高考各种知识点总结 have sth to do 还是 have sth to be done “Do you have anything _________, Professor Smith?” “No, thanks.” A. to type B. typing C. to be typed D. being typed根据 I have something to type. I have a letter to write. He has some clothes to wash. 等相关句式 类推，许多同学毫不犹豫地选择了 A 答案，但是错了，最佳答案应是 C。确实，在“have+ 宾语+不定式”结构中，用作定语的不定式通常用主动式表示被动含义，如 I have a letter to write 之类的，按理说其中的 a letter 与其后的不定式之类的，按理说其中的 to write 具有 被动关系，即“信”应该是“被写”，但这里却习惯上用主动式表示这个被动意义。不过同学们 还要注意一点， 就是这类句型的主语与其后的不定式具有主动关系， I have a letter to write. 如 中的 to write 就是由该句主语 I 来完成的。而上面一题的情形则稍有不同，即其中的 to type 这一动作不是由句子主语 to type you (在此指 Professor Smith)来完成的，而是由说话 者“我”来完成的，句意为“史密斯教授，你有什么文件要我打字吗？”请再看一例： I’m going to Beijing next week. Do you have anything to be taken to your son? 我下个星期要去 北京，你有什么东西要带给你儿子的吗？句中的 to be taken 用了被动式而没用主动式，原因就是“带”这个动作不是句子主语 you 去 完成的， 而是由说话者“我”来完成的。 比较下面的句子： you going to Beijing? Do you have Are anything to take to your son? 你要去北京吗？你有什么东西要带给你儿子吗？I’m going to Beijing next week. I have a lot of things to take with me. 下个星期我要去北京，我 随身要带很多东西去。 what he could to do 考题的应对策略 The soldiers tried their best and did what they could _________ against the flood. A. fight B. to fight C. fighting D. fought有的同学一看到空格前的情态动词 could 就断定此处应填动词原形 fight，即断定选 A 答 案。其实选错了，正确答案应是 BA。这是一个省略句，即在 could 后省略了动词 do，若 把句子补完整应为 The soldiers tried their best and did what they could do to fight against the flood (士兵们竭尽全力抗洪)。即句中的不定式短语 (to fight against the flood) 用作目的状语
的，而不是与情态动词(could)一起构成谓语。请再看类似例句：
(1) He did what he could to help us. 他尽力帮助我们。(2) He saved what he could to buy a car. 他尽量节约每一分钱以便买车。(3) He ran as fast as he could to catch the early bus. 他拼命地跑以便赶上早班车。
至此，有的同学可能又会想当然地认为，今后只要遇到类似结构的题选带to不定式就万事大吉了，但也不一定，例外还是有的，还得具体问题具体分析。请看下例：
(4) He ran as fast as he could _________ to catch the early bus.
A. to hope B. hope C. hoping D. hoped
若根据以上―经验‖认为此题要选A答案，那就又错了。此题应选 C，其中的现在分词短语 hoping to catch the early bus 用作伴随状语。
(5) He spent every minute he could _________ spoken English.
A. practise B. to practise C. practising D. practised
【分析】此题应选 C，它与以上各题的情形均有所不同，虽然与上面的第(4)题的答案一样，均为动词的 –ing 形式，但也不完全一样：第(4) –ing 的 hoping 为现在分词，在句中用作伴随状语；而此题的 practising 是动名词，之所以用它与前面动词 spent 的搭配有关，即 spend … (in) doing sth。
(6) Mr Smith made up his mind to devote all he could _________ his oral English before going abroad. A. improveA.B. to improve C. improving D. to improving
【分析】此题答案选D，注意两点：一是 devote … to … 是固定搭配，意为―把……贡献给……‖；二是其中的 to 是介词，不是不定式符号，后接动词时要用动名词
very impossible还是quite impossible
请看下面一道题：_________ he said at the meeting the other day was _________ impossible.
A. That, very B. That, quite C. What, very D. What, quite
【分析】此题应选D，但容易误选C，第一空填 what，用作动词 said 的宾语，这是对的；但第二空按汉语意思填very，表示―很不可能‖，这是不对的。按照英语习惯，修饰那些表示极限‖(limit)意义的形容词（如：impossible, empty, full, certain, sure, right, wrong, enough, alone
等） ，不宜用 very，而用 quite。注：quite 有两个主要意思：一是表示程度，意为“相当”、 “还算”“用法与 fairly, very, rather 一样，只是程度或语气不同)，此时主要修饰那些可以显示 出程度的形容词或副词；二是表示极限(limit)，意为“完全地”、“全然地”等，此时主要修饰 那些没有程度差异的形容词或副词。现在进行时表示将来意义现在进行时主要表示现在或目前正在进行的动作： We're having a meeting. 我们在开会。 My head is aching. 我头很疼。 Where is she teaching? 她在哪儿教书？ She's spending the summer at the seaside. 她在海边度暑假。另外，现在进行时还可表示将来，主要用于表示按计划或安排要发生的动作。如： I'm leaving tomorrow. 我明天走。 They're getting married next month. 他们下个月结婚。 Are you meeting Bill this evening? 你今晚将和比尔见面吗？ 能这样用的动词不多，常用的有：arrive, come, do, get, go, have, leave, meet, play, return, see, spend, start, stay, wear, work 等。顺便说一句，我们除可用现在进行时表将来外，还可用一般现在时表将来，两者的区别是： 用现在进行时表示将来，其计划性较强，并往往暗示一种意图；而一般现在时表示将来，则 其客观性较强，即通常被视为客观事实，多指按时刻表或规定要发生的情况。 比较：I'm not going out this evening. 今晚我不准备出去。 What time does the train leave? 火车什么时候开？ 如果主语是 train, concert, programme 等表示事物的名词，动词通常一般现在时表将来，而不 用进行时。如： What time does the train leave? 火车什么时候开？ The program begins at 4. 这个节目四点开始。谈谈“动词 宾语 不定式”结构 谈谈 动词+宾语 不定式 结构 动词 宾语+不定式
―动词+宾语+不定式‖是英语中一个十分有用的结构，不仅是考试中的重要考点，而且在口语中也用得非常广泛。可用于该结构的常用动词有 advise, allow, ask, bear, beg, cause, command, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, hate, help, intend, invite, leave, like, mean, need, oblige, order, permit, persuade, prefer, request, remind, teach, tell, trouble, want, warn, wish 等。 如：I hate women to smoke. 我不喜欢女人抽烟
The doctor advised me to take a complete rest. 医生建议我完全休息。
He didn’t allow the students to go there. 他没让学生们去那儿。
The cold weather caused the plants to die. 天气寒冷冻死了植物。
He ordered the work to be started at once. 他命令马上开始工作。
We expected him to arrive yesterday. 我们原认为他昨天会到的。
We invited him to take part in the celebration. 我们邀请他一起参加庆祝会。
The doctor warned him not to smoke. 医生告诫他不要抽烟。
My parents encouraged me to study abroad. 父母鼓励我出国留学。
They forced her to sign [into signing] the paper. 他们强迫她在文件上签字。
He persuaded his wife to change her mind. 他说服他妻子改变了主意。
值得注意的是，汉语中许多―……某人做某事‖的情形不能想当然地用此结构来翻译，下面是一些典型的例子： ◆汉语可说―害怕某人做某事‖，但英语不说 fear sb to do sth。如：我害怕他会发现我们。误：I fear him to find us. 正：I fear that he will find us.
◆汉语可说―原谅某人做某事‖，但英语不说 excuse [forgive] sb to do sth。如：请原谅我没有早点给你回信。误：Excuse me not to answer your letter earlier.误：Excuse me not to have
answered your letter earlier.正：Excuse me for not answering your letter earlier.正：Excuse me for not having answered your letter earlier.正：Excuse my not answering your letter earlier.正：Excuse my not having answered your letter earlier.
◆汉语可说―拒绝某人做某事‖，但英语不说 refuse sb to do sth。如：他拒绝我使用他的自行车。误：He refused me to use his bike.正：He refused to let me use his bike. 正：
He didn’t allow me to use his bike.
◆汉语可说―惩罚某人做某事‖，但英语不说 punish sb to do sth。如：老师罚他扫地。误：The teacher punished him to sweep the floor.正：The teacher punished him by requiring him to sweep the floor.
◆汉语可说――建议某人做某事‖，但英语不说 suggest sb to do sth。如：他妻子建议他戒烟。误：His wife suggested him to give up smoking.正：His wife suggested that he (should) give up smoking.正：His wife suggested his [him] giving up smoking. 正：His wife advised him to give up smoking.
◆汉语可说―同意某人做某事‖，但英语不说 agree sb to do sth。如：他们同意我做这事。误：They agreed me to do it.正：They agreed to let me do it.正：They agreed to my doing it.
◆汉语可说―通知某人做某事‖，但英语不说 inform sb to do sth。如：我已通知他们马上离开。误：I've informed them to leave at once. 正：I've told them to leave at once.正：正：I've informed them that they must leave at once.
◆汉语可说―欢迎某人做某事‖，但英语不说 welcome sb to do sth。欢迎你们来我们学校。误：Welcome you to come to our school.正：Welcome to our school.让我们欢迎史密斯先生讲话。New Roman'"><误：Let’s welcome Mr Smith to speak.正：Let’s welcome Mr Smith and ask him to speak.
◆汉语可说―坚持某人做某事‖，但英语不说 insist sb to do sth。如：他坚持要我留在那儿。误：He insisted me to stay there. 误：He insisted on me to stay there. 正：He insisted on my staying there.正：He insisted that I (should) stay there.
◆汉语可说―希望某人做某事‖，但英语不说 hope sb to do sth。如：他希望他所有的学生都能考上大学。误：He hopes all of his students to pass the college entrance examinations.正：He hopes for all of his students to pass the college entrance examinations.New Roman';
mso-ascii-font-family: ' 正：He wishes all of his students to pass the college entrance
examinations.正：He hopes that all of his students can pass the college entrance examinations.◆汉
语可说―安排某人做某事‖，但英语不说 arrange sb to do sth。如：我已安排他去参加会议。误：I've arranged him to attend the meeting.正：I've arranged for him to attend the meeting.正：I've arranged that he (should) attend the meeting.◆汉语可说―要求某人做某事‖，但英语不说 demand sb to do sth。如：他要求我把一切都告诉他。误：He demanded me to tell him everything.正：He demanded of me to tell him everything.正：He demanded that I should tell him
everything.◆汉语可说―感谢某人做某事‖，但英语不说 thank sb to do sth。如：感谢你的邀请。误：Thank you to invite me.正：Thank you for inviting me.注：I'll thank you to do sth 可表示―求你做某事‖、―你……好不好‖(用作反语)。如：I'll thank you to be quiet while I'm speaking. 我讲话时请你安静点好不好。◆汉语可说―祝贺某人做某事‖，但英语不说 congratulate sb to do sth。如：他写信祝贺她当选为劳模。误：He wrote to congratulate her to be chosen as a modern worker.正：He wrote to congratulate her on being chosen as a modern worker.
seem to be后to be的省略问题
在英语所有的连系动词中，除了be这个最常见的外，seem应该算是最常见的连系动词之一。而对于seem的用法，许多同学有个误解，就是以为seem后接表语时，表语前可随意地加上to be，也可随意地去掉to be。其实，seem后to be的省略和保留有不少讲究和值得注意的地方，本文归纳以下五种情况，供同学们参考。
一、后接形容词时一、后接形容词时当seem后接形容词作表语时，如果谈的是客观事实，即看上去肯定是真实的东西，通常用seem to be；如果谈的是主观印象，则通常只用seem。但由于这种区别在没有上下文的情况下并不总是很清楚，所以在许多情况下两个结构均可以用。如：He seems (to be) ill. 他似乎生病了。He seems (to be) quite happy. 他似乎很高兴。 He seems (to be) quite rich 他似乎相当富有。She seems (to be) very sleepy today. 今天她看上去很困倦。但在有些情况下，由于其语境比较特殊，可能用其中一个结构比另一个结构更合适，如下面一句中的seems后最好不用to be：
He seems older than he is. 他看上去比实际年龄大。
二、后接名词时在名词前通常要用seem to be(在名词前通常要用尤其是当名词前带有定冠词或物主代词修饰时)，如以下各句中的to be均不能省略。如：He seemed to be the owner of the car. 他好像就是车主。I spoke to a man who seemed to be the boss. 我跟一个人说话，他看上去像是老板。 Washing the car seems to be your main hobby. 洗车似乎是你的主要爱好。但是，在着重表现主观感受的名词短语前，有时可以省去to be。此时名词前通常会有一个描绘性
形容词修饰。如：It seems (to be) a good idea. 那似乎是个好主意。 It seems (to be) a real bargain. It seems (to be) a real b Roman'">这东西似乎很便宜。下面一句中的fool前虽然没有形容词修饰，但a fool本身相当于形容词foolish：
He seems (to be) a fool. 他似乎是个笨蛋。
他似乎是个笨蛋。
三、后接非谓语动词时后接不定式的被动式时，有时可以省略to be，而只保留过去分词(尤其是当其中的过去分词可用作形容词时更是如此)。如：。如：Ann and Robert seem (to be) made for each other. 安和罗伯特真似天生的一对。 She didn’t seem (to be) convinced by the
argument. 这个论点似乎没有使她信服。但后接不定式的进行式时，通常不能省略to be，因为seem后习惯上不接现在分词作表语。所以，下面各句中的to be后习惯上不接现在分词作表语。所以，下面各句中的均不宜省略：He seems to be saying something. 他似乎在说什么。History seems to be repeating itself. 历史似乎在重演。His health seems to be improving little by little. 他健康状况看来正在好转。seem to be doing sth结构中的doing 不是现在分词，而是形容词，则可省略其中的to be。如：His idea seems (to be) exciting. 他的主意看来令人激动。 She seemed (to be) lacking in enthusiasm. 她似乎缺乏热情。
四、用于there be结构时当seem用于there be结构时，其通常的表现形式为There seems to be…，其中的to be可以省略，也可以保留，但以保留为多见。如：There seems to be something wrong here. 这儿好像有点不大对劲。 There seems to be a mistake in these figures. 这些数字中好像有个错误。 There seemed (to be) nobody about, so I went in. 附近似乎没有人，因此我就走了进去。There seems (to be) every reason to believe that business will get better. 看来完全有理由相信生意会转好。注：省略to be后，seem便直接充当了be的作用。
五、后接表语形容词时在作表语用的以a-开头的形容词前通常不能省略to be。如：He seemed to be alone. 他似乎是一个人。The children seem to be asleep. 孩子们似乎睡着了。 The
children seemed to be awake when I went into their room. 在我进屋时，孩子们似乎醒了。
whatever,whoever,whichever引导名词性从句
一、基本用法概说英语中的-ever 词主要包括 whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever,
wherever, however 等，其中可引导名词性从句的主要有 whatever, whoever, whichever等，其中可引导Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。这里所说的名词性从句主要指主语从句和宾语从句，它们通常不用于引导同位语从句，同时也很少用于引导表语从句。如：Whatever he said was right. 无论他说什么都是对的。(引导主语从句)I don’t believe whatever he said. 无论他说什么我都不信。(引导宾语从句)在某些特定的语境中，也可用于引导表语从句。如：
What he wants to get is whatever you have. 他想得到的是你所拥有的一切。
二、whatever引导的名词性从句whatever的意思是―whatever所……的一切事或东西‖，可视为what的强调说法，其含义大致相当于anything that，whatever在从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语。如：Do whatever she tells you and you’ll have peace. 她叫你干什么你就干什么，那你就太平了。I don’t believe in letting children do whatever they like. 我不赞成让孩子为所欲为。 Goats eat whatever food they can find. 山羊找到什么食物就吃什么食物。
三、whoever引导的名词性从句whoever的意思―任何……的人‖，在意义上大致相当于 anybody who。whoever在从句中可用作主语或宾语。如：I’ll take whoever wants to go. 谁想去我就带谁去。Whoever says that is a liar. 说那话的人是个骗子。She can marry whoever she chooses. 她愿意嫁谁就嫁谁。I’ll give the ticket to whoever wants it. 谁想要这票，我就把它给谁。Tell whoever you like — it makes no difference to me. 你爱告诉谁就告诉谁吧，对我是无所谓的。注：whoever既用作主语也可用作宾语(作宾语时不宜用whomever，因为在现代英语中whomever已几乎不用)。另外，注意以下受汉语意思影响而弄错的句子：谁赢了都可以获奖。PAN>误：Who wins can get a prize.误：Anyone wins can get a prize. 正：Whoever wins can get a prize.
正：Anyone who wins can get a prize.
四、whichever引导的名词性从句man'"whichever的意思―……的那个人或事物‖，在意义上大致相当于 the person or the thing that。whichever在从句中可用作主语、宾语或定语。如：You can pick whichever one you like. 你喜欢哪个就挑哪个。Whichever of you comes first will receive a prize. 你们谁第一谁就能得奖。We'll eat at whichever restaurant has a free table. 哪个饭馆有空桌我们就在哪儿吃吧。
Whichever of us gets home first starts cooking. 我们当中无论哪个先到家，哪个就先开始做饭。
五、引导状语从句的用法五、引导状语从句的用法whatever, whoever, whichever除用于引导的名词性从句外，还可用于引导状语从句，分别相当于 no matter what, no matter who, no matter which。如：I’ll stand by you whatever [=no matter what] happens. 无论如何我都支持你。Whoever [=No matter who] wants to speak to me on the phone, tell them I’m busy. 不管谁要我接电话，就说我现在正忙。Whichever [=No matter which] you buy, there is a six-month guarantee. 不管买哪个都有六个月的保修期。
for sb to do sth的用法
―for+ 不定式‖是英语中一个十分有用的结构，不仅在阅读理解中经常出现，而且，如果同学们在书面表达中能巧妙地运用它，将会增添文章亮点，提高文章的档次。为帮助同学们正确理解和掌握这一结构，本文对这一结构的用法作了一个全面的归纳，同时，对于其使用上应注意的地方也给出了详细的说明。
一、―for+宾语+不定式‖的句法功能1. 用作主语For you to ask Joe would be a big mistake. 你要是去问乔，那将是一大错误。For Ann to go to France would make me very happy. 安要是到法国去将使我感到很高兴。注：这类结构通常会借助形式主语来表达，即在句首使用形式主语，而将真正用作主语的―for+宾语+不定式‖结构移至句末。如：It’s too expensive for me to buy. 太贵了，我买不起。
It’s impossible for me to leave my family. 我是不可能离开家的。
It’s impossible for the job to be finished in time. 这项任务要按时完成是不可能的。It’s an honour for me to be asked to speak here. 我很荣幸被邀在这里讲话。
It’s a new experience for her to be travelling by plane. 坐飞机对她是—次新经历。—It’ll take time for her to recover from the illness. 她的病要很长时间才能痊愈。
It took twenty minutes for the smoke to clear. 过了20分钟烟才散完。
2. 用作表语
It is for you to decide. 该由你来决定。
His idea is for us to travel in separate cars. 他的意思是我们不要同乘一辆汽车。
Our aim is for students to learn as quickly as possible. 我们的目的是让学生尽快学到东西。 All I want is for us to be together. 我希望的只是我们能在一起。
The simplest thing is for him to resign. 最简单的办法是他辞职。
3. 用作宾语
She hates for people to feel sad. 她不愿看到人们忧心忡忡。
They didn’t mean for her to read the letter. 他们并未打算让她看那封信。
I would like for you to stay as long as you want. 我希望你留下来，想留多久就留多久。注：这类结构用作宾语的情形主要见于非正式的美国英语中，且主要限于like, hate, mean, intend等少数动词。不过，当有形式宾语时，这类结构用作宾语的情况倒是很普遍(注意形式宾语的使用)。
如：He made it very difficult for us to refuse. 他弄得我们很难拒绝。
I thought it strange for -FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">她这么晚还不回来，我觉得有些奇怪。
4．用作定语
It’s time for everybody to go to bed. 是大家睡觉的时候了。
There’s nothing for the cats to eat. 猫没有东西可吃了
。Have you got something for me to do? 你给我找了什么事做吗?
All that remains for me to do is to say goodbye. 剩下我所要做的就是告辞了。
5. 用作同位语
He gave orders for one million military personnel to demobilize. 他命令100万军人复员。
6. 用作状语(1) 目的状语。如：目的状语。如：
I can’t wait for them to finish talking. 我不能等到他们把话谈完。
She opened the door for me to come in. 她开门让我进去。
She looked up and nodded for me to come in. 她抬起头来，并点头让我进去。
For sales to increase, we must lower our prices. 为了增加销量，我们必须降低价格。(2) 结果状语。如：
The print is too small for me to read without glasses. 印刷字体太小，我不带眼镜就看不清。 I wish you’d write clearly enough for us to read it. 但愿你能写得清楚点，我们好能看明白。
(3) 条件状语。如：How would it do for me to write to him? 我来给他写信如何?
(4) 比较状语。如：There's nothing worse than for a person to ill-treat a child. 没有什么比虐待小孩更恶劣的了。
(5) 原因状语。如：They made it difficult for me to see her. 他们从中作梗，让我不易见到她。
二、―for+宾语+不定式‖的用法注意1. 其中的不定式有时可以是进行式。如：It’s a new experience for her to be travelling by plane. 坐飞机对她是—次新经历。
2. 其中的不定式有时可以是被动式。如：It is essential for him to be prepared for this. 有必要让他对此有所准备。
3. 能用于it’s adj. for sb to do sth的形容词不多，主要的有bad, bold, clever, common, honest, necessary, nice, normal, pointless, rare, (all) right, rude, sensible, stupid, tactful, thoughtful,
typical, unimportant, unusual, vital, wise, wrong等。但是请注意：likely和probable不这样用。如：
她可能今晚到。正：She’s likely to arrive this evening. 误：It’s likely for her to arrive this evening. 她很可能会发脾气。正：It’s probable that she’ll be in a bad temper. 正：She’ll probably be in a bad temper. 误：It’s probable for her to be in a bad temper.
4. 该结构中的介词for原则上不能换成to，但在某些特殊结构中可以换成to。如： The policeman signed for [to] me to stop. 警察打手势叫我停下。
It will be convenient for [to] me to see you this evening. 今晚去见你，我很方便。注：能这样用to代替for的结构只限于sign to [for], be convenient for [to]等少数情形。 5. 在通常情况下，其中的不定式不能换成动名词。如：你能不能安排在周一把货送到? 正：Can you arrange for the goods to be delivered on Monday? 误：Can you arrange for the goods being delivered on Monday?
由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
1. 由―介词+关系代词‖引导的定语从句主要用于正式文体，在非正式文体中通常将介词放至句末。如：This is the man to whom I referred. 我指的就是这个人。This is the man (whom) I referred to. 我指的就是这个人。
2. 直接用于介词后作宾语的关系代词which不能换成that，直接用于介词后作宾语的关系代词whom不能换成who。但若介词用于句末，则用作宾语的which, whom也可换成that, who，或者省略不同。如：这是一个我们讨论了许多的问题。(which不能换成that，也不能省略)This is a subject which we have talked about a lot. 这是一个我们讨论了许多的问题。(which可以换成that，也可以省略)
3. 关系副词when, where, why根据情况有时可换成―介词+关系代词which‖。如： That is the day when [=on which] he was born. 那就是他出生的日子。That is the house where [=in which] he lived. 那就是他住过的房子。That is the reason why [=for which] he must apologize. 那就是他必须道歉的原因。4. 在很正式的文体中，―介词
4. +关系代词‖引导的定语从句可紧缩成―介词+关系代词+不定式‖结构。如：在那儿孩子们有个玩耍的花园。正：There the children had a garden in which to play. (很正式)正：There the children had a garden in which they could play. (较正式)正：There the children had a garden to play in. (较口语化)注：这类―介词+关系代词++不定式‖结构中的介词不能没有，也不能放在句末。如不能说There the children had a garden which to play in.
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
限制性定语从句限制所修饰名词或代词的意义，一般说来如把从句去掉句子意思就不清楚，甚至失去意义。而非限制性定语从句主句(句子的其他部分)关系不太紧密，对所修饰名词或代词的意思没有太大影响，把它们拿掉，句子依然很完整，它们可以说是附加上去的东西，而且通常都有逗号把它们和句子的其他部分分开。具体说来，限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句有以下几个方面的区别：
1. 形式不同限定性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿；而非限定性定语从句与主句之间通常 2. 作用不同限定性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限定性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整： People who take physical exercise live longer.
进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)
His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在波士顿，下星期回来。(若把从句去句子意义仍然完整)
3. 翻译不同在翻译定语从句时，一般把限定性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，而把非限定性定语从句与主句分开：He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。
I’ve invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我请了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。
我请了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。
4. 含义不同比较：I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个当医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个) I have a sister ,who is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐，她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐)
5. 先行词不同限定性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词，而非限定性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子；另外，当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的nt: 2.0">Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。(which指drive too fast)He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。(which指整个主句)Mr. Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0">我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行词为专有名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰)
Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父亲很有钱，希望她出国学习。(先行词为表独一无二意义的普通名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰)
6. 关系词不同关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中，通常不用于非限制性定语从句；另外，在限制性定语从句中，关系词有时可以省略，而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不省略。
other, the other, another与others用法区别
这些不定代词不仅在含义上有单复数之分，而且在用法上有泛指(无the)和特指(有the)之别。其用法区别可归纳如下：
1. 指单数时的用法指单数时，若泛指用another，若特指用 the other。如：Give me another (one). 另外给我一个。
Shut the other eye, please. 请把另一只眼睛也闭上。
2. 指复数时的用法指复数时，若泛指用 other(后接复数名词)，若特指用the other(后接复数名词)。如：There are other ways of doing it. 做这事还有其他的办法。
Where have the other students gone? 其他学生都到哪里去了？
3. other的用法others永远表示复数意义(且其后不能再接名词)。其用法大致相当于)―other+复数名词‖，同样地 the others 大致相当于―the other＋复数名词‖。如：Other people [Others] may not think that way. 别的人可能不这样想。
He is cleverer than the others [the other students] in her class. 他比班上其他学生聪明。
4. another的用法another一般只能表单数，且其后接名词也只能接单数名词。但是若其后有数词或 few 修饰时，则也可接复数名词。如：We need another few chairs. 我们还需要几把
椅子。
In another two weeks it'll be finished. 再过两个星期就可做完了。
5. 与 some连用与 some 对比使用时，用 others(此时与 some 同义)。如：Some say yes, and others say no. 有人说对，有人说不对。
do sb sth 结构用法归纳
一、do sb a favour的用法
该结构表示―帮助某人‖，也可说成do a favour for sb，注意其中有不定冠词。如： Would you do me a favour please? 请你帮我个忙，好吗?
He is always ready to do a favour for his classmates. 他总是乐于帮助同学。
以下各句均可表示―劳驾请把窗户打开‖。注意，当 favour 后有定语修饰时，其前习惯上要用定冠词： Do me a favour and open the window.
Do me a favour by opening the window.
Do me a favour—open the window, please.
Do me the favour to open the window.
Do me the favour of opening the window.
二、do sb good的用法
该结构表示―对某人有益或有好处‖，其中的 good 为不可数名词。如：
Exercise will do you good. 运动对你会有好处。
Eat more fruit—it will do you good. 多吃水果，这对你有好处。
A week’s vacation will do you a lot of good. Go on with the treatment. It is doing you good. 你要继续进行这种疗法。它对你是有效的。
三、do sb harm 的用法
该结构表示―对某人有害‖，其中的 harm 为不可数名词。如：
Smoking does harm to your health. 吸烟对你的身体有害。
A few late nights never did anyone any harm. 熬几个晚上的夜对人绝无害处。Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否对我们有害还要看一看。Whether it will注：也可说成 do harm to sb。如：Such books do great harm to young people.=Such books do young people great harm. 那样的书对年青人危害很大。
四、do sb honour 的用法
该结构也可说成do honour to sb，它有以下两个方面的意思：
1. 对某人表示敬意或纪念。如：They did honour to the dead. 他们向死者致敬。
2. 给某人带来荣誉或使某人受到尊敬。如： His contributions to science do honour to our country. 他在科学上的贡献为祖国增了光。
We attended his birthday party to do him honour. /We attended his birthday party to do honour to him. 我们参加了他的生日晚会以表示对他的敬意。注意：do sb the honour of doing [to do] sth 的意思是do sb the honour of doing [to do] sth ―给某人面子做某事‖―给某人做某事的荣幸‖。如：Would you do me the honour of dancing with me?=Would you do me the honour to dance with me? 能请你跳曲舞吗?
五、do sb a kindness的用法
该结构表示―好心地为某人做某事‖―帮某人的忙‖，其中的 kindness 为可数名词。如：Will you do me a kindness? 你愿帮我个忙吗?He has done me many kindness. 他帮了我不少忙。
六、do sb a service的用法
该结构表示―帮某人的忙‖，注意其中有不定冠词。如：Will you do me a service? 帮我个忙好吗? You did me a great service by telling me the truth. 你把实情告诉我，这对我很有好处。
七、do sb wrong的用法该结构表示―冤枉某人‖―冤屈某人‖，wrong 前通常不用冠词，但若有形容词修饰，也可用不定冠词修饰。如：You did me wrong. 你冤枉我了。You did me wrong. He did her a terrible wrong. 他真的是太冤屈她了
表进行意义的四类介词短语
一、at+名词
He was at dinner when I came. 我来时他正在吃饭。She stayed at work when everybody else had gone home. 别人都回家了，她却还在工作。The country has been at war with its neighbour for three years. 这个国家与邻国交战已有三年了。类似的还有：at cards 在玩牌 at work 在办公 at play 在玩耍 在吃中饭 at rest在休息 at table在吃饭at school在上
学 at church在做礼拜at peace和平时期at press正在排印有些结构可能带有冠词或物主代词：at one’smeals在吃饭&nb 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'TimesNewsp;at one’s study在学习at thepiano在弹钢琴at the end (of)在结束时at the desk在读书
二、in+名词
He is inthe army.他正在当兵。He’s beenin politics all his life.他一生从政。Her husbandwas in business.她丈夫是经商的。He lookstired. He is in need of a rest.他看来很累了，需要休息一会儿。类似的还有：in action在运转in progress在进行inoperation在运行中有些结构可能带有冠词：in thecourse of在……过程中in the act of正在做……时
三、on+名词
Are youhere on business or for plea
你是来办事还是来玩?The typist is away onholiday this week.打字员本周休假。The man
onwatch didn’t notice the danger.值班的人没有注意到这危险。We have soarranged matters that one of us is always on duty.我们做了这种安排，以便我们总有一个人值勤。类似的还有：on guard在值勤on leave在休假on holiday在度假on strike在罢工on sale出售on loan借贷有些结构带有冠词：on the boil水正在开on the move 在移动，搬迁，离开on themarch在行军on the watch注意，提防on the flow在涨潮on the turn在转折中on theincrease正在增加on the go正在活动，正在奔走on the air正在广播on the fly正在飞行
四、under+名词(名词前有时有冠词修饰)
Don’tworry. Everything is under control.别担心，一切都在控制之中。That has norelation to the matter under discussion.这和讨论的问题没有关系。类似的还有：underdevelopment在发展中 under observation在观察中undertest在被测试 under construction在建设中under fire在炮火中 under examination在检查(调查)中underconsideration在考虑中under repair;在修理中
定语从句还是并列句？
请看下面这道题： He wrote a lot of novels, most of _________ were popular.A. them B. whom D. that D. which 【分析】 此题最佳答案为 D， 但很容易误选 A。假若单独看 He wrote a lot of novels 和 Most of them were popular 这两句话，它们并不错，但将它们放在一起用逗号连接就不甚妥当了。 因为，英语句子按其结构来划分，可分为简单句、并列句、复合句和并列复合句四种，也就 是说，一个规范的英语句子，从结构上说，它必须隶属以上四类句型之一。但上面一题若选 A，则它既不是简单句(因为它有两个主谓结构)，也不是并列句()，也不是并列句因为它没 有并列连词)，也不是复合句(因为它没有主从句之分)，当然它更不是并列复合句，所以选 A 是错误的。可以选 D，是因为空白处填了 which 之后，后一句即成了一个非限制性的定语 从句， 前一句即为主句， 整个句子即为一个复合句。 比较以下各句： He wrote a lot of books, (1) and most of them were popular.句中用了并列连词，整个句子为并列句。(2) He wrote a lot of books, most of which were popular.后一句用了 which，使之成为定语从句，整个句子为复合 句。(3) He wrote a lot of books, most of them being popular.后一句用了非谓语动词 being，故 逗号处不用并列连词，整个句子为简单句。 涉及 have sb do sth 的一道难题 Whom would you rather _________ with you, Jim or Jack? A. have go B. have to go C. have gone D. has to go 有的同学从一看选项便首先排除了 A，认为 have go 这种结构本身就有问题。而事实上此 题的正确答案正是 A。请同学们先看下面一句：I would rather have Jim go with me. (我宁愿 要吉姆同我一道去。 句中的 have 为使役动词， ) 所以其后用作宾语补足语的不定式 go with me 不带 to。假若对此句中的 Jim 提问，不就成了 Whom would you rather have go with you 了吗 N> Whom ？请再看一道类似的试题： Who did the teacher _________ an article for the wall newspaper? A. has write B. have write C. has written D. have written 【分析】此题很容易误选 C 或 D，因为从选项本身来看，A 和 B 的搭配结构显然不对。其 实， 此题的正确答案是 B， 此句可通过对下面一句的 Jim 提问得来： teacher had Jim write The an article for the wall newspaper. 其中的 had 为使役动词， 故其后用作宾语补足语的不定式短 语 had to write … 不带 to。高考英语定语从句解题方法一、选准关系代词和关系副词
在定语从句中，关系代词或关系副词都代替先行词在从句中充当一定的成分，如果该从句中缺少主语、表语、宾语或定语，就要用关系代词来连接从句；如果从句中缺少状语，就得用关系副词来连接从句。例如：
(1) I still remember the days which / that we spent together.
(2) I still remember the days when we worked together.
二、了解仅用that 引导限制性定语从句的几种情况
that 在限制性定语从句中既可指人又可指事或物。在下列情况下，只能用that 来引导定语从句：
1. 先行词是all , much, few, little, everything, anything, nothing 等不定代词时。例如： Is there anything that you want to buy?
2. 先行词被all, few, little, much, every, some, no等词修饰或被the only, the very, the same, the last 等限定词修饰时。例如：
These are all the pictures that I have seen.
This is the very dictionary that is of great help.
3. 先行词既指人又指物时。例如：
My father and his teacher talked a lot about the things and the persons that they could remember.
4. 关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。例如：
Our school is not the one that it used to be.
5. 先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。例如：
This is the best English film that I have ever seen.
The first English novel that I read was A Tale of Two Cities.
6. 主句是who 或which 引导的特殊问句时。例如：
Who is the girl that is standing under the tree?
Which is the machine that we used last Sunday?
三、把握“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的选用
介词的选择与主句中先行词的搭配密切相关。例如：
That's the reason for which he was late for school.
This is the book on which I spent 8 yuan.
注意：
1. 定语从句中谓语动词是含有介词的动词短语时，介词应放在动词之后，不能拆开放在关系代词前。例如：
This is the key which you are looking for.
This is the baby whom you will look after.
2. 该结构中，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时用which.
四、弄清as 和which 引导的非限制性定语从句指代整体时的区别
1. 位置上的区别：as 引导的非限制性定语从句的位置比较灵活，可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，还可插在主句的中间；而which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：
As is known to us all, the earth turns around the sun.
The earth, as is known to us all, turns around the sun.
The earth turns around the sun, as is known to us all.
The earth turns around the sun, which our parents once told us when we were very young.
2. 词义与联系上的区别：as 引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间有着较为密切的上下文联系，as 本身含有―正如‖之意；而which 引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间在逻辑意义上近似并列句，which 本身表示―这‖或―这一点‖之意。例如：
Light travels faster than sound, as we all know.
Jack came late for school, which made his teacher angry.
五、注意定语从句的主谓一致性
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语必须与先行词保持人称和数的一致。例如： Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA.
Tom is the only one of the boys who is from the USA.
六、保持主句的完整性并避免从句成分的重叠
1. 在定语从句中，不管出现任何情况，主句的结构必须完整，即主句必须有主语和谓语，缺一不可，否则，整个主从复合句就无法成立。试比较：
(1)Is this factory _______ we visited last week?
(2)Is this the factory _______ we visited last week?
A. which B. where C. what D. the one
分析：
第一题缺少表语，只有填D项才能保持主句的完整性，而其他的选项均为干扰项。 第二题主句本身完整，应填的关系代词在从句中作visited 的宾语，故应选A项。
2. 从定语从句中，关系代词或关系副词已经代替先行词独立地或与相应的介词一起在定语从句中充当了一定的成分，因此在定语从句中就不能再出现与关系代(副)词重叠的成分。例如：
错句：Is this the train that they took it last Sunday?
分析：该题中that 已经代替先行词the train 在定语从句中充当及物动词took 的宾语，故重叠出现的宾语it必须删去。
高中英语定语从句句型总结
一、疑问句中考查定语从句
1. Is this the farm ________ you visited last week？
A. where B. the one C. on which D. /
【解析】答案是D。命题人经常利用疑问句的特殊结构来干扰学生的正确选择。遇到这类定语从句时，最好的办法是先把疑问句还原成陈述句，然后判断谁是先行词，再看关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分，最后确定正确答案。
二、倒装句中考查定语从句
2. We came to a place， ________ stood a big tower.
A. which B. that C. / D. where
【解析】正确答案是D。为了保持句子平衡，句子用了倒装语序。倒装的使用使定语从句的结构变得较为特殊，因此对于使用倒装语序的定语从句，应先把倒装语序还原成正常语序，这样句子结构就比较清晰了。
三、 拆分词组和固定搭配
3. The second is connected with the use ________ the body makes of food.
A. of which B. where C. to do D. that
4. Why can’t you realize the part ________ they have played in our life？
A. which B. on which C. when D. where
【解析】正确答案分别是D和A。一些词组和搭配被拆开后，句子的含义就变得难以理解。首先把拆开的词组复原是理解此类定语从句的关键。上述句子中包含以下词组：make use of， play a part （in）。
四、添加插入语或状语
5. The scientist has made another discovery， _______ I believe is of great importance.
A. that B. / C. which D. why
【解析】应选择C。这类句子主要利用插入语或状语的添加来增加试题的难度。常见的插入语有：I think （suppose， expect， believe， imagine）， in my opinion， to tell you the truth等。做这类题目时，最佳的办法是先删去插入语或状语，这样句子的主干部分就一目了然了。
五、插入非谓语动词
6. Is this the man ________ you want to have ________ the radio for me？ A. who；repaired B. that；repairedC. whom；repairing D. that；repair【解析】D 项正确。非谓语动词是英语中难度较大的语法项目之一，因而在定语从句中加入 非谓语动词就成了学生最易失分的题目。对付这类题目最有效的办法就是将句子还原。如： 我们可以把几个句子中的定语从句进行还原，还原后的句子应是：You want to have the man repair the radio for me.look sad 还是 look sadly 请看下面一道题：The children all looked _________ at the broken model plane and felt quite _________. A. sad, sad B. sadly, sadly C. sad, sadly D. sadly, sad【分析】此题容易误选 A，想当然地认为 look 和 feel 均为连系动词，所以其后接形容词 作表语。其实，句中的 look 并不是连系动词，而是实义动词 (注意其后的介词 at)，所以 正确答案应是 D。请再看下面一道题：We don’t care if a hunting smells _________, but we really don’t want him to smell _________. A. well, well B. bad, bad C. well, badly D. badly, bad这是 1995 年一道上海高考题，此题最佳答案为 D。第一个 smell 为实义动词，意为“闻气 味”、“嗅觉”，smell badly 意为“嗅觉差”；第二个 smell 为连系动词，意为“闻起来(有某种 气味)”，smell bad 意为“闻起来气味难闻”。全句意为“我们并不介意一条猎狗的嗅觉不好， 但我们的确不希望它的气味难闻”。 地点状语从句考题透析请看下面一道题：When you read the book, you’d better make a mark _________ you have any questions. A. at which B. at where C. the place where D. where【分析】此题正确答案选 D，where 在此意为“在……的地方”，用以引导地点状语从句，全
句意为―当你读这本书时，你最好在有问题的地方作一个记号‖。但是有的同学却根据试题所提供的选项想当然认为这是一道考查定语从句关系词的选择与辨析的试题，于是在A、B、C三项中绞尽脑汁，当然最终不可能得出正确答案。请做以下试题，看看是考查定语从句还是状语从句：
(1) She found her wallet _________ she lost it.
A. where B. when C. in which D. that
答案选A，where 意为―在……的地方‖，引导地点状语从句。
(2) The school was built _________ there had once been a church.
A. where B. when C. in which D. that
答案选A，where 意为―在……的地方‖，引导地点状语从句。
(3) You should let your children play _________ you can see them.
A. where B. when C. in which D. that
答案选A，where 意为―在……的地方‖，引导地点状语从句。
(4) Now he works in the factory _________ his father used to work.
A. where B. when C. in which D. that
答案选A，where引导定语从句，表示地点。
(5) You should make it a rule to leave things _________ you can find them again.A.
when B. where C. then D. there
答案选B，where 意为―在……的地方‖，引导地点状语从句。
(6) After living in Paris for fifty years, he returned to the small town _________ he grew up as a child.
A. where B. when C. in which D. that
答案选A，where引导定语从句，表示地点。 比较以下两句，含义大致相同，但where 的用法不同：第一句中 where 引导的是状语从句，第二句引导的是定语从句：
We’ll go where working conditions are difficult. 我们要去工作条件艰苦的地方。
We’ll go to the place where working conditions are difficult. 我们要去工作条件艰苦的地方
地点名词一定要用where引导定语从句吗
请看下面一道题：He likes living alone, and says that he wants to go and live in a place _________ nobody knows.
A. where B. that C. when bsp; D. what
有的同学一看到 place 是表示―地点‖的名词，于是就毫不犹豫地选了A，但是错了，最佳答案应是B。表示―地点‖的名词后到底是用 where 还是用 where that 或 which 来引导定语从句，原则上应注意以下两点：
一是看关系词的句法功能。由于 where 是关系副词，它在定语从句中用作状语，而that 和 which 是关系代词，它们在定语从句中用作主语或宾语。所以区别是关系副词还是关系代词的关键就是看定语从句是否缺主语或宾语，若缺主语或宾语则用关系代词，若不缺主语或宾语则用关系副词。比较：
(1) This is the room ________
A. that B. where C. who D. what
(2) This is the room _________I lived in ten years ago.
A. that B. where C. who D. what
(3) This is the room _________I bought ten years ago.
A. that B. where C. who D. what
(4) This is the room _________I visited ten years ago.
A. that B. where C. who D. what
(5) This is the room _________I was born ten years ago.
A. that B. where C. who D. what
第(1)题选B，因为 live 是不及物动词，它无需接宾语；第(2)题选A，因为虽然 live 不及物，但live in 却是及物，它应有自己的宾语；第(3)(4)题也应选A，因为 buy 和 visit均为及物动词，它们应有自己的和(5)应选B，因为 be born 无需有自己的宾语。二要看句意。一般说来，句子是否缺宾语，主要是看定语从句中的动词是否为及物动词或带有介词等，但
问题是有些动词既可用作及物动词，又可用作不及物动词，它是否需要带宾语则要视句意而定。比较：This is the school where I studied five years ago. 这是我五年前读过书的学校。（句中 study 用作不及物动词，意为 study ―学习‖或―读书‖）This is the school that I studied five years ago. 这是我五年前研究过的那所学校。(句中 study 为及物动词，意为―研究‖)
现在我们回到上面的试题来看一看，从理论上说，动词 know 可用作及物和不及物动词，也就是说它可以带宾语也可以不带宾语。但根据本句的意思（―他喜欢一个人生活，并说他要去一个没有知道的地方‖），know 应为及物动词，因为从语意上它要带 place 作其宾语。
强调句难题分析
请看下面一道题：_________ was very _________ that little Jim wrote the letter. A. It, careful B. It, carefully C. He, careful D. He, carefully
【分析】此题正确答案为B was 的表语，从而误选了形容词 careful，并以此为依据在第一空误填了代词 He，误认为 He was very careful 是一个句子意群。其实，此题是一个强调句，其非强调形式为 Little Jim wrote the letter very carefully. 若用 it is … that… 的强调句式强调其中的状语 very carefully 即为上面一题的题干。请看下面几例，也属强调结构：
(1) It was when she was about to go to bed _________ the telephone rang.
A. since B. as C. that D. then 答案选C，被强调成分为 when she was about to go to bed 这一时间状语从句。，被强调成分为
(2) It may have been at Christmas _________ John gave Mary a handbag.
A. before B. who C. that D. when
答案选C，被强调成分为 at Christmas，其中的动词 be 采用了 may have been 这一较为复杂的形式。
(3) Who was it _________ saved the drowning girl?
A. since B. as C. that D. he
答案选C，被强调成分为 who，该句实为 It was Tom that saved the drowning girl. 这一强调句的特殊疑问句形式(即对其中的Tom 提问而得)。
(4) What is it _________ his daughter needs most?A. what B.
whichC. thatD. if答案选 C，被强调成分为 what，该句实为 It is a bike that his daughter needs most. 这一强调 句的特殊疑问句形式(即对其中的 bike 提问而得)。(5) It was not until he came back _________ he knew the police were looking for him. A. which B. since C. that D. before答案选 C，为 He didn’t know the police were looking for him until he came back. 之强调句式。 注：not…until…的强调句式通常为 It was not until…that… 的形式。是 can be 还是 could be 请看下面一道题：You _________ be right, but I don't think you are. A. can B. could C. must D. should从语境上看，C、D 不宜选，在剩下的 A 和 B 中，许多同学想当然地选了 A，认为整个句子 为现在时态，所以选 can，而不选过去式 could。但是最佳答案却是 B 而不是 A。按照英语 语法，情态动词 can 。按照英语语法，imes New Roman'">用于推测表示可能性时，通常只 用于否定句或疑问句中，而不用于肯定句中；但 could 用于表推测时，却不仅可用于否定 句和疑问句，也可用于肯定句，且此时的 could 并不是 can 的过去式，与 can 也没有时间 上的差别，只是 could 比 can 语气更委婉。顺便说明一点，can 在以下特殊情况下，可用 于肯定句。一是表示抽象的可能性，即从理论上或逻辑上分析是可能的，但是实际上未必会 发生。如：Anyone can make mistakes. 任何人都可能会犯错误。二是后接“be (get, seem, become)Anyone can make mistakes. 任何人都可能会犯错误。 二是后接＋形容词”， 表示“有时 会”、“时常会”等。如：My father can be very unreasonable. 我父亲有时候很不讲道理。who 还是 whoever 请看下面一道题：I won’t go there alone, and I’ll take _________ wants to go. A. anyone B. who C. whoever D. what 【分析】此题应选 C，容易误选 A 或 B，误选的原因主要是直接按中文意思套译，即将其 译为“我不会一个人去，谁想去我就带谁去”。当然若将 A, B 两项合起来(即 anyone who)则 也正确。选项 C(whoever) 引导一个宾语从句，用作 take 的宾语。同样地，请看以下类似 试题：
【分析】此题很容易误选 A，因为从汉语意思来分析，可理解为“任何人来都是欢迎的”，但 若选 A，此句的结构是混乱的，句中有两个谓语动词 comes 和 is，但却只是一个句子。此 题应选 C， anyone 是句子主语， who comes 是修饰 anyone 的定语从句； _________ comes (2) to see me, tell him I’m out. A. Anyone B. Who C. Whoever D. Everyone 【分析】此题很容易按汉语意思误选 A，其实应选 C。whoever 引导的是让步状语从句，相 当于 no matter who。 【分析】此题不能选 A，假若选 A，应在其后加上 who，即用 anyone who；也不能选 B， 一是因为空格处应填一个作主语的词(因为其后有谓语动词 shares)，二是因为在现代英语中 whomever 这个词已基本废除 (也就是说， 在现代英语中 whoever 既用作主语， 也用作宾语， 如：Give it to whoever you see in the meeting-room. 你在会议室里看见谁就把它给谁)；也不 能选 D，因为 no matter who 只用于引导让步状语从句，不用于引导名词性从句。此题正确 答案为 C，whoever 在此相当于 anyone who。 比较下例，答案应选 A，而不是 B、C 或 D(注意句意)： It was a matter of _________ would take the position. A. who B. whoever C. whomD. whomever经典省略句考题分析 I don’t know _________. What can you suggest? A. when B. how C. why D. where 【分析】 此题应选 B， 其余三项均有可能误选， 其实此句为省略句， 补完整应为 … but I don’t know how to improve my English. 请看以下类似试题：(1) I think the door is locked, but I’ 答案选 D，为 …and make sure it is locked. 之省略。 ’t remember _________. A. where B. there C. which 答案选 C，为 I can’t remember which city he comes from. 之省略。 (3) Some of the answers were correct, but I don’t remember _________. A. where B. what C. which D. that 答案选 C，I don’t remember which 后省略了 ones (were correct)。 (3) He didn’t sell half as many computers as he thought he _________. A. had B. was C. would D. sold 答案选 C，为 He didn’t sell half as many computers as he thought he would sell. 之省略。D. thatas…as 结构用法详解
其基本意思为―与…一样‖，其中的第一个as为副词，其后通常接形容词或副词(用原级)，第二个as可用作介词(后接名词或代词)或连词(后接从句)。使用时应注意以下几点。如：
(1) 在否定句中，第一个 as 也可换成 so。如：
He doesn’t study as [so] hard as his brother. 他学习不如他弟弟努力。
(2) 在该结构的两个as之间通常接形容词或副词的原级，但若涉及数量或程度，可用―as much+不可数名词+as‖和―as many+复数名词+as‖。如：
You’ve made as many mistakes as I have. 你犯的错误和我犯的一样多。
I haven’t got as much money as I thought. 我不像原来想像的有那么多钱。
其间接形容词时，有时该形容词还可修饰另一名词，但这个名词应带有不定冠词(注意词序)。如：
She is as good a teacher as her mother. 她和她妈妈一样是位好老师。
也可说。如：She is a teacher as good as her mother.
但不说。如：She is as a good teacher as her mother. / They are as good teachers as us.
(3) 第二个as后接从句时，该as通常为连词，但有时这个as还充当其后从句的主语或宾语，此时该as实为关系代词。如：
I gave him as much as he could eat. 他能吃多少，我就给了他多少。
We’ve got food for as many people as want it. 我们的食物，无论多少人吃都够了。
(4) 该结构根据情况可用使用以下修饰语。如：(not) nearly, almost, just, nothing like, exactly, not quite, half, one-ten, twice, three times, 30 per cent等，并且这些修饰语必须置于第一个as之前，而不能置于其后。如：
He doesn’t play half as well as his sister. 他演奏的水平不及他姐姐的一半。
This dress is twice as expensive as that. 这件连衣裙比那件贵一倍。
(5) 若第二个 as 引导一个表示将来意义的从句， 则该从句可用现在时表示将来， 也可直接使 用将来时态。如： We’ll get there as soon as you do [will]. 你一到，我们就到。 (6) 在非正式场合(尤其是美国英语中)，有时可以省略第一个 as。如： When over forty, he married a woman poor as himself. 他在 40 多岁时娶了一个像他本人一样 穷的女人。 另外，若意思明确，有时可省略第二个 as 及其后的相关词语。如： The radios in that shop will be cheaper, but not as good. 那家商店的收音机会便宜些， 但质量没 那么好。 such…as 与 such…thatsuch...as 用于引导定语从句，such...that 用于引导结果状语从句。如： I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲那样的故事。 It was such a cold day that there was nobody on the street. 天气很冷，街上没有一个人。试比较： He is such a good teacher as we all respect. 他是一位我们大家都尊敬的好老师。(as 引导的是 定语从句，as 在该定语从句中用作 respect 的宾语) He is such a good teacher that we all respect him. 他是那样一位好老师,以致于我们大家都尊敬 他。(that 引导的是结果状语从句，that 在该状语从句中不充当句子成分，另外注意句中的 respect 带有宾语 him(a)little(a)few,a bit 用法区别 区别一 a little 和 little 修饰或代替不可数名词，与 much 相对，表示“多”；a few 和 few 修饰 或代替可数名词与 many 相对，表示“少”。a little 和 a few 含肯定语气， little 和 few 含否定 语气。 一般说来， only, just, still, quite, can, not 等词后用 a little 或 a few； very, so, some, 在 在 the, no 等词后用 little 或 few
1. —Are the new rules working? —Yes. ________ books are stolen. (全国卷)
A. Few
B. More
C. Some
D. None
【分析】答案选A。句意为：新的规章制度奏效吗？奏效，几乎没什么书被盗了。None后要加of才对。
2. —Would you like some wine? —Yes, just ________. (全国卷)
A. little
B. very little
C. a little
D. little bit
【分析】答案选C。由yes和just可知，语气肯定，用a little (wine)。very little前不可再用just修饰。 区别二little的比较级和最高级分别是less, least；few的比较级和最高级是fewer, fewest。
如：If we had followed the plan, we could have done the job better with ________ money and ________ people. (全国卷)
A. less; less
B. fewer; fewer
C. less; fewer
D. fewer; less
【分析】答案选C。money是不可数名词，排除B和D；people是可数名词，排除A。 区别三比较a little和a bit：a little和a bit都可用来修饰形容词或副词；a little可直接修饰名词，但a bit后要加of后才可接名词，如a little water=a bit of water；not a little =very / much，而not a bit = not at all。
be about to do sth的用法
用法一：表示即将做某事。如：He’s about to go. 他就要走了。The package is about to come unwrapped. 那个包快散开了。Mrs. Brown was about to begin, but Jennie spoke first. 布朗夫人
正要开始讲话，珍妮先讲了。He little dreams that the police are about to arrest him. 他一点也没想到警察就要来抓他。I had an intuition that something awful was about to happen. 我有一种直觉，一件可怕的事将要发生。
用法二：其否定式在美国英语中可表示―不打算（不愿意）‖。如：I’m not about to stop when I’m so close to success. 在这样接近成功时我不打算就此罢手。
用法三：习惯上不与具体时间状语连用。由于本身已含有―即将‖这样的时间概念，所以它习惯上不再与 soon, at once, immediately, tomorrow 这样的具体时间状语连soon, at once,
immediately, tomorrow 我们即将动身。误：We are about to start at once.正：We are about to start.正：We’ll start at once.
非谓语动词作主语和表语的比较
一、不定式和动名词作主语与表语的比较表示具体的、一次性的或将来的动作用不定式；表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的行为用动名词。
如：◎ ________ is a good form of exercise for both young and old. (全国卷)
A. The walk
B. Walking
C. To walk
D. Walk
【分析】答案选B。a good form暗示泛指一般性行为，用动名词作主语。说明：①有时这种区别并不很严格。但要注意：主语和表语要用同一种形式；平行结构中要用同一种形式。
如：◎ —What do you think made Mary so upset? — ________ her new bike. (上海卷)
A. As she lost
B. Lost
C. Losing
D. Because of losing
【分析】答案选C。去掉问句中的插入语do you think，便知要回答的是主语what。选项中只有动名词Losing可作主语，全句应为：Losing her new bike made Mary so upset. 此处的动名词短语表示的是具体的一回事。
◎ The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ________ it more difficult. (全国卷)
A. not make
B. not to make
C. not making
D. do not make
【分析】答案选B。前面用的是不定式作表语，与之并列的也应用不定式。
◎ Fishing is his favorite hobby, and ________. (上海卷)
A. he’d like to collect coins as well
B. he feels like collecting coins, too
C. to collect coins is also his hobby
D. collecting coins also gives him great pleasure
【分析】答案选D。and连接两个并列句，前一分句用-ing形式作主语，与之并列的后一分句也应用-ing形式作主语。 ②通常只用动名词用主语的4种情况：在疑问句中；在It is no good / use…, It is useless…, There is no…等句型中；在某些动词的被动式前；在No smoking!之类的布告语中。如：1. Is doing morning exercises good for your health? 做早操对身体有益处吗？
2. It’s useless arguing with them. 和他们讨论是没用的。3. Walking on the grass is forbidden. 禁止在这草地上行走。 ③通常只用不定式作主语的4种情况：在It is necessary / important / …(for sb. ) to do sth. 句型中；It is kind / foolish / …(of sb. ) to do sth. 句型中；在It takes sb. time to do sth. 型句中；主语被否定时。如：1. It is necessary for us to master a foreign language. 我们有必要掌握一门外语。2. It is very kind of you to help us. 你帮助我们真是太好了。3. It took me two hours to finish the work. 我完成那项工作用了两小时。4. Not to have hope is the poorest of all conditions. 绝望是最糟糕的事。
二、不定式、动名词、分词作表语的比较不定式和动名词作表语相当于名词作表语，表示主语的内容，主语和表语可以对调；分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，主语和表语不可对调；现在分词作表语表示主语所具有的性质特征，过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态。如不定式和动名词作表语相当于名词作表语，表示主语的内容，主语和表语可以对调；分词1. My job is teaching / to teach English. (作表语的teaching / to teach English是my job的具体内容，可说成Teaching / To teach English is my job. )3. The movie is exciting. (exciting是主语the movie是性质特征。)4. They are excited at the news. (excited表示they现在所处的状态上海卷
【分析】答案选C。表示―就坐‖的seat是及物动词，若后面没有sb. 或oneself作其宾语，就一定是seated，所以选C；此处的过去分词seated表示状态，remain=continue to be依然，保持。注：在seem, appear, prove(结果是、后来表明), remain(尚须)等连系动词后，可用不定式作表语，但不用-ing形式作表语。
如：Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains ________ whether they will enjoy it. (全国卷)
A. to see
B. to be seen
C. seeing
D. seen
【分析】答案选B。remain作―尚须―解，后面通常接不定式；it(形式主语，指whether they will enjoy it)与see是被动关系，所以用不定式的被动式。
非谓语动词的时态和语态问题
一、非谓语动词的时态问题不定式或动词的-ing形式(包括现在分词和动名词)的动作若发生在谓语动词的动作之前，用完成式，否则就用一般式。
例：1. I don’t know whether you happen ________, (辽宁卷)
A. to be heard
B. to be hearing
C. to hear
D. to have heard
【分析】答案选D。hear发生在谓语don’t know之前，用不定式的完成式。句意是：我不知道你是否已经听说过了，今年九月我要去美国学习。
2. The old man, ________ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland. (江苏卷)
A. to work
B. working
C. to have worked
D. having worked
【分析】答案选D。work发生在谓语(返回祖国)之前，用现在分词的完成式作状语，表示时
间，相当于after he has worked abroad…不定式作状语不能表示时间。
―We can’t go out in this weather,‖ said Bob, ________ out of the window. (四川卷)
【分析】答案选A。look out of the window与谓语动词said同时发生，用现在分词的一般式作状语，表示伴随情况。若表示不定式的动作与谓语动作同时发生，并强调正在进行的情景或持续性，可用进行式。如：若表示不定式的动作与谓语动作同时发生，并强调正在进行的情景或持续性，可用He seems to be reading a newspaper. 他好像在看报。
二、非谓语动词的语态问题当不定式或动词的-ing形式与其逻辑主语是主动关系，用主动式；是被动关系，用被动式。如：Little Jim should love ________ to the theatre this evening. (全国卷)
A. to be taken
B. to take
C. being taken
D. taking
【分析】答案选A。句子主语Little Jim与take是被动关系，―被带去看戏‖发生在―想(should love=want)‖后，所以用不定式的被动式作宾语。说明：①动词不定式用主动形式表被动含义的情况：在作表语或宾补的形容词后用状语时；作定语修饰have, there be, this / that / these / those be等后面的名词或代词时；作表语的to blame等。如：1. The text is difficult to learn. 这篇课文很难学。(to learn主动表被动)2. We found the text difficult to learn. 我们觉得这篇课文很难学。(to learn主动表被动)3. He was to blame for that. 他因此受到了责备。(作表语的to blame主动表被动)
4. I’m going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything ________ ? (上海卷 ________ )A. to be buying
B. to buy
C. for buying
D. bought
【分析】答案选B。表示―有…要…‖，常用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。②need, want和require表示―需要表示‖，主语通常是物时，后面除用不定式的被动式外，也可用-ing形
式的主动形式表示被动。如：There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars ________ road conditions need ________. (上海卷)
A. that; to be improved
B. which; to be improved
C. where; improving
D. when; improving
【分析】答案选A。need improving=need to be improved。that引导的从句与problem是同位语。