常用介词短语总结
从句法关系来看,介词是一种虚词,在句子结构中表示词与词或词与有关句子成分之间的关系。介词不能单独作句子成分,但它后面可以接名词、名词性词语、动名词等构成介词短语,在句中常作状语。现总结一些大学英语学习中常见的介词短语及成语介词。
一、近义介词短语辨析
1. 表示原因(通常在句中作状语)
1) because of:表示实际原因(表达一种较强的因果关系)
2) on account of:常用来引述逻辑、理性和事实因素
3) out of + 抽象名词:常用来引述心理、情感因素,如out of one’s own will(出于自愿)
4) owing / due to:着重把原因归于某事物,既可作状语又可作定语,due to还可以作后置定语,如:Mistakes due
to carelessness may cause serious consequence. 由于粗心犯的错误也许会引起严重的后果。
5) thanks to:后面通常接表示积极意义的原因,意为"多亏,幸亏由于"。例句:
He walked slowly because of his bad leg. 他腿不好,所以走得很慢。
Michael and Billy, on account of their wide experiences in climbing, were voted leaders. 迈克尔与贝利由于有丰富的登山经验,被选为队长。
She did it out of sympathy. 她这样做是出于同情。 Most of the problems were owing/due to human errors. 大部分问题都是由于人为的错误造成的。
Thanks to your energy and intelligence, the development scheme has been finally realized. 多亏了你的精力和智慧,这项发展计划终于实现了。
2. 表示排除
1) with the exception of意义与except, except for相同,但比它们正式
2) apart from (=美式英语中的aside from)是个复合介词,既可表示"除??之外",相当于except (for), 又可以表示"除??之外,(还,也)"相当于besides。例句:
They all passed the physics examination with the exception of Tom. 除汤姆外他们物理考试都及格了。
We had a smooth journey apart from(= except for) a flat tyre. 我们一路上很顺利,只是车胎漏了一次气。 Apart from(= besides) a flat tyre, we had broken brakes. 我们不但车胎漏了气,而且刹车也出了毛病。
3. 表示"有关,关于"
1) 表示"关于"的介词:concerning(较为正
式),respecting(关于,至于),regarding(关于,就??而论,在??方面)等
He quarreled with his neighbor concerning the house. 他因房子问题和邻居发生了争吵。
I’m at a loss respecting his whereabouts. 我全然不知道他的踪迹。
Regarding the punishment, what would you advise? 就这种处罚来说,你有什么意见？
2)表示"关于"的介词短语:with respect to(关于,就??而言)；in respect of(就??而论,在??方面)；in / with regard to, in / with reference to, in connection with也都表示"(正式用语)关于,有关"；as for和as to在用于句首表示"至于"时区别不大,可以互相通用,
但as to表示"关于"时不能和as for互换,相当于about和concerning。例句:
The discussion with respect to some theoretical questions will last for a long time. 关于一些理论问题的讨论将持续很长时间。
In respect of the transformation in education, we have still plenty to do. 就教学改革来说,我们还有好多事要做。
With/In regard to our business, I will write to you later. 关于我们的经营情况,我以后会写信告诉你的。
I have nothing to say with reference to this question. 关于这个问题我没有什么话要讲。
Tell me all you know in connection with that matter. 告诉我关于那件事你所知道的一切。
As for/to me, I was a little puzzled. 至于我,有点迷惑不解。
Johnson was very uncertain as to whether his bicycle was stolen by the thief. 关于他的自行车是否被这个贼偷了,约翰逊不敢肯定。
4. 表示"在??之前"
1) ahead of意为in advance of,可表示"(在空间或时间上比某人或某事物)更前,更早"；还可表示"领先,优于"
2) in front of 多指空间的前后关系,"在??正前方"
3) prior to(正式用语)指时间与重要性方面"在??之前"
4) previous to指时间与顺序上在??前
5) preparatory to意为in readiness for, as a preparation for, 为做准备而在??之前
6) on the eve of "在??前夕",如:on the eve of our examination / victory 在我们考试/胜利的前夕例句:
They will fulfill the plan ahead of schedule / time. 他们将提前完成计划。 She couldn’t watch the television because he was standing in front of the screen. 她没法看电视,因为他正站在屏幕的正前方。
Weeds must be pulled up prior to pollination of flowers in the garden. 在花园里的花朵授粉之前杂草必须拔除。
I know nothing about the accident; it happened previous to my arrival here. 我对事故一无所知,我到这儿之前事故就发生了。
Security checks had been carried out preparatory to( = to prepare for) the President’s visit. 为迎接总统来访,当局已预先进行了安全检查。
The general addressed the army on the eve of the battle. 将军在打仗前夕对军队讲话。
5. 表示"支持,赞成"
1) in support of 维护,支持,支援
Mr. Smith spoke in support of the motion. 史密斯先生发言支持这项提议。
2) in favor of 可指某人"支持,赞成",也可指事物"有利于??"
Are you in favor of the proposal? 你赞成此建议吗？The exchange rate is in our favor. 兑换率有利于我们。
6. 表示"鉴于,由于；根据,按照"
1)in the light of 按照,考虑到
He rewrote the book in the light of further research. 考虑到进一步的研究,他重写了那部书。
2)in terms of 就??而言,谈到
The job is great in terms of salary, but it has its disadvantages. 就薪水而言,这是份好工作。但它也有不足之处。
3)on the grounds of; on ... grounds 以??为理由/根据
Their request for a permission to open a mine was denied on environmental grounds. 基于对环境问题的考虑,他们开矿的请求没有被许可。
4)in accordance with 与??一致,书面语
He didn’t act in accordance with the provisions of the contract. 他没有依照合同的条款规定行事。
5)according to 根据；按照A diplomat must act according to circumstances. 外交官必须会随机应变。
牛刀小试
选用文中介绍的适当介词短语翻译句子。
1. 一辆货车正好停在我的汽车前面。
2. 形势有利于发展中国家。
3. 他做这件事完全是出于自愿。
4. 他们正收拾东西准备旅行。
5. 他列举了许多事实来证明他的意见是正确的。
6. 多亏了他的及时资助,我们才能得以继续开展这一项目。
7. 目前我们大大领先于我们所有的对手。
8. 你应该提前很长时间预定,最好提前六个星期。
9. 价格会随着订购数量的不同而有所变化。
10. 由于我们主席的不幸消息,我们不得不取消七月四日的庆祝活动。
答案及解析
1. A van was parked right in front of my car.
分析:本句强调的是方位"在??前方,前面",所以选用in front of。
2. The situation is in favor of the developing countries.
分析:本句的主语"形势"situation是抽象名词,"有利于"宜选用"in favor of"。
3. He did it completely out of his own free will. 分析:free will是抽象名词短语,用于out of之后,表示"完全出于自愿"。
4. They are packing things preparatory to a journey. 分析:"收拾东西"是为"旅行"做准备,先于"旅行"发生,因此选用介词短语"preparatory to"。
5. He adduced many facts in support of his views. 分析:本句主语是人"he",目的状语"表明??正确"暗含"支持"的含义,因而选用介词短语"in support of"。
6. Thanks to his timely financial help, we could continue with this project. 分析:thanks to表示"多亏由于,幸亏有",通常接表示积极意义的原因,因此用在此处比because of, on account of等更贴切。
7. We are well ahead of all our rivals at present. 分析:ahead of原义表示某人或某物在时间、空间等方面"更早,更前",转义可表示"领先,优于"(in or into a more successful position than ...),因此正好适用本句。
8. You should book well in advance, preferably six weeks before.
分析:本句in advance的含义实际相当于ahead of schedule(提前于约定时间)。
9. Prices vary according to the quantity ordered. 分析:"按照,根据"可用短语according to表达,是常用固定用法。
10. In the light of the tragic news about our chairman, we have to cancel the celebrations on July 4th. 分析:本句表达的"由于"可进一步理解为"鉴于,考虑到",所以选用in the light of,其可以明确表达该意义。
上一期我们对高考英语中常出现的一些近义介词短语进行了总结、辨析,本期我们将介绍一些常见的形近义异介词短语和其他一些常用介词短语。
(二)形近义异介词短语辨析
1. ①all but 几乎,差一点(almost)；除了??都(all except)
②anything but单单除??之外；根本不??
③nothing but 仅仅,只不过(only, no more than) I all but stumbled. 我差一点摔跤。
I will eat anything but carrot. 我什么都吃,就是不吃胡萝卜。
He is anything but clever. 他根本不聪明。
The fellow is nothing but a fool. 那家伙不过是个傻瓜而已。
2. ①at a time 每次,一次
②at one time曾经,一度(once)；
同时(at the same time; simultaneously)He used to abandon his work for many months at a time. 他过去常常把工作一丢就是好几个月。
At one time she was the chairman of the board. 她曾担任董事会主席。
He was the chairman of the board and at one time he was also the president of the company. 他同时担任董事会主席和公司总裁。
3. ①at no time决不,从不(never; on no occasion) ②in no time立即,马上(in a very brief time) At no time did I feel they were being unreasonable. 我从没觉得他们不讲理。
We’ll be there in no time.我们很快就会到那儿。
4. ①for the moment暂时(as far as the present time is concerned, although perhaps not later)
②at the moment此刻,现在(at present time; now) ③in a moment很快,一会儿(very soon)
For the moment we are content to watch and wait.目前我们甘心在一旁观察和等待。(暗含以后不甘于这样的意味)
I’m busy at the moment, but I’ll do it later. 这会儿我很忙,过后我会处理这件事的。
I am on the telephone now, but I will be with you in a moment. 我正打电话,一会儿就到你那儿去。
5. ①at present目前,现在(at the present time or moment; now)
②for the present暂时,暂且(temporarily)；就目前而言(as far as the present time is concerned意指某一情形目前存在着,但很可能会发生变化)
We don’t know at present who will win the election.现在我们还不知道谁将在选举中获胜。
For the present she continues with the antibiotics. 目前她还是继续使用抗生素。
6. ①out of question毫无疑问(without doubt; doubtless),作表语
②out of the question不可能的(not to be thought of as possible; not to be done),也作表语
③without question毫无疑问,毫无疑义(without arguing or asking why it is necessary),作状语
The sabotage is out of question a fresh blow to international peace efforts. 那次阴谋破坏无疑对国际和平努力又是一个新的打击。
She knew that a holiday was out of the question this year.她知道今年不可能有假期。
Without question he is the brightest student in the school. 毫无疑问,他是全校最聪明的学生。
7. ①for oneself为自己
②to oneself 归于自己
③of oneself 由自己构成,出于自动
④in oneself在自身境界中,在自身属性中
⑤by oneself 自动地,单独地
She kept the largest apple for herself. 她把最大的苹果留给自己。
Keep it to yourself. 不要告诉别人。
You must have done something to it —it cannot break of itself. 你一定碰它了——它不会自己破的。
London forms a county by itself. 伦敦单独就是一个郡。
London seems a world of itself. 伦敦本身好像就是个世界。
London is a little world in itself.伦敦城里就是一个小型世界。
8. ①on the contrary表示完全不赞同某一说法并提出与该说法"正相反,恰恰相反"的事实
②by / in contrast用于表示两个极不相同的事实之间的明显差异,意为"与此形成对照；相比之下"
—Does it rain a lot in the desert? 沙漠里下雨多吗？
—On the contrary, it hardly ever rains. 恰恰相反,那儿几乎从不下雨。
By/In contrast, our use of oil has increased enormously. 相比之下,我们的石油用量增长巨大。
9. ①at the cost of 以(某物)为代价,以牺牲某人的生命为代价
②at the expense of由??支付费用,以(损害或损失)??为代价
He saved the girl from drowning at the cost of his own life. 他舍身把溺水的姑娘救出来。
His successful career was at the expense of his social life. 他成功的职业生涯是以牺牲社交生活为代价的。
10. ①in the face of 面对,纵然遭遇(困难、问题等)而
②in the presence of / in one’s presence 某人在场的情况下,当着某人的面 ③in front of也可表示当着某人的面
They carry on smiling in the face of adversity. 面对逆境,他们仍然保持微笑。 He signed his name in the presence of two witnesses. 他当着两位证人的面签下自己的名字。
Don’t talk about that in front of the children. 别当着孩子的面谈那件事情。
(三)一些其他常用介词短语
1. 表示"简言之"in a / one word, in sum, in short, in brief
2. 表示"总的来说,大体上"on the whole, in general
3. 表示"事实上"in truth, in effect, in fact, as a matter of fact
4. 表示"有时,间或"on and off, on occasions, once in a while, at times, from time to time
5. 表示"偶然"by chance, by accident
6. 表示"突然"all at once, all of a sudden
7. 表示"至多"at best, at most
8. 表示"代替"instead of, in place of
9. 表示"最后,终于"at last, at length, in the end, in time (最后,终于；及时)
10. 表示"究竟,到底"in the world, on earth
11. 表示"从今以后"from now on, in future
12. 表示"永久地"for ever (永远), for good (永久地,决定性地), once and for all (一劳永逸地)
13. 从长远说来in the long run
14. 从短期来看,眼下in the short run以上我们介绍了一些大学英语学习中常见的介词短语。在我们以后的学习中一定还会遇到很多其他的介词短语,希望同学们注意总结,这对提高你们的英语应用能力定会大有裨益。
牛刀小试
I.选择适当的介词短语填空。
without question in the long runto itself
regardless of at the expense of
1. He succeeded in business _______ his personal life.
2. They obeyed me ________.
3. It deserves a paragraph ________.
4. This measure inevitably means higher taxes ________.
5. Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to, ________ the color of his skin. II.判断下列句子中介词短语用得是否恰当,并将不当之处改正。
1. You must finish the negotiation in the week in front of the meeting.2. The two groups were similar with respect to income and status.
3. As to tax, that will be deducted from your salary.
4. That’s nothing but true.
5. His speech was short and at all points.
答案及解析
I.
1. 答案：at the expense of。句意：他经商成功是以牺牲个人生活为代价的。
2. 答案：without question。句意：毫无疑问他们服从我。
3. 答案：to itself。句意：这一点应该有一整段来专门论述。
4. 答案：in the long run。句意：从长远来看，这项举措的结果就是要多纳税。
5. 答案：regardless of。句意：不论肤色如何，该国的每一个人都有权在自己喜欢的地方居住。
II.
1. 错。分析：in front of 应改为prior to，in front of 强调空间关系，本句表达时间关系，因而选用prior to更恰当。句意：你们必须得在开会前一周内完成谈判。
2. 对。分析：本句中介词短语with respect to表达的意思是“就而言”，使用正确，没有疑义。也可用in terms of，in respect to等介词短语。句意：这两组在收入和地位方面是相似的。
3. 对。分析：本句使用as to合适，能清楚表达本句含义，还可使用as for / as regards等。句意：至于税款，将从你薪水中扣除。
4. 错。分析：本句中的nothing but true意义表达模糊，且不符合英语表达习惯，建议改为“That’s anything but true.”。句意：那绝不是真的。
5. 错。分析：本句中的at all points的意思为“完全地”，相当于completely，用于此处不恰当。本句应为“His speech was short and to the point.”。句意：他的讲话简明中肯。