿拉伯数字，连续编排（从正文开始）。摘要和目录的页码，从前往后用大写罗马数字单独连续编排。页眉线、页脚为一直线。摘要之前的部份，不要页眉和页脚，也不要页码。

（e） 图表：如有图表，图与表也以与正文相统一的编号，如图3-5表示第3部分的第5幅图。图与表应有相应的名称，如“Descriptive Data of the Present Study”。图与表应设置于文章中首次提到处附近。

7.其它未尽事宜请参考学校规定。

附件一：封面使用温大统一格式，与其他专业不同的是，除需提供中文题目外，还要提供英文题目

附件一 外国语学院硕士论文注释及参考书目格式规范 说明：原外国语学院硕士毕业论文格式规范中，我们要求大家对所引用材料和观点采取夹注形式。但由于网络等材料不方便使用夹注，因此建议大家改用脚注。具体做法：打开word“脚注与尾注”功能，“编号格式”选择数字①②③④……；“编号方式”选择“每页重新编号”，其余按照word软件默认的格式。文后参考文献根据作者姓氏在字母表中的顺序排列，英文文献在前，中文文献在后。如未提供作者，根据标题中的第一个单词在字母表中的顺序来排序。

以下所举为脚注和参考文献（Bibliography）格式的实例：N表示脚注，B表示参考文献条目（bibliography）（注意：同一参考资料，在脚注和参考文献中的格式不同）。所列主要为英文文献格式；所引中文文献译成英语，注释同N，在注释中仍以中文表示。每一类情况，均提供一例英文、一例中文。本格式规范参考了席留生博士制定的本科毕业论文格式规范相关内容，特此致谢。

一、书籍

1、单一作者

N: Wendy Doniger, Splitting the Difference (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 65. B: Doniger, Wendy. Splitting the Difference. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. N: 胡壮麟,《语篇的衔接与连贯》(上海：上海外语教育出版社, 1994), 5 – 6.

B: 胡壮麟，《语篇的衔接与连贯》. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社,1994.

2、两位作者

N: Guy Cowlishaw and Robin Dunbar, Private Conservation Biology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 104 – 7.

B: Cowlishaw, Guy, and Robin Dunbar. Private Conservation Biology. Chicago: University of

Chicago Press, 2000.

N: 朱永生, 严世清, 《系统功能语言学多维思考》（上海：上海外语教育出版社，2001）21-24. B: 朱永生，严世清.《系统功能语言学多维思考》. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 2001.

3、三位或三位以上作者

N: Edward O. Laumann et al., The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 262.

B: Laumann, Edward O., John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael, and Stuart Michaels. The Social

Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.

N: 潘文国 等，《汉语的构词法研究》（上海：华东师范大学出版社，2004），7 -13. B: 潘文国，叶步青，韩洋.《汉语构词法研究》.上海：华东师范大学出版社，2004.

4、不含作者的编辑者、译者、或编纂者

N: Richmond Lattimore, trans., The Iliad of Homer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951), 91 – 92.

B: Lattimore, Richmond, trans. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953. N: 牛保义 主编，《认知语言学理论与实践》（开封：河南大学出版社，2007），97 -117. B: 牛保义. 《认知语言学理论与实践》. 开封: 河南大学出版社, 2007.

5、包含作者的编辑者、译者、或编纂者

N: Yves Bonnefoy, New and Selected Poems, ed. John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf (Chicago：University of Chicago Press), 22.

B: Bonnefoy, Yves, New and Selected Poems. Edited by John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf.

Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.

N: 洪堡特 W，《洪堡特语言哲学文集》，姚小平 编辑、译注 （长沙：湖南教育出版社，2001），261 – 262.

B: 洪堡特 W. 《洪堡特语言哲学文集》. 姚小平 编辑、译注. 长沙: 湖南教育出版社, 2001.

6、一本书的某章或其他部分

N: Andrew Wiese, ―The House I Live In‘: Race, Class, and African American Suburban Dreams in

the Postwar United States,‖ in The New Suburban History, ed. Kevin M. Kruse and Thomas J. Sugrue (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 101 – 2.

B: Wiese, Andrew. ― The House I Live In‘: Race, Class, and African American Suburban Dreams

in the Postwar United States,‖ in The New Suburban History, edited by Kevin M. Kruse and Thomas J. Sugrue, 99 – 119. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006.

N: 王寅, “汉语 ‘动名构造’与英语‘VN构造’的对比”, 载于《认知语言学理论与实践》，

牛保义 主编 (开封: 河南大学出版社, 2007), 117 – 135.

B: 王寅，“汉语‘动名构造’与英语 ‘VN构造’的对比”，载于《认知语言学理论与实践》，

牛保义 主编, 117 – 135. 开封: 河南大学出版社, 2007.

7、原在别处出版的现为编辑成卷中的某章（如同在原始材料一样）

N: Quintus Tullius Cicero. ―Handbook on Canvassing for the Consulship,‖ in Rome: Late Republic

and Principate, ed. Walter Email Kaegi Jr. and Peter White, vol. 2 of University of Chicago Reading in Western Civilization, ed. John Boyer and Julius Kirshner (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), 35.

B: Cicero, Quintus Tullius. ―Handbook on Canvassing for the Consulship.‖ In Rome: Late

Republic and Principate, edited by Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White. Vol. 2 of University of Chicago Readings in Western Civilization, edited by John Boyer and Julius Kirshner, 33 –

46. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. Originally published in Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, trans., The Letters of Cicero, vol. 1 (London: George Bell & Sons, 1908).

8、序言、前言、引言、或书的相同部分

N: James Rieger, Introduction to Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), xx – xxi.

B: Reiger, James. Introduction to Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary

Wollstonecraft Shelly, xi – xxxvii. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.

N: 束定芳，《认知语言学》导读，克罗夫特，克鲁斯，著（北京: 北京大学出版社，2006） 1 – 28.

B: 束定芳. 《认知语言学》导读, 克罗夫特，克鲁斯，著, 1 – 28. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 2006.

9、百科全书

N: Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th ed., s.v. ―logic.‖

B: Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th ed.

10、电子图书

如果可以获得一本书的多种版本，应该引用我们查阅的版本，但是，我们也可以列出它的其它版本。（见下例B）如要求访问日期，将其放在括号里，置于末尾。（如下例N）

N: Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), (accessed June 27, 2006).

B: Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of

Chicago Press, 1987. (accessed June 27, 2006). Also available in print form and as a CD-ROM.

二、期刊文章

1、印刷期刊中的文章

N: John Maynard Smith, ―The Origin of Altruism,‖ Nature 393 (1998): 639.

B: Smith, John Maynard. ―The Origin of Altruism.‖ Nature 393 (1998):639 – 40.

N: 高航，“名词谓语句的认知解释：主观化与心理扫描”，《外语研究》4 (2008): 31 -36. B: 高航. “名词谓语句的认知解释：主观化与心理扫描”. 《外语研究》4 (2008): 31 -36.

2、在线期刊中的论文

如需著名访问日期，放在括号内置于条目的最后。（如下面的B）

N: Mark A. Hlatky et al., ―Quality-of-Life and Depressive Symptoms in Postmenopausal

Women after Receiving Hormone Therapy: Results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Trial,‖ Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 5 (2002), /issues/v287n5/rfull/joc10108.htm1#aainfo.

B: Hlatky, Mark A., Derek Boothroyd, Eric Vittinghoff, Penny Sharp, and Mary A. Whooley.

―Quality-of-Life and Depressive Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women after Receiving Hormone Therapy: Results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Trial.‖ Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no.5 (February 6, 2002), . html#aainfo. (accessed January 7, 2004)

三、通俗杂志文章

N: Steve Martin, ―Sports-Interview Shocker,‖ New Yorker, May 6, 2002, 84. B: Martin, Steve. ―Sports-Interview Shock.‖ New Yorker, May 6, 2002.

四、报纸文章

报纸文章可以在行文中引用(―As William Niederkorn noted in a New York Times article on June 20, 2002, …‖)，不用脚注或文中注，在参考文献中常略去。下例表示为比较正式的引用。 N: William S. Niederkorn, ―A Scholar Recants on His ?Shakespeare‘ Discovery,‖ New York Times, June 20, 2002, Arts section, Midwest edition.

B: Niederkorn, William S. ―A Scholar Recants on His ?Shakespeare‘ Discovery.‖ New York Times,

June 20, 2002, Arts section, Midwest edition.

N: 邢福义，“国学精神与现代语学”，《光明日报》，20xx年/8月/8日/第005版 国学. B: 邢福义. “国学精神与现代语学.”《光明日报》，20xx年/8月/8日/第005版 国学.

5、书评

N: James Gorman, ―Endangered Species,‖ review of The Last American Man, by Elizabeth Gilbert. New York Times Book Review, June 2, 2002, 16.

B: Gorman, James. ―Endangered Species.‖ Review of The Last American Man, by Elizabeth

Gilbert. New York Times Book Review, June 2, 2002.

6、学位论文

N: M. Amundin, ―Click Repetition Rate Patterns in Communicative Sounds from the Harbour Poroise, Phocoena phocoena‖ (PhD diss., Stockholm University, 1991), 22 – 29, 35.

B: Amundin, M. ―Click Repetition Rate Patterns in Communicative Sounds from the

Harbour Poroise, Phocoena phocoena.‖ PhD diss., Stockholm University, 1991.

11、会议论文

N: Brian Doyle, ―Howling Like Dogs: Metaphorical Language in Psalm 59‖ (paper presented at the annual international meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, Berlin, Germany, June 19 -22, 2002).

B: Doyle, Brian. ―Howling Like Dogs: Metaphorical Language in Psalm 59.‖ Paper presented at

the annual international meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, Berlin, Germany, June 19 -22, 2002.

12、网址

网站可以在行文中直接引用（“On its Web site, the Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees states …”），不用夹注，通常在参考文献中省略。下面的例子表示的比较正式的引用情况。如要求访问时间，将其放在括号内置于最后。(见下B)

N: Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees, ―Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, 2000 – 2010: A Decade of Outreach,‖ Evanston Public Library, /library/strategic-plan-00.html.

B: Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. ―Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, 2000 –

2010: A Decade of Outreach.‖ Evanston Public Library. . (accessed June 1, 2005).

13、博客条目或评论

博客条目或评论可以在行文中直接引用（―In a comment posted to the Becker-Posner Blog on March 6, 2006, Peter Pearson noted …‖）不用注释，在参考文献目录中常省略。下面的例子表示的是非常正式的引用情况。如需访问时间，将其放入括号置于最后。（见下N）

N: Peter Pearson, comment on ―The New American Dilemma: Illegal Immigration,‖ The

Becker-Posner Blog, comment posted March 6, 2006, . html#c080052 (accessed March 28, 2006).

B: Becker-Posner Blog, The. .

14、E-mail信息

E-mail信息可以在行文中直接引用（―In an e-mail message to the author on October 31, 2005, John Doe revealed …‖），不必注释，它们也很少列在参考文献中。下面的例子表示比较正式的引用。

N: John Doe, e-mail message to author, October 31, 2005.

15、在线数据库条目

在线数据库发表的期刊文章的引用格式如上面“在线期刊上的论文”所示。如需访问日期，将其放入括号置于最后。

N: Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, ed. John Bostock and H.T. Riley, Digital Library, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+1.dedication (accessed November 17, 2005)

B: Perseus Digital Library. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/.

附件二、论文摘要及注释格式参考范文

Ralph Ellison, Black Humanity, and the Myth of Black Sexuality Abstract

Ralph Ellison is a staunch fighter with a strong sense of historical mission for democracy and civil rights of African Americans. With his pen as a weapon, he committed himself to the realization of the democratic ideal established in The Declaration of Independence, Constitution, and Bill of Rights. He was aware of the core of the moral dilemma in American democracy — the contradiction between the concept of equality and the reality of racial discrimination. Therefore, he attempted to promote American democracy through art, in the hope of creating a raft of hope in the novel.

Ellison was first and foremost an essayist, who demonstrated his political ideas clearly in his essays on American culture and literature. His novel Invisible Man is an illustration of such ideas, and his essays frame the interpretation of the novel. Therefore, an in-depth study of the novel cannot be done without an examination of his essays.

An examination of Ellison‘s essays reveals two major aspects of Ellison‘s ideology: integration and social responsibility. Ellison believed that, as a reflection of E Pluribus Unum, American culture was characterized by both diversity and unity. America was a pluralist society, and American culture was the product of mutual appropriation and integration of various ethnic subcultures. As an African American writer, Ellison was chiefly concerned with the contribution of his group to the development of American culture. He insisted that African Americans, whose influence had permeated every aspect of American life, had played an important part in the evolution of American culture. In stark contrast, their social conditions were extremely miserable, which had been central to the moral dilemma in American society. Racial discriminations, such as black slavery, segregation, and lynching, had inflicted great harm not only to African Americans but also to those whites with conscience. Therefore, a writer with consciousness and conscience must face up to this dilemma. All of the great writers such as Melville, Mark Twain and Faulkner are cases in point.

Ellison believed that the essence of the Negro problem was black humanity. In the history, African Americans were endowed with various simplified stereotypes aimed at depriving them of this quality. In order to rehabilitate black humanity, Ellison, in his

essays and novels, adopted two strategies. One the one hand, he analyzed the humanity in black characters in classic literary works by white novelists; on the other hand, he demonstrated black humanity in various aspects in daily life.

In a sense, Invisible Man can be regarded as a novel on black humanity. In this novel, Ellison first accepted the stereotypes as if they were true and then tried to explore the truth behind them. In view of the importance of the myth of black sexuality in the dehumanization of blacks, Ellison devoted much of the novel to the description of a series of sexual encounters between black and white, showing the humanity of blacks and the inhumanity of whites so as to achieve the goal of demystification.

Key Words: Ralph Ellison, black humanity, Invisible Man, black sexuality

《拉尔夫·埃里森·黑人人性·黑人性神话》

摘 要

拉尔夫·埃里森是一个具有强烈历史使命感的民主战士和黑人民权斗士。他以

笔为武器，致力于《独立宣言》、《宪法》和《人权法案》所确立的美国民主理想的实现。他认识到美国作为一个民主社会所面临的道德困境，即平等理念与种族歧视现实之间的矛盾，因此力图通过艺术来推动美国社会的民主建设，把小说变成“希望的木筏”。

埃里森首先是一个文学、文化评论家。他通过大量的评论性文章阐明了自己的

政治观，而小说《看不见的人》则是这种政治观的具体体现。因此，要深入研究埃里森的小说，就不能不考查其评论性文章。

在其评论性文章中，埃里森的思想主要可以概括为两个方面：融合观和社会责

任感。他认为，美国文化集多样性和统一性于一身，是合众为一的典型体现。美国是一个多元社会，美国文化是各族裔文化相互借鉴、共同融合的产物。作为黑人作家，埃里森尤其关注美国黑人在美国文化构建过程中的作用。他认为，在美国文化演变过程中，美国黑人扮演了重要角色，美国黑人对美国文化的影响随处可见。然而，美国黑人为美国社会发展所做的巨大贡献与其在美国社会的处境形成鲜明对比和强烈反差。长期以来，美国黑人的处境一直是美国社会道德困境的核心。黑人奴隶制、种族隔离、私刑等种族歧视不仅使美国黑人深受其害，而且对有良心的美国人也是一种道德折磨。因此，有良心、有意识的伟大作家必须勇于直面这一道德问题。美国历史上的伟大作家，包括斯蒂芬·克莱恩、梅尔维尔、马克·吐温、福克纳等，都是具有高度道德责任感的小说家。

埃里森认为，美国黑人问题的实质在于黑人的人性问题，这是实现种族平等的

基础。历史上，美国黑人被赋予各种简单化的公式化形象，处于低人一等的地位。为了重塑黑人人性，埃里森主要采取了两种策略，即一方面分析了以马克·吐温为代表的十九世纪美国伟大作家笔下的黑人人性，另一方面又论证了美国黑人在各个方面所表现出来的人性。

《看不见的人》在某种意义上可以说是一部重塑美国黑人人性的小说。埃里森

通过艺术手段生动地对剥夺黑人人性的黑人公式化形象进行逐一解构，揭示了其背后所掩盖的黑人人性。鉴于“黑人性神话”在黑人人性问题上所具有的重要性，埃里森不惜冒被指控猥亵之风险，用大量篇幅详细描写了在性爱方面黑人和白人所表现出来的人性及非人性，从而戳穿了所谓“黑人性欲旺盛”神话的真相。 关键词：拉尔夫·埃里森 黑人人性《看不见的人》黑人性神话

Contents

1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………1

1.1 Significance of the Topic………………………………………………………1

1.2 A Survey of Ellison Studies……………………………………………………8

1.3 Contributions of the Paper…………………………………………………….25

2. Ellison’s Ideology………………………………………………………….27

2.1 Integration: E Pluribus Unum…………………………………………………27

2.2 Moral Responsibility for Democracy………………………………………….34

3. Ellison’s Assertion of Black Humanity……………………………….43

3.1 Ellison‘s Opinions about Anti-Negro Stereotypes…………………………….44

3.2 Ellison‘s Approaches to Black Humanity…………………………………….46 4. Demystification of Black Sexuality in Invisible Man……………..56

4.1 Interracial Sexual Politics in History…………………………………………56

4.2 Myth of Black Hypersexuality……………………………………………….65

4.3 Demystification in the Novel………………………………….......................68

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………89

Bibliography………………………………………………………………….92

Acknowledgement………………………………………………………….101

Publications and Research Projects……………………………………102

Abbreviations for Ellison’s Works

CE Collected Essays of Ralph Ellison

IM Invisible Man

FH Flying Home and Other Stories

J Juneteenth

TT Trading Twelves: The Selected Letters of Ralph Ellison

and Albert Murray

1. Introduction

1.1 Significance of the Topic

1.1.1 Literary Position of Invisible Man

In the history of African American literature, Ralph Ellison has been recognized as one of the most influential writers. But unlike most other famous writers, his literary reputation rests primarily on one novel — Invisible Man (1952), a novel at which he worked hard for seven years. Upon its publication, this novel became the spotlight of literary critics, most of whom made positive reviews about it. In the next year, it won him the National Book Award ―at a time when the white critical Establishment was less eager to recognize literary achievement by black Americans.‖ (CE: 357) Book Week in 1965 and Wilson Quarterly in 1978 named this work the best American novel published since World War II; in the Modern Library list of the best twentieth-century novels, Invisible Man was put at number nineteen; and Time magazine included the novel in its TIME 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005. What‘s more, the novel‘s influence has not declined with the passage of time. Until now, it is still very popular with readers. As John F. Callahan observes appropriately, ―Invisible Man is one of those rare novels whose commercial and critical success coincides in a continually accelerating, rising curve. Translated into more than twenty languages, the various editions of the novel have sold more than a million copies since Ellison‘s death in 1994, alone.‖1 To many critics, it was the finest work of American fiction between William Faulkner and Thomas Pynchon.2

Of course, Ellison‘s career as a writer neither began nor ended with Invisible Man. Actually, his first published piece of writing was an essay. In his life, he produced altogether seventy-five essays, addresses, reviews, and conference talks, some of which were gathered in his two collections Shadow and Act (1964) and Going to the Territory (1986). After his death, these two collections were combined and published under the name of Collected Essays (1995), with an addition of some previously unpublished essays and some published but uncollected ones. Besides, he created many short stories, some of which were collected and published posthumously in the name of Flying Home 1 John F. Callahan, Introduction to Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man: A Case Book edited by the same author (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 4. 2 Harold Bloom, Ralph Ellison (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986), vii.

and Other Stories (1996). Also, in journals appeared various Hickman stories from his projected second novel over a period of fifteen years, which were assembled and published posthumously under the name of Juneteenth in 1999 with the editorship of John Callahan. In addition, his collection of letters Trading Twelves: The Selected Letters of Ralph Ellison and Albert Murray has been available since 2000.

So, actually, Ellison was not only a great novelist, but also an influential literary and cultural critic. For a better understanding of his novels, a careful examination of his essays which reflect his literary ideology and aesthetics is necessary. About the close relationship between Invisible Man and Ellison‘s essays, James Smethurst makes insightful remarks. According to him, the novel ―exists in a sort of symbiotic relationship with his essays.‖3 One the one hand, Invisible Man is to a large extent an illustration of his essays; on the other hand, his essays help to interpret or frame interpretations of the novel. In a word, an examination of his essays is indispensable for an in-depth interpretation of the novel.

1. 1. 2 A Brief Review of the Novel‘s Historical Background

Invisible Man is first and foremost an exploration of the unique experience of African Americans. It is written out of Ellison‘s own group background as a Negro. Its materials come from African American life: ―It drew much of its substance from the voices, idioms, folklore, traditions and political concerns of those whose racial and cultural origins I share.‖ (CE: 475) The protagonist‘s experience is representative of African Americans. Through the trip of a black mulatto from the South to the North to realize his African American style of American dream, Ellison records the general history of blacks in America, which took them from slavery and abolition movement through the Civil War and Reconstruction, then to the rise of Jim Crow laws and the Great Migration Movement to Northern cities, and later to the two world wars. Of course, in a fictional world, it is impossible to pinpoint the exact dates of these historical events, which are mostly allegorical in the novel. So a brief review of African American history is no doubt conducive to our understanding of the social significance of the 3 James Smethurst, ―?Something Warmly, Infuriatingly Feminine‘: Gender, Sexuality, and the Work of Ralph Ellison,‖ in A Historical Guide to Ralph Ellison, ed. Steven C. Tracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 116.

novel.

When Ellison wrote his novel, African Americans had experienced two historical leaps. One was from bondage to freedom. Through the Civil War, African Americans were liberated from chattel slavery and gained legal freedom guaranteed by the fourteenth and fifteenth constitutional amendments. This physical (if not economic) freedom enabled them to enjoy a kind of geographic mobility from the countryside to the city, from the South to the North, which resulted in the second leap, the so-called Great Migration Movement. With the breakout of the First World War, white American intellectuals became disillusioned with the Western Civilization and began to turn to domestic resources for help. They helped launch the Harlem Renaissance and created the vogue of black culture. Through the efforts of a lot of African American intellectuals, including W.E.B. DuBois, Alain Locke, Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Claude McKay, Zola Nearl Hurston, the image of the Negro in the white mind was improved to a certain extent.

But there was a long way to go before real racial equality came true in American society. The deeply entrenched racial prejudice and discrimination still haunted the interracial relationship between whites and blacks. To African Americans, the American ideal of equality and the democratic principles stipulated in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution were still a kind of fantasy.

In different times, different strategies were tried in the struggle for black equality. Booker T. Washington, advocate of gradualism and leader of the Tuskegee Machine, insisted on economic progress before political equality. According to him, African Americans should abandon their political rights temporarily and concentrate their attention on the development of black economy with the help of the whites instead. So their training should be aimed at developing basic skills and good habits and character. Only in this way could they gradually win the respect of the whites, thus paving the way for their ultimate equality. But the fact was that, in spite of some progress in economics of African Americans in general and the increase of Washington‘s personal power in particular, the political status of African Americans as a whole became deteriorated. In Invisible Man, Ellison summarized Washington‘s philosophy in the speech of the

narrator in a parodic way, including the finger-hand metaphor4 and such ideas as ―cast down your bucket where you are‖, ―humility as the essence of progress,‖ ―social responsibility,‖ etc. Ellison‘s attitude towards Washington and his successors was obvious in his description of Dr. Bledsoe, president of the black college, who is ambitious only for power. In order to maintain his power, Bledsoe declares that ―I‘ll have every Negro in the country hanging on tree limbs by morning if it means staying where I am.‖ (IV: 143)

Faced with such a reality and with the decline of the influence of Booker T. Washington, a new generation of black elites represented by W. E. B. DuBois appeared on the political stage. They criticized the policy of accommodation adopted by Washington and advocated instead the pursuit of political rights through positive agitation and protests, thus laying down the political foundation for economic progress. DuBois maintained that the talented tenth of the race, provided with liberal education instead of just vocational training, would become leaders in the struggle for racial equality, and that racial discrimination and such brutal practices as lynching should be fought against relentlessly. Unfortunately, without the strong support of the black masses, such an elite policy was doomed to failure. The influence of DuBois‘ theories of double consciousness and talented tenth upon Ellison can be clearly felt in Invisible Man.

Opposite DuBois‘ elitism was the black nationalist movement led by Marcus Garvey, who aroused racial pride in the blacks by glorifying their history and the beauty of their skin. Through various forms of organization, this movement developed rapidly and won the support of millions of African Americans, becoming the largest and most influential mass movement in the twentieth century. But its advocacy of self segregation and back to Africa was unacceptable to most African Americans who had lived and worked on this land throughout their life. With the arrest and expatriation of Garvey, the nationalist movement came to an end. The story of Rineheart in Invisible Man can be interpreted as an embodiment of this movement.

African Americans, who were the last to be employed but the first to be fired, 4 According to Washington, the blacks should unite with others of the country like one hand in everything pertaining to the common good and separate like the fingers of the hand in everything social.

suffered the most during the Great Depression of 1929-1933. Black intellectuals, witnessing the extreme poverty of the blacks in the ghetto, turned to radical thoughts for help. They accepted Marxism with enthusiasm and propagandized the ideology among the masses. However, the Communist organizations under the control of the whites in America were not free from racial prejudice at all. They used the blacks only as an instrument to serve their political ambitions, resulting in a sense of disappointment and alienation among the black intellectuals. Ellison himself was such a typical example. Under the influence of Richard Wright, Ellison took an active part in the Communist activities in his early life. But later, he became disenchanted after he realized that all political parties were basically concerned with power and maintaining power, not with humanitarian issues in the raw and abstract state. It is generally believed that the protagonist‘s withdrawal from the Brotherhood in his novel Invisible Man might be interpreted as a reflection of his disappointment with and a criticism of the Communists in America.

Ellison‘s concern about politics and the nature of black leadership can also be found in many of his essays. According to him, Negro leaders did not represent the interests of the whole Negro community. Instead, they represented their own special interests as well as those of the whites, including white philanthropy, white politicians, businessmen, and so on. Such black leaders acknowledged no final responsibility to the Negro community for their acts, and implicit in their roles were constant acts of betrayal. (CE: 77)

1.1.3 Social Significance of the Novel

Ralph Ellison is a staunch fighter for American democracy. One of the most frequent words in his essays is ―democracy.‖ In his opinion, the word ―democracy‖ was ―the ground-term of our concept of justice, the basis of our scheme of social rationality, the rock upon which our society was built.‖ (CE: 31) He made it clear that what he pursued in his writings, fiction and nonfiction alike, was ―the copious, contradictory manifestations of this country‘s ?promised design of democracy.‘‖ (CE: xvii)

As a perceptive American writer, Ellison realized that there were two basic kinds of American history. One was written and ―neatly stylized‖ as ancient myth, and the other

―unwritten and as chaotic and full of contradictions, changes of pace and surprises as life itself.‖ (CE: 594) Since the unwritten history, the history of the masses striving for the fulfillment of the promised democracy, was often ignored, Ellison devoted himself to reconstructing it.

Ellison played an active part in the campaign against racism. He had reported the riot of 1943 for the New York Post, had agitated earlier for the release of Angelo Herdon and the Scottsboro Boys, had marched behind Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., in his effort to desegregate the stores along the 125th Street, and had been part of a throng which blocked off Fifth Avenue in protest of the role being played by Germany and Italy in the Spanish Civil War.

But as a writer, Ellison mainly used his pen as a weapon. In his essays and novels, he was deeply concerned with racial injustice. He pointed out that racial justice was part and parcel of African American life: ―being a Negro American has to do with the memory of slavery and the hope of emancipation and the betrayal by allies and the revenge and contempt inflicted by our former masters after the Reconstruction, and by the myths, both Northern and Southern, which are propagated in justification of that betrayal.‖ (CE: 177) So, protest was an inseparable part of a Negro American‘s experience and thus of a novel about the Negro.

To Ellison, the novel was a function of American democracy and American writing an ethical instrument. Invisible Man is an illustration of this idea. In a sense, it can be regarded as a novel of protest. It is not lacking in scenes of social protest, sometimes violent protest. For example, at the beginning of Invisible Man, the protagonist beats a white man who calls him an insulting name almost to death. But more often than not, such protests are expressed implicitly through the use of symbols, metaphors and allusions.

Another major concern in the novel is Ellison‘s idea of personal moral responsibility for democracy. Ellison believed that America was a country full of paradoxes. One of the most conspicuous moral dilemmas was the coexistence of the principle of equality and the reality of racial discrimination, ―the clash between the American dream and everyday American reality; between the ideal of equality and the

actuality of our society in which social, educational, and economic inequalities are enforced explicitly on the irremediable ground of race.‖ (CE: 31) To use Myrdal‘s words, it was ―American Dilemma.‖5 In Invisible Man, Ellison attempted to reveal the discrepancy between the reality of American society based on racial discrimination and its ideal democracy established in the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. Such a social purpose was made apparent in his two essays produced after the publication of Invisible Man — ―The Novel as a Function of American Democracy‖ and ―Society, Morality, and the Novel.‖

To conclude, John F. Callahan‘s wonderful comment in ―Introduction‖ to Ralph Ellison‘s collected essays is worth quoting verbatim:

None of this implies that Ellison minimizes the racial injustice perpetrated by Americans, often in the name of America. (―If It‘s Optic White, It‘s the Right White‖ goes the motto of Liberty Paints in Invisible Man [1952].) Threaded through Ellison‘s essays like a watermark is one taut acknowledgement after another of racial oppression in America. The physical, psychological, and emotional cruelties of slavery are here, and so are the legal, illegal, and habitual violent betrayals of Reconstruction. So are lynching and its rippling effects of fear and terror. So are painful incidents of discrimination from Ellison‘s youth and adulthood.

Far from ignoring the attempts to brutalize black Americans into permanent social, political, economic, cultural, and psychological inequality and inferiority, Ellison makes his people‘s condition and status the testing ground for the ideals and the experiment of the nation. For him the Civil War, Reconstruction, and its tragic aftermath were the crux of American history and the most dramatic instances of the country‘s struggle with the potentially fatal contradiction between its democratic theory and practice. Notwithstanding the victories and advances of the civil rights movement, which Ellison noted and rejoiced in, he observed that the American Civil War had ―continued on as civil war, lower case, in which that war of arms was replaced by a war of politics, racial and ethnic violence, ritual sacrifice based on race and color, and by economic and judicial repression.‖ (CE: xxiv) 5 Gunner Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1962).

1.1.4 Sexuality in the Novel

To deconstruct various negative racial stereotypes so as to affirm Negro humanity is one of the major purposes of Ellison‘s novel Invisible Man. In the history, such stereotypes became the basis of the pseudo-scientific doctrines of White superiority and Black inferiority. Because of such stereotypes, the Negro had become identified with those unpleasant aspects of conscience and consciousness which American mainstream society characteristically tried to avoid not only in life but also in art: ―When the literary artist attempts to tap the charged springs issuing from his inner world, up float his misshapen and bloated images of the Negro, like the fetid bodies of the drowned, and he turns away, discarding an ambiguous substance which the artists of other cultures would confront boldly and humanize into the stuff of a tragic art.‖6 So the improvement of the image of blacks depended upon the revelation of the truth behind these stereotypes.

In the variety of stereotypes which dehumanize African Americans, the myth of black sexuality occupied a central position. According to this myth, African Americans are not human beings, but animals with a strong tendency to violence and sexuality. Therefore, American racial politics is characterized by the conflation of race and sex. The prevalence of the element of sex in interracial relations between black and white is made quite clear by Calvin C. Hernton, who says,

The sexualization of racism in the United States is a unique phenomenon in the history of mankind; it is an anomaly of the first order. In fact, there is a sexual involvement, at once real and vicarious, connecting white and black people in America that spans the history of this country from the era of slavery to the present, an involvement so immaculate and yet so perverse, so ethereal and yet so concrete, that all race relations tend to be, however, subtle, sex relations.7

In Sexuality and Race, Stanley O. Gaines, Jr. not only confirms the long history of the myth, but also analyzes its different functions in different historical times:

6 Quoted in H. William Rice, Ralph Ellison and the Politics of the Novel (Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, 2003), 62. 7 William F. Pinar, The Gender of Racial Politics and Violence in America: Lynching, Prison Rape, & the Crisis of Masculinity (New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., 2001), 2.

Perhaps no stereotype about African Americans has persisted as tenaciously within the United States as has the stereotype of black hypersexuality. From the time of slavery onward, European American culture has perpetuated the myth that African Americans—both male and female—are animalistic, libidinous beings….Long after the demise of slavery, however, successive generations of European Americans in all regions of the country continued to invoke the stereotype of black hypersexuality as a part of the attempt to justify segregation and discrimination….After the Civil War, former confederate soldiers met secretly to form the Ku Klux Klan, with the prevention of the ―defilement‖ of white women by black men as one of its primary goals. 8

8 Stanley O. Gaines, Jr., ―Sexuality and Race.‖ In The African American Experience: A Historiographical and Bibliographical Guide, ed. Arvarh E. Strickland & Robert E. Weems, Jr. (Westport, Connecticut & London: Greenwood Press, 2001), 315.