考试题型：
一．回答问题
二．文体对比stylistic features: subjective(主观的)/objective(客观的)
三．语篇分析 ---textual development /analogy
四．语篇改写 句子和句子之间衔接词语少了
There are numerous reasons for……at first, …….secondly, ….In addition, /additionally,
/furthermore, …/what is more,
Unit 1 General Introduction to Professional Paper Writing
1.1 Classification of professional paper
A professional paper is a formal printed document in which professionals present their views and research findings on any deliberately chosen topic. 读书报告 研究论文 学术论文
1.2 General Characteristics of English Academic Writing Style
Generally, English Academic writing is: (复杂)--Written language is relatively more complex than spoken language 正式)--Academic writing is relatively formal. Formal writing doesn’t use
contractions, colloquialisms and slang. (客观)--Written language is in general objective rather than
personal. It therefore has fewer words that refer to the writer or the reader. This means that the main emphasis should be on the information that you want to give and the arguments you want to make, rather than you. (清楚)--Academic writing is explicit about the relationships in the text. Furthermore, it is the responsibility of the writer in English to make it clear to the reader how the various parts of the text are related. (准确)--Academic writing uses vocabulary accurately. Most subjects have words with narrow specific meanings. 用词谨慎) (负责)---Academic writing refers to information from a range of print, digital and other sources, all of which must be clearly referenced in your text references other writers’ work. Question & Exercises：Read the following two passages and try to find out the stylistic features of each. Compared with these two passages, I find that there are differences in styles,
passage 1 is informal, subjective, for example: ―I’m......‖， ―don’t......‖
While the second passage is a scientific research paper, it’s formal, objective and complex, for example,(长句，被动语态等）
(subjective---objective, simple---complex, for example......)
Unit 2 Title, Author/Affiliation and Keywords
2.1 Titles
2.1.1. General functions
1). Generalizing the Text (总结全文)
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2). Attracting the Reader (吸引读者)
3). Facilitating the Retrieval (方便检索)
2.1.2.Linguistic Features做分析题时候，可以根据下面的格式进行分析。
使用名词、名词短语和动名词)
The words or phrases used in a title are very often nouns, noun phrases or gerunds, nominalization, which usually are keywords for the paper, having the ability to sum up the whole text.
For example, we may easily find such titles as: 句子背不下来就不要用
(1)Working mechanism application of LED
(2) Civilization's Source and Its Implication.
(3) A Multi-perspective Account of Met linguistic Negation.
(4) Research on the Motivations of Lexis and Vocabulary Learning Strategies. (使用不完整的句子)
A title is just a label of appellation of the paper, reflecting the main idea of the content, so even when there is a need to give a title in the form of a sentence, it does not need to be a complete sentence.
For example, “意识形态是文化的特殊样态”.
2.3 Keywords
2.3.1 General Functions:
A. Easiness of Retrieval (检索方便) B. Easiness of Highlighting(突出醒目)
2.3.1 Linguistic Features (名词化): example, investigate -- investigation; fabricate -- fabrication; educate -- education. (关键字数目有限): The number of the keywords for a paper should be (不能随意选择): Exercises
Correct the mistakes in the following titles according to the writing requirements you've learnt in this unit.
1. Digital Laser Micro interferometer and Its Applying. (Applying----Application)
2. Measuring of Surface Shape and Deformation by Phase-shifting Image Digital Holography. (Measuring---Measurement)
3. The Effects of the Patient Age and Physician Training on the Choice and Dose of Anti-melancholic Drugs. (去掉所有的“the”)
4. Scope of the Investigations: the First Phase. (去掉第一个“the”)
5. A New Broadband Uniform Accuracy DOA Estimator. (DOA---标题不具体，太宽泛extensive)
Unit 3 Abstract
一般出现下面问题时，可以从如下几点回答：
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（1）Comment on the following abstract
（2）Analyze the following abstract?
Answer :a, Complex(复杂)--sentences’ structure .
b, Objective(客观)--no personal pronoun is used in the abstract above.
c, The active voice is commonly used in it .(主动语态)
d, The information of an abstract is arranged in one paragraph .(一个段落) （3）Analyze the problems exiting in the following abstract?
Answer : a, Informal(不正式) -For example, ”I think”.
b, Over-simplified Statements(表述过分简单）
c, Monotonous Expression（单一的表达）
d, Mixed writing style
e, Incomplete contents(内容不完整)
f, Displacement of information(摘要各成分之间顺序混乱，篇幅不合理)
1. 语态单一(全主动或全被动)
2. 口语化
3. 太过简单和复杂
4. 摘要各成分之间顺序混乱
5. 摘要各成分之间篇幅不合理
3.1. Definition of Abstract is to provide prospective readers the opportunity to judge the relevance of the longer work of their projects.
3.4. Classification of Abstracts
Depending on which information they contain, abstracts can be classified into major types: and author abstracts.
descriptive abstract 把问题进行了概述但对研究结果未提及，而在informational abstract 中提供了主要研究结果。因此，信息型文摘提供的信息比叙述型文摘要多。
1) ：An indicative abstract or descriptive abstract is one that describes the type and nature of the work abstracted, indicating the principal subjects covered and providing a brief description of the way the facts are treated and the methods or techniques that are being reported.
An informative abstract summarizes as much as the essential elements of the document as possible, presenting and explaining all the main material contents in the complete article/paper/book.
3) It presents a summary of the essential arguments and findings of the original, whilst those aspects of the document those are of minor significance are treated indicatively.
4) Author abstract：Author abstracts are abstracts prepared by authors of the document that has been subjected to abstracting.
5) Slanted abstract（专业性摘要）
6) Telegraphic abstract
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7) Mini-abstract
8) Mission-oriented abstract
9) Finding-oriented abstract：
A finding-oriented abstract is most often used when: 10) Highlight abstract
3.5. Basic Components of the abstract:
An abstract usually includes the following components: (背景): State briefly the topic and scope of the study. 目的) (What I want to do?): Define the research questions to be addressed. (方法) (How I did it?): Provide an overview of the research design, methods of data collection, and analysis. (结果): Summarize the key findings in the course of work (总结) (What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?): State the key conclusions and practical implications based the findings.. 独创之处) (What is new and original in this paper).
3.6 “5 Steps” for Abstract Writing 画出关键的词和句子) 列出全文的重点) 归结每个部分的大意) 起草摘要) 最终校对)
3.7 “5A Strategy”
5 questions to be answered before writing abstract:
Q1: What is the general knowledge of your topic in the academic field?
Q2: What research topic is the paper to focus on?
Q3: What method or material do you use to support your main point of view?
Q4: What conclusion will you draw?
Q5: What is the main contribution of the paper?
3.8. Likely Mistakes/Common Errors(一般出题形式是Give your comments on the following abstracts.)
1). Informal(不正式) -For example, ‖I think‖.
2). Over-simplified Statements(表述过分简单）
3). Monotonous Expression（单一的表达）
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4). Mixed writing style
5). Incomplete contents(内容不完整)
6). Displacement of information(摘要各成分之间顺序混乱，篇幅不合理)
3.10.5 Simplify the following by noun clusters. 2. In the teaching of mathematics, the dominant (instruction mode) is generally traditional.
3. Students are expected to meet a deadline for (the paper submission). vitality into the enterprise. Unit 4 Introduction
4.1General Functions of Introduction 介绍主题) 缩小搜索范围) 简要说明目的) 展示写作的安排)
4.2. Structural Features of Introduction and Some Idiomatic Expressions (结构特点和惯用表达) (一篇文章能找出哪些是背景、哪些是前任工作的优缺点和将要进行的工作的焦点) (以研究背景开始) 1) Over the past several decades....
2) Somebody reported...
3) The previous work on... has indicated that...
4) Recent experiments by... have suggested...
5) Several researchers have theoretically investigated...
6) In most studies of ....... has been emphasized with attention being given to...
7) Industrial use of... is becoming increasingly common.
8) There have been a few studies highlighting...
9) It is well known that... 指出前人的研究工作存在的问题) 1) Great progress has been made in this field, but (however / nevertheless)...
2) Also, the consideration of... alone cannot explain the observed fact that...
3) A part of the explanation could lie in..., however .....
4) The study of... gives rise to two main difficulties: one is...; the other is...
5) Despite the recent progress reviewed in ...., there is no generally accepted theory
concerning...
6) From the above discussion, it appears that at present neither.., nor.., are known. 5
1) In this paper .... is investigated (studied, discussed, presented, etc.)
2) The present work deals mainly with...
3) We report here.., in the presence of...
4.3.2. Analyze the following introductions, following the directions if possible.
4.3.2.1. Underline the part stating the research background.“____”
4.3.2.2. Parenthesize the part pointing to the existing problem.“（ ）”
4.3.2.3. Draw a box around the part focusing on the present research.
4.5.1 Translate the following sentences into Chinese, paying attention to the sentence structure of each.
Strategy is an art of planning the best way to gain an advantage or to achieve success.
策略是采用最佳方式获取优势或者成功的一门艺术。
Here the point of view is the term generally used to indicate the point from which the paper is written.
这里所说的观点一般是用来表达书面语的一种说法。
Subordination is the technique of placing the less important thought in a subordinate position . 从属法就是把不重要的信息放在次要位置的一种方法。
This formula is developed on the basis of the previously discussed theory.
该公式是根据先前讨论的理论推导出来的。
It is concluded that some of the parameters cannot be obtained by using the method shown in Section IV.
我们得出的结论是，许多参数无法通过采用第四部分的中所阐述的方法来获得。
Connect the equipment to the machine . Turn off the switch .Adjust input voltage to 10V.And note down the output current.
把该设备连接到机器上，切断电源，把输入电压调制到10V，最后记下输出电流。
4.5.2 Put the following into English.
从上例可以看出 It can be seen from the example above that ......
一般认为 It is generally accepted that ....../It is universally acknowledged that...... 希望...... It is hoped that ....../It is anticipated that ......
Unit 5 Literature Review(文献综述)
5.1 Integration and Case Building 5.1.1 The skills to do a thorough review
the importance of your unique study that builds on the previous literature in a logical way.
5.1.2 The definition of literature review
5.2 Structural Elements in Writing a Literature Review
A literature-review chapter requires a number of structural elements, which help guide the reader from one sentence and paragraph to the next in a logical and seamless fashion.
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5.3 The Funnel(漏斗结构)
A literature review for a thesis or dissertation should also be constructed in the shape of a funnel5.4. Introduction and Focus of the Topic
The chapter should immediately introduce the topic and clearly indicate the purpose of the paper, the scope and/or limitations of the review, and essential definitions if appropriate.
5.5. Road Maps
5.8 Transition
这种题型一般是，让改写一段话，这段缺少必要的过渡(transition/transiting)词语，需要加上”firstly,....,secondly,....,finally(最后一个必须用finally),...”,”but,.....”,”however,....”等等。
5.9 Summary and Conclusions
The summary provides the concluding remarks that capture the essential parts of what you want the reader to take away from the section.
5.10 Description, Analyzing and Synthesizing the Literature. Unit 6 Textual (语篇)Development (1)
看到题目中有method of development 那么就是用第六单元的内容回答，看到问题中直接是development，那么就是用第七单元的内容回答。
1. Methods of development.
2. Two basic approaches to description.
3. Requirements for research description.
4. Logic methods of development.
6.1 Types of Writing 叙述), 说明展示辩论). what has happened and the outcomes, etc. etc. processes of carrying out plans, etc.
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6.2. Research description 6.2.3. General Requirements for Research Description 图片)
A research description is intended to描述)
A research description is often accompanied by one or more 对比)
It is often possible to make the description clearer by means of comparing an object or a process, say, an experiment, with something that the reader is familiar with. 定量)
In describing size, an experienced professional writer usually tries to avoid such general words as ―large‖, ―small‖ or ―quite big‖. Instead, he prefers to say 3 cm2 squared, or 10 meters’ high. 解释清楚)
The positions of various parts of an object or a place must be indicated with care unless the figure or picture itself already shows the position of each part clearly. 总结)
A research description has also to indicate how the new observations and ideas being advanced may require a change--- by further generalization or systematization --- in the conceptual structure of a given scientific field.
6.3. Common Logic Patterns in English Argumentation(分析题，一定要多看例题)
Logic patterns are modes to develop ideas and to conclude conclusions. Generally speaking, there are 9 commonly used logic patterns of arguments. (辩论的9种方法)
(直接证明)
首先说明这篇文章属于direct statement，然后对其下定义(Direct statement is the logic FOR EXAMPLE: In the Great Transition the author writes
China is attracting enormous attention for very good reason. The reason is not just that China is big or that its economy is the only one that is been able to sustain rapid growth over the last three years. ....
2）Induction归纳 具体到一般)
FOR EXAMPLE: The often taken model is: previous studies.., our study.., we conclude....
Thus in academic articles the normal induction is:
The problems in previous studies... our studies...we conclude... the reasons (or causes) for the differences between our study and previous studies.
3）Deduction演绎 一般到具体) 8
4）Analogy(类比) 5）Cause and Effect(因果)
6）Quotation(引证)
7）Illustration(插图)
8）Comparison(对比)
9）Disproof(反证)
Unit 7 Textual Development
7.1. Typical Features of Papers of Experimental Nature
The functions of experiment description are to: 能说服读者)—experimental result should be reliable and convincing;
(2) 能使读者收益)--- the introduction of experimental and inspiration, and should facilitate further deliberations and research for the readers;
(3) 读者能再现) – the process and method of experiment should have reproducibility, and the described experiment should be duplicated by same others under the conditions.
The description of an experiment usually includes 7.2.Process Undertaken in the Experiment(实验过程) 步骤介绍) 步骤) 详细的过程) 总结)
Reflections and Practice (1) （7.1）
2. What may be involved in writing the experimental process? （7.2）
3. List the items which may be included in the section of equipment description of a paper?
II. Find an original experimental paper from a major journal in your field and study how the the body of your paper of experimental nature with the skill illustrated in this unit.
Unit 8 Result, Discussion and Conclusion
8.1. Section of Results
The section of results is one of the most important elements in a professional paper, because any research should have an outcome, no matter what it may be. It is in this section that the final 9
result of the paper is presented.
1) General Functions of Results
The value of a research lies in the value of its final results and the author’s interpretation of the results. I preceding sections are designed to explain following 2) Writing Requirements for Results 8.2. Section of Discussion
1) General Functions and Main Elements of Discussion the facts denoted by symbols or signs of mathematics.
The consequent steps and essential elements of discussion usually include: 数据分析) 指出怀疑) 解释观点) 阐述重要意义) 得出结论)
2) Writing Requirements for Discussion写作要求
Firstly, you should Secondly, since the purpose of the professional paper is to confirm the’ author’s research work, 8.3. Section of Conclusion
1) General Functions of Main Elements of Conclusion
Typical functions of the conclusion of a research paper may include: no place. 2) Requirements for Writing a Conclusion
The following are the points for attention in preparing the section of conclusion:
(1) Be careful not to draw conclusions from data involving errors of observation.
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不要从错误的数据得出结论。
(2) Do not use mathematical formulas without clearly understanding of their derivations and all the assumptions involved.
不要使用数学公式。
(3) Be cautious in comparing conclusions based upon experiments in which the influential conditions have been improperly controlled, and therefore not duplicated.
在比较实验结论时要小心。
(4) Avoid confusing facts with opinions of influences, not only in the investigation itself but also in preparing results for publication.
千万不要把事实和别人的想法混合在一起。
(5) Do not draw a conclusion from too few data, or too broad a conclusion that is based on extrapolated curves.
不要从较少的数据里得出结论。
(6) Guard against failing to qualify a conclusion, in order to show the limits within which it applies, or the variation which is to be expected.
证据不足不要下结论。
(7) When you indulge in a speculation, be sure to remind your reader to know that it remains a speculation.
提醒读者哪些事推测。
Unit 9 Acknowledgments(鸣谢), References(参考文献),
Footnotes(脚注) and Appendixes(索引)
9.1 Section of Acknowledgments
Linguistic Features：1) Patternized Contents(格式化) 2) Formalized Expressions(标准化)
9.1.3 Writing Requirements
1) Being Specific
2) Avoiding Under- or Over-Statements
3)Asking for Permission
9.2 Section of References
9.2.1.5 Works Cited, References, and Bibliography - What's the Difference? 9.2.3 Linguistic Features
There are many ways to prepare references, however, the following two major systems prevail:
(1) name and year system;
(2) citation order system.
9.2.4 Writing Requirements（4-9）
1 ）How to Write the Full Length Reference；2 ）Correct in Content ；3 ） Unified in Style；4 ）References from journals；5 ）References from books；6 ）Theses and dissertations；7 ）Conference abstracts and proceedings；
9） Computer programs and the World Wide Web
9.3 Writing Footnotes
1）Location of footnotes；2）Forms of the footnotes；3）Different exemplary1 forms of footnotes 11
Unit 10 Plagiarism剽窃
如果遇到分析题，就是先判断是否属于剽窃，再写剽窃的定义，再FOR EXAMPLE。 10.1.1 The definition of plagiarism： 12