名词性从句
在主从复合句中，从句可以充当主句的主语、表语、宾语或同位语。由于在多数情况下，主语、表语、宾语或同位语这四种句子成分由名词性词类充当，所以，我们把这些作用相当于名词的从句统称为名词性从句，把充当主语、表语、宾语或同位语的从句分别称为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句或同位语从
它们的特点是：1、疑问词有本身的词义；2、疑问词在从句中担当句子成分，如主语、宾语或状语；3、这种疑问词引导的从句一律用陈述语序，不能用疑问语序。
不可省略的连词：
1. 介词后的连词
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。
一、主语从句 1．that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。注：whom、who指人，what指物，whatever，whoever表示泛指意义。例如：
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。 Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。 That she is a rich woman is known to us all. 众所周知，她是个富有的女人。这是that 引导主语从句，that 不能省略。这句话可以改为用it 作形式主语的句型。请同学们改写：It is known to us all that she is a rich woman.）
That she was chosen made us very happy.
2. 有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：
（1）It + be + 名词 + that从句
（2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句
（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句
（4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that …
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…
翻译下列句子
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
It worried her a bit that her hair was turning gray.她的头发正在变白，这使她很不安。
It wasn’t very clear what she meant. 不清楚她是什么意思。
It is important that he should come on time. 他按时来是很重要的。
It is true that that man on the left is a well-known writer here. 左边那个人是本地的一位著名作家，这是真的。这里，第一个that 引导主语从句，是单纯的连词，无词义，不作句子成分。第二个that 是指示代词，作句子成分，是man 的定语。
Now let’s do some translation:
现在还很难预测谁会赢得下一届总统选举。
It is still hard to predict who will win the next presidential election.
对于多数公民来说，谁当选总统无关紧要。
Who will become the president doesn’t matter much to most citizens.
这位前总统是否会被判处死刑还有待观察。
It remains to be seen whether the ex-president will be sentenced to death.
真可惜，王教授不能出席我们的英语晚会。
It is a pity that Prof. Wang can’t attend our English Evening.
我们需要的是更多的时间。
What we need is more time.
二、 宾语从句
名词从句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
1． 由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。
例如：
I really feel she’s making a mistake. 我的确感到她正犯错误。
James said (that) he was feeling better. 詹姆斯说他感到好些了。
Hearing that his son was badly wounded, he hurried to the hospital to see him.听说儿子受了重伤，他急忙赶到医院去看望他。
注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。 例如：
I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。 I suggested that we should go home. 我建议我们回家去。
2. 用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如：
I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。
3．whether/if (是否)引导的宾语从句：如果要突出“究竟是…还是不…”，常在whether 后面加or not; if 一般不与or not连用。此外，whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if： a. 引导主语从句并在句首时；b. 引导表语从句时；c . 引导从句作介词宾语时；d. 从句后有“or not”时；e.
例如：
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。
I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留？
He asked me if/whether I knew John. 他问我是否认识约翰。
Let me know whether you can come or not. 你能来还是不能来，告诉我一声。
4．在think, believe, suppose, expect 等动词的宾语从句中，否定不用在从句中，而是将think 等词变为否定形式。
I don’t think the film is interesting.我觉得这部电影没什么意思。
I don’t suppose we are going outing tomorrow. 我认为我们明天不会出去郊游。
5．如果从句作宾语而后面还有补语，为了保持句子的平衡，用it 作形式宾语，而将宾语从句放在句尾。常跟这样的复合宾语的动词有：make, find, see, hear, feel, think, consider, regard, take….for granted等。如： 如：George made it clear that he opposed this project. 乔治已明确表示他反对这个项目。it 代表that 引导
的句子，作宾语，clear 是宾语补足语。
They kept it quiet that he was dead. 对他已经死亡的消息，他们秘而不宣。
I took it for granted that you’d stay with us. 我想当然认为你会和我们呆在一起。
三、同位语从句
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：同位语从句常用的引导词为that,有时也用when, where 等疑问词。
如：
The news that the United States was hit by terrorist attacks took the whole world by surprise. 美国受到恐怖主义分子袭击的消息令全世界吃惊。
The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong.你认为不动脑筋就能做好这件工作的想法是完全错误的。
People used to hold the belief that the earth was the center of the universe. 人们曾认为地球是宇宙的中心。 The difficulty lies in the fact that we are short of money.困难在于我们缺乏资金这个事实。
They have no idea at all where he has gone.他们一点儿也不知道他去哪儿了。
注意：同位语从句的that 只是引导词，没有其他语法作用，在句子中不作句子成分，不能省略；而定语从句中的that 除了引导定语从句外，还是定语从句的一个成分，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不能省略，作宾语时可以省略。
如：
The idea that some peoples are superior to others is sheer nonsense.有些民族优越于其他民族这种想法简直荒谬。（请辨别是同位语从句还是定语从句。）（同位语从句）
The idea that he proposed at the meeting is sheer nonsense. 他在会议上提出的这个想法简直荒谬。（请辨别是同位语从句还是定语从句。）（定语从句）
No one is happy with the fact that he found out. 没有人对他发现的事实感到高兴。（请辨别是同位语从句还是定语从句。）（定语从句）
No one is happy with the fact that he will become their boss.没有人对他将成为他们的老板这一事实感到高兴。（请辨别是同位语从句还是定语从句。）（同位语从句）
四、表语从句
1在复合句中，位于系动词之后作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。在非正式文体中引导词that可以省略。如：
That’s not what I want. 那不是我要的。
That’s why I have come.那就是我为什么来了。
My opinion is that things will improve.我的意见是事情会好起来的。
One advantage of solar energy is that it will never run out. 太阳能的一个优点是永远也不会枯竭。 The truth is that he didn’t really try. 实际情况是他没有真正努力。
The problem is who is to pay and when we can start.问题是谁来付帐、我们又何时开始。
The fact is that he didn’t notice the car until too late. 事实是他注意到车时已经太晚了。
What surprised me was that he spoke English so well.使我感到吃惊的是他英语讲得那么好。
All I can say is that I have nothing to do with it. 我能说的就是我与此事没有关系。
What I want to know is where we shall go and whether she will join us. 我想知道的是我们要去什么地方以及她是否加入我们。
2此外，表语从句还可由as if （好像）引导。如：
It looked as if it was/were going to rain. （虚拟语气）
Now let’s do some translation:
这就是她昨天请一天假的原因。
That is why she had a day off yesterday.
我的想法是，个人的权利应该得到充分尊重。
My idea is that individual rights should be fully respected.
问题在于上帝是否真的存在。
The question is whether the God really exists.
我想知道的是，他是如何在这么短的时间内完成这个项目的。
What I want to know is how he managed to complete the project in such a short time.
3 当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如：
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning .
五、名词性that-从句
由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。
名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如：
主语：That she is still alive is her luck. 她还活着全靠运气。
宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。 表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。
同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。
形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.
你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
2）That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。 It's a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that… 有必要……
It is important that… 重要的是……
It is obvious that… 很明显……
b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
It is believed that… 人们相信……
It is known to all that… 众所周知……
It has been decided that… 已决定……
c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识
It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that… 事实是……
d. It +不及物动词+ that-从句
It appears that… 似乎……
It happens that… 碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……
六、形容词后的that 从句
that 引导的名词性从句还可以用在一些形容词后面。这种句型一般都用人作主语，所用的形容词都是表示思想状况或感情色彩的形容词，如certain, sure, positive, afraid, convinced, anxious, disappointed, worried, glad, happy, sorry, amazed, surprised, aware, doubtful, confident等等。
如：
I am sure/certain that he’s at home now.我肯定他现在在家。
He became angry that you made the same mistake. 你犯了同样的错误，他生气了。
He remains confident that he will win. 他仍然自信他会赢
She is aware that I can’t help her. 她知道我帮不了她的忙。
I am glad that you’ve come. 你来了我很高兴。
He appeared/seemed surprised that I said “no”. 我说不，他似乎很吃惊。
I am afraid that I can’t promise you anything. 恐怕我不能向你保证什么。
We were rather disappointed that you were not able to come yesterday. 昨天你没能来我们有点失望。 I am a bit worried that she will not be able to make it. 我有点担心她做不成这件事情。
七、what 从句的小结
1． 意思是“所….的事/物”, 相当于the thing(s) that…, that which…, 或those which… 可以用于以下情况：
(1) 引导主语从句。如：
What she saw frightened her. 她看到的事情吓了她一跳。
What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality. 曾经被认为不可能的事情，现在已经变成了事实。
What I’m afraid of is their taking him to that place. 我怕的是他们带他到那地方去。
What we are worrying about is just her innocence. 我们担心的是她的幼稚。
But what hurt our feelings most was the personal comment of the judge. 最伤我们感情的是法官的私下评论。 What will be, will be. 要发生的事总是要发生的。（谚语）
What is gone is gone. 过去的事就过去了。
(2) 引导表语从句。如：
That’s what I hope. 那就是我希望的。
I should like to be a teacher. That’s what I want to be. 我想当老师，那是我想干的事。
Times are not what they used to be. 时代不同了。
He’s not what he was a few years ago. 他不是几年前的他了。
Your health is not what it ought to be. 你的身体应该更好。
(3) 引导宾语从句，包括介词宾语。如：
He could not express what he felt. 他不能表达他的感受。
Well, I’ll do what I can. 好吧，我尽力。
I can’t do what you’ve just asked of me. 我不能做你刚才要求我的事。
And having got what he wanted, he took his hat and went away. 得到了他要的东西，他拿上帽子就走了。 As a friend of yours, I want to tell you what I hear. 作为你的朋友，我想告诉你我所听到的。
The father began to criticize what the boy had done. 父亲开始批评男孩所做的事。（注意时态）
She was not happy at what he had said. 她对他说的话不高兴。
Don’t poke your nose into what doesn’t concern you. 不要多管闲事。
The city is different from what it was ten years ago. 这座城市和十年前不同了。
It was a small place then compared to what it is now. 和现在比起来，它那时候是个小地方。
I don’t care about money or what people call position. 我不在乎金钱或者别人所谓的地位。
Philip was depressed by what he had gone through. Philip经历过的事情使他很消沉。
They paid fifty percent of what they were able to earn to the state.
他们能挣来的东西，百分之五十交给了国家。
2． 用作插入语，指代后面的成分。这和非限定性定语从句正好相反，非限定性定语从句指代的是前面的成分。如：
Then I discovered, what was news to me, that his wife was Mary’s niece. 后来我发现，他妻子原来是Mary的侄女，这对我是个新闻。
He never joined in the usual sports of the boys, and, what is remarkable, never went out in a boat on the river. 他从来不参加男孩子通常做的体育活动，更奇怪的是，他从来不坐船出去到河上面去。
He’s an interesting speaker, and, what is more important, he knows his subject thoroughly. 他讲话生动有趣，更重要的是，他对课题了如指掌。
He went to the meeting and, what was worse, insisted on speaking. 他去参加了会议，而且更糟糕的是，他坚持要发言。
It is a useful book, and, what is more, not an expensive one. 这是本很有用的书，再说也不贵。
You’ll have nobody but yourself to blame, and, what’s more, you’ll get no sympathy from anybody. 你怪不着别人，只能怪你自己；还有，你得不到任何人的同情。
We invited a new speaker and, what’s more, he was happy to come. 我们请到了一位新的发言人，而且他很乐意来。
3． 引导让步状语从句，等于“不管什么…”。注意状语从句的语序。如：
Do what she would, she could not invent a reason for not going. 不管她会做什么，她都编不出不去的理由。状语从句把实义动词放在句首，句子倒装。＝No matter what she would do, …
Come what may, you’ll always keep it secret. 无论怎样，你都要保守秘密。＝No matter what may come, …. Jack has made up his mind that, come what might, he would stay there. Jack已经拿定主意，无论如何他也要呆在那里。＝…no matter what might come, …
Say what he will, in his heart he knows that he is wrong. 不管他怎么说，内心里他知道自己错了。= No matter what he will say, …
八 否定转移
1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。
I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。
I don' t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。
注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。
I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。
2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。
It doesn't seem that they know where to go.
看来他们不知道往哪去。
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.
看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。
3)
I don't remember having ever seen such a man.
我记得从未见过这样一个人。 (not否定动名词短语 having…)
It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street.
在这里，人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。
(anyone 作主语，从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。)
4) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。
The ant is not gathering this for itself alone. (否定状语) 蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。
He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because状语) 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何，就轻信此事。
She had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty. (否定状语many weeks) 她结婚还不到几个星期，这个人的弟弟就看见她了，并对她的美貌着了迷。 练习：
一、 选择最佳答案填空
1．______ he always serves the people very well is known.
A. What B. That C. Which D. Who
2．______ you have done might do harm to other people.
A. What B. That C. Whether D. Which
3．I don’t care ____ she has no money. I care____ she is honest or not.
A. if…if B. whether…whether C. if…whether D. whether…if
4. They found at last ____ they had been looking for.
A. that B. what C. where D. which
5. He will be here on time. But I’m not sure _____ he drives or takes the train.
A. whether B. if C. when D. how
6. The reason why he was late is ___ he got up too late.
A. that B. because C. as D. for
7. I want to know ____ the leather coat belongs to.
A. who B. which C. that D. whom
8. Can you tell me ___ the hospital is?
A. where B. who C. that D. whether
9. We all know ____ she will be our English teacher.
A. which B. what C. that D. who
10. I wish _____ he would pass the examination.
A. how B. whether C. when D. that
二、 把两个单句合成主从复合句
model: Does he live there? Could you tell me?
→Could you tell me whether (if) he lives there?
1. Can Mike write a little Chinese now? I want to know.
→I want to know whether/if Mike can write a little Chinese now.
2. Did Jenny try to explain why she was late? Can you tell us?
→Can you tell us if/whether Jenny tried to explain why she was late?
3. Did the monkey want to eat bananas? Do you know?
→Do you know if/whether the monkey wanted to eat bananas?
4. Do you like sports? I ask you.
→I ask you if/whether you like sports.
5. Does she play basketball? Do you know?
→Do you know if/whether she plays basketball?
6. Has the whole street been cleaned? I don’t know.
→I don’t know if/whether the whole street has been cleaned.
7. Were there a lot of people in the street? Can you tell me?
→Can you tell me if/whether there were a lot of people in the street?
8. Are they preparing for the sports meet? Do you know?
→Do you know if/whether they are preparing for the sports meet?
9. Had John told Mr. Smith about his past? Could you tell me?
→Could you tell me if/whether John had told Mr. Smith about his past.
10. Has anybody ever been into some of the pyramids? Please tell me.
→Please tell me if/whether anybody has ever been into some of the pyramids.
3．whether 既可以引导主语从句也可以引导宾语从句，但if不能引导主语从句。whether 后面可以加or not, 而if 不能与or not 连用。作介词宾语时不用if.如：
Whether I knew John doesn’t matter. = It doesn’t matter whether I knew John. 我是否认识约翰没有关系。 Whether or not she’ll come isn’t clear. = Whether she’ll come or not isn’t clear. = It isn’t clear whether …. 她是否来还不清楚。
It all depends on whether we can get their cooperation. 这是主语从句还是宾语从句？it 是形式主语吗？it 是代词，whether 引导的是宾语从句，作介词on 的宾语，不能用if引导。请翻译这句话。这完全取决于我们是否能得到他们的合作。
I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 宾语从句，介词宾语，不能用if 引导。请翻译这句话。
She asked me whether/if you were married. 宾语从句，既可以用whether, 又可以用if 引导。注意时态的对应。
请翻译这句话。
We haven’t decided whether/if we shall give them aid.
I’m not sure whether/if the report is believable.
Key: BACBA ADACD