科技英语阅读与写作总结
(由能动C91班 左成艺、马瑜加、岳芸帆、陈聚凯、周楠、王帅、闫泽群、 洪海峰、俞森彬、耿嘉锋共同完成)
一、 考试题型:
英译汉;
汉译英;(主要是词组、短语)
阅读理解;
写作;(给一篇文章写英文摘要)
考题全部为主观题,无客观题。
二、 关于英文摘要的一些基础知识:
1. 概述:摘要是不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。
2. 所含部分:一般摘要分为背景、目的、研究方法、结果和结论五部分;考试的时候由于是给指定的文章写摘要,所以不必按照正式的摘要格式写,建议可以先通读全文,理解文章的中心内容,找出各段的主题句,然后把各主题句串起来,写出一篇摘要。
3. 注意事项:
1) 注意格式,要先写上abstract,然后空两格写内容,内容整体写成一段;
2) 尽量使用第三人称,比较客观,不要加注释评论等;
3) 最好不要出现图表、公式、化学结构式等,也不要出现不为人知的缩写;
4) 不要全部写成所给文章中的原句,第一句开头部分不要与论文标题部分重复;
5) 用词要概念明确、判断恰当,少用带有感情色彩的词,少使用行话、俚语等,避免使用词义模棱两可、隐晦不明的词语,如:maybe, perhaps,would like等;
6) 注意时态的选用,研究的目的一般用现在时;方法、手段或步骤可用过去时、现在时、现在完成时;结果常用过去时;结论常用现在时。时态有时要求不一定非常严格,可根据实际情况合理选用,不过尽量少用进行时;
7) 可以使用一下被动语态,因为被动语态较为客观,不过也不可过多,以免出现过多“is”,“was”等系动词;
三、 一些重要的语法:
1. 否定句的译法:
英语的否定形式是一个常见而又较复杂的问题,在表达否定句时,英语与汉语有很大不同,主要体现在词、语法、逻辑三方面。
(1).部分否定:
a. All gases do not have a characteristic smell.
并非所有的气体都有特殊的气味。
b. In a thermal power plant , all the chemical energy of the fuel is not converted into heat.
在热电站中,燃料燃烧的化学能并不能完全转化为热能。
(2).形式肯定,意义否定:
a. The subject is quit beyond him.
这门课是他所不能理解的。
(3).形式否定,意义为肯定:
a. We can?t be too careful in doing experiments.
我们在做实验时无论怎么认真都不过分。
b. Nobody could be too foolish this day.
今天你无论出洋相到什么程度都不算过分。
(4).加修饰词强调否定:
a. His last three experiments were not nearly so well done as the earlier
ones.
他近来的三次实验做得远不如早期的实验那么好。
常见形式为:never/not/no/none +at all或 whatever等
not +副词 nearly/half/possibly
(5). 双重否定:
a. The outcome of the experiment was not half bad.
这个实验的结果相当好。
b. She is not a little interested in hydraulics.
她对水力学相当感兴趣。
c. There can never be a force acting in nature unless two bodies are
involved.
自然界中必须有两个物体才会有作用力。
(6). 含蓄否定:
a. Gasoline is too volatile (易挥发的) to be kept in an open vessel. 汽油太易挥发了以至于不能把它放在敞口的容器中。
2. 数词:
十 ten 百 hundred 千thousand 万 ten thousands 十万one hundred thousands 百万 one million
千万ten millions 亿 one hundred millions
十亿one billion 百亿 ten billions
千亿one hundred billions 吉(十的十二次方) one trillion
3. 比较级和倍数表达:
As…as… 同级比较
A is N times as large (long, heavy, high, low…) as B
A is N times larger (longer, heavier…) than B
A is larger(longer, heavier…)than B by N times
increase N times increase to N times
increase N-fold increase by N times
increase by a factor of N
e.g. The speed exceeds(超过) the average speed by a factor of 3.5.
half as much as …
twice less than…
四、 各单元重要的单词、短语等总结:
1) UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO HEAT TRANSFER
关于传热学的介绍
单词:
1.*thermodynamics 热力学 2.demonstrate 论证,展示
3.*nonequilibrium 不平衡 4.render 致使
5.feasible 可行的 6.spectrum 范围
7.condense 冷凝 8. disperse 分散 词组:
1.*heat transfer 传热(学),热传递
2.*energy in transit 能量转换
3.*temperature difference 温差
4.responsible for 造成,引起
5.*the conservation of energy 能量守恒
6.*equilibrium situation/state 平衡状态
7.*the gross transfer of energy 传递的总能量
8.*temperature distribution 温度分布
9.power generation 发电
10.power plant 发电站
11.*the quantity of heat 热量
12.biological balance 生态平衡
13.Joulean dissipation 焦耳耗散
14.in an economical manner 用节约的方法
注:带“*”的词或词组是老师强调过的,下同
2) UNIT 2 CONDUCTION
热传导
词组和短语:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. * (be) normal to 垂直于,与??成直角,??的法线 *be directly/inversely proportional to 与?成正/反比 Proportionality constant 比例常数 in question 所讨论的,所研究的 point out 指出 *negative sign 负号 with respect to 关于,(相)对于;就??而论
8. In effect 实际上;正实行中,有效
9. regardless of 不管,不顾,无论,不注意
10. be referred to as 称为,被认为是
11. depend on/upon 依赖,依靠;取决于
12. be directionally dependent 取决于方向,与方向有关
13. *empirical information 经验知识
14. *the second law of thermodynamics 热力学第二定律
15. *temperature gradient 温度梯度
16. thermal insulators 绝热体
17. the exchange of energy 能量交换
18. *molecular collisions 分子碰撞
19. *thermal resistance 热阻
20. *absolute temperature 绝对温度
了解:
1. lattice vibration 晶格振动
3) UNIT 3 CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
对流传热
词组和短语:
1.*still air静止空气
2.*in a linear way在一个线性方式
3.*physical mechanism物理机理
4.*viscous action粘性作用
5.*convection heat-transfer coefficient对流换热系数
6.*stationary平稳的,固定的,静止稳定
7.*specific heat比热[热] ,比热容
8.*velocity profile速度分布(图)
9.*natural/ free convection自然或自由对流
10.*forced convection强制对流
11.*boiling and condensation沸腾与凝结
12*and/or或者,或两者都(注意一下翻译方法,即所说的两者可能均是,也可能两者中有一个是)
13*surface geometry表面几何结构
14*independent variables独立变量
15.*boundary layers边界层
16.*thermal boundary layer热边界层
17.analytical treatment解析法处理
18.with the aid of借用于,用,通过
19.defining equation定义方程(式)
20.Celsius degree摄氏温度
21.in view of鉴于,考虑到,由于
22.velocity profile速度分布
23.as opposed to与…对照与…相对比和…相反
24.(be) exposed to容易受到,招致
25.conduction process导热过程
26.thermal conductivity热传导率
27.flow field流场
了解:
1.film conductance膜层热导
句子:
1.The answer is that the temperature gradient is depend on the rate at which the fluid carries the heat away; a high velocity produces a large temperature gradient, and so on.
答案是速度梯度取决于流体带走热量的快慢程度,流速高时,温度梯度大,依此类推。
2.The heat- transfer coefficient is sometimes called the film conductance because of its relation to the conduction process in the thin stationary layer of fluid at the wall surface.
对流换热系数有时被称为膜层热导,这是因为它与贴近壁面的静止的薄层流体的导热过程有关。
3. In view of foregoing discussion, one may anticipate that convection heat transfer will have a dependence on the viscosity of the fluid in addition to its dependence on the thermal properties of the fluid (thermal conductivity, specific heat, density).
鉴于上述讨论,你可能预料对流传热除了依赖流体的热性能(热导率、比热、密度),还会取决于流体的粘度。
4. If a heated plate were exposed to ambient room air without an external source of motion, a movement of the air would be experienced as a result of the density gradients near the plate.
如果一个加热板暴露在环境空气之中,没有外部动力源的干扰,则空气的运动是由平板附近的空气的密度梯度造成的。
5. We should suspect that the heat-transfer rate might be different if we cooled the plate with water instead of air, but again, how much different would there be?
我们可能会猜想,如果用水而不是用空气的来冷却热板,热交换的快慢有所不同,然而,差别又有多大呢?
4) UNIT 4 INTRODUCTION TO THERMAL RADIATION
关于热辐射的介绍
单词:
1.emit 发出,放射 2.blackbody 黑体
3.X-rays X射线 4.wavelength 波长
5.absorptivity 吸收比 6.reflectivity 反射比
7.transmissivity 穿透比 8.hemisphere 半球空间
9.*source 源 10.*sink 汇
11.*hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物
词组或短语:
1.*thermal radiation 热辐射
2.account for 说明(原因、用途等);(总共)占;计及
3.visible light 可见光
4.radio waves 微波
5.emissive power 辐射力
6.system of units 单位制
7.*water vapor 水蒸气
8.*the temperature in degrees absolute 绝对温度
9.*from zero to unity 从0至1
10.thermal equilibrium 热平衡
5) UNIT 5 HEAT EXCHANGER TYPES
换热器的类型
单词:
1.*turbulence 湍流
2.fin 肋片——finned tube 肋化管
3.*periodic 周期的 (periodical 期刊)
4.evaporation 蒸发
5.pump 泵 ——be pumped被泵送
6.*alternative 可选择的 (alternative fuel 替代燃料)
词组或短语:
1.*cross flow 交叉
(e.g.: An alternative flow configuration is one for which the fluids move in cross flow through the heat exchanger.)
2.* tube bundle 管束
3.*transverse direction 横向(cross 横向的 e.g.: cross baffle横向档板)
4.*two-dimensional temperature distribution 二维温度分布
5.*heat transfer coefficient 热交换系数
6.flow arrangement/configuration 流动布置
7.parallel-flow arrangement 顺流式布置
8.counterflow arrangement 逆流式布置
9.shell-and-tube heat exchanger 壳管式换热器
10.shell pass 壳程
11.tube pass 管程
12.latent heat 潜热
13.baffled heat exchanger 有挡板的换热器
14.be characterized by …的特点是
15.corresponding to/with 与…相当,相当于
16.be confined to (局)限于,被限制在
17.overall heat transfer 总换热量
了解:
1.compact heat exchanger 紧凑式换热器
2.distillation column 蒸馏塔
3.spray drier 喷雾干燥器
4.regenerators回热式换热器
句子:
1.Conversely, if the tubes are without fins, gas motion, and hence mixing, in the transverse direction is possible.
与此相反,如果管子上没有肋片,则气流在横向上的运动以及由此而引起的混合就可能产生。
2.In the paralled-flow arrangement, the hot and cold fluids enter at the same end, flow in the same direction, and leave at the same end.
在顺流式布置中,冷热流体在换热器的同一端进入,沿着同一方向流动,然后在同一侧离开。
3.Note that, when unmixed, a fluid is characterized by a two-dimensional temperature distribution. That is, its temperature varies along and normal to the flow direction.
注意,当气流不混合时,流体的温度分布特征是二维的。即,其温度既沿流动方向也沿垂直于流动的方向变化。
4.Cross baffles are generally installed in the exchanger in order to generate turbulence in the shell side fluid and to promote a cross-flow component in the velocity of this fluid relative to the tubes.
通常在换热器中安装横向的挡板,以使壳侧流体产生湍流,并且促使该流体产生一个相对于管子的横向速度分量。
5.Extensive use of fins is made on the side corresponding to the small convection coefficient.
在对流换热系数小的一侧广泛地采用肋片。
6) UNIT 6 WHAT IS THERMODYNAMICS
什么是热力学
单词:
1.Thermodynamics 热力学 2.machinery 机械(总称)
3. steam 蒸汽 3.dissipate 耗散
4.quantitative 定量的(不要写成quantitive)
5.qualitative 定性的(不要写成qualitive)
词组或短语:
1.internal combustion engine 内燃机 2.working fluids 工质
3.*the law of conservation of energy 能量守恒定律
4.*potential and kinetic energy 势能和动能 5.thermal energy 热能
6.engine cylinder 发动机汽缸
7.exhaust gas 废气,排气,尾气
8.*useful mechanical work 有用机械功
9.(conventional) energy resources (常规)能源
10.conversion of energy 能量转换
11. maximum utilization 最大利用
12.coal reserves 煤储备
7) UNIT 7 THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM,
STATE , AND PROCESSES
热力系统,参数,状态和过程
单词:
1.macroscopic 宏观的
2.*property 参数
3.state 状态
4.*equilibrium 平衡
5.boundary 边界
6.finite 有限的
7.spontaneous 自发的
8.*assign 赋予,分配
词组或短语:
1.*thermodynamic system 热力系统
2.*at rest/in motion 静止的/运动的
3.*coefficient of expansion 膨胀系数
4.*acoustic velocity 音速
5.under investigation 在调查中
6.by definition 根据定义
7.quasi-static process 准静态过程
句子句型
1.in its usual context… 一般来说 PROPERTY,
In its usual context the term(术语) “surroundings” is restricted to(特指) that specific localized(局部的) region which interacts in some fashion with the system and hence has a detectable influence on the system.
2.it is only…that… 只有…才…
It is only in a equilibrium state that the thermodynamic properties have any real meaning.
3.of special significance in… is…在…中有特殊意义的是…(倒装句) Of special significance in thermodynamic is a quasi-static process or path.
4.it is essential that… …是必须的(虚拟语气)
It is still essential that initial(初始的) an final state be(虚拟语气) equilibrium state.
定义解释句 :
1.A macroscopic thermodynamic system is any three dimensional region of space which is bounded(约束) by one or more arbitrary geometric(几何) surface.
2.A property is any characteristic(特性) of a system which can in principle(原则上) be specified by(由。。确定) describing an operation or test to which the system is to be subjected(经受).
3.The state of macroscopic system is the condition of the system characterized by(以……为特征)the values of its properties.
4.A process is any transformation of a system from one equilibrium state to another. 总结:
本课文章主要介绍热力学系统,参数,过程,状态的基本概念。单词上,热力学(thermodynamic),参数(property),平衡(equilibrium),自发地(spontaneous)是本科中 出现频率很高的核心单词,很可能要考到,最好掌握。汉英互译的部分也肯定与热力学系统(thermodynamic system),过程(process),状态(state),参数(property)有关,故应重点理解这四个名词的定义比较好。
8) UNIT 8 PRIMARY FORMULATION OF THE FIRST LAW
OF THERMODYNAMICS
热力学第一定律的基本表达式
单词:
1.thermometer 温度计 2.*insulate 使隔绝
3.adiabatically 绝热地(副词) 4.investigators 研究者
5.product 积(术语) 6.potential difference 电势差,电位差
7.conversely 相反地(在句首用逗号隔开,作连接词)
8.prescribe规定,指定(prescription药方)
9.render 使得(意思较多,但在科技文章中一般这样用: render a>b,使 a大于b 的意思)
10.diathermal 透热的(dia是透过的意思,和adiabatic里的dia是一样的,a是否定前缀)
11.postulate 假设(数学上指公理 axiom)
12.relativity 相对论
13.*churn 搅拌
14.*atmospheric 大气压(易错写成 atomsphric 注意atom 是原子
atmos是“大气”词根)
15.*constraint 外部约束条件
16.assert 推断
词组和短语:
1.*primary formulation of the first law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律的基本表达式
2.carry out a experiment 进行一项实验
3.*the value of the mechanical equivalent of heat 热力学当量值
4.paddle wheel 桨轮
5.be insulated adiabatically form the surroundings 与环境绝热
6.*adiabatic process 绝热过程
7. *irreversible/reversible process 不可逆/可逆 过程
8. *Shearing force 剪切力
9. electric current 电流
10.the performance of work 做功(名词性质的)
11.Newton?s law of motion 牛顿运动定律
12.Maxwell?s equation of electromagnetic theory 麦克斯韦的电磁场理论方程
了解:
1.immersion heater 浸没式加热器
2.circumstantial evidence 间接证据(术语)
3. plausible hypothesis 合理的假设
9) UNIT 9 TRATIONTIONAL FORMULATION OF THE
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
热力学第二定律的传统表述
单词:
1. friction 摩擦力
词组和短语:
1.in that既然;因为;在于?(这一点上)
2.as follows 如下(所述) 3.the high sea 公海
4.heat reservoir 储热器,热源 5.single out 选出
6.set in 达到,到来,插入 7.*internal energy 内能
8.place restriction on 对?设限制 9.be subject on 易受?支配
10.*a perpetual-motion engine (of the first kind) (第一类)永动机
11.*mechanical energy 机械能
12. manifest oneself (事物、现象等)出现,发生
13.in defiance of 无视,不顾 14.rest on 依赖于,取决于
15.a rigid adiabatic container刚性绝热容器
16.inexhaustible store of energy无穷尽的能源存储
17.propel ships推动船舶
18.periodically and continuously 周期性和连续性地
阅读材料:
1.take?for granted 认为?是理所当然的;认为?不成问题
2.by far 更加??,最??,??得多
3.in(the )light of 按照,根据;当作,由于
4.energy degradation 能级降低
5.in summary 总之,小结
6.*thermal efficiency 热效率
7.fall under 列入(属类);受到(影响)
8.of one?s own accord 自动、自愿的,自然而然的
9.irrespective of 不顾,不考虑
10.among other considerations 就其中,其中包括
句子:
1. There exist several alternative, and equivalent, traditional formulations of the
Second Law which have the common characteristic in that each of them singles
out a particular irreversible process and asserts that its reverse cannot occur in
nature, carefully specifying the process in all its details.
热力学第二定律有几种可供选择的、等价的传统表述,他们所具有的共同
特点在于他们各自选出一个特定的不可逆过程,并断定在自然界不可能出
现该过程的逆向过程,有对该过程的全部细节做了详细的说明。
2. The reservoirs are connected by any system of bodies, A, whatsoever.
这两个储热器被一些物体组成的任何系统A(不管它是什么系统)连接起
来。
Whatsoever与whatever 同意,但语气更强。
3. ?but there is no difficulty in idealizing the process to the one outlined by
attributing ideal properties to the reservoirs, and by assuming that the energy of
subsystem A has remained constant.
??但是通过给储热器以理想的特性,并假定子系统A的能量保持不变,就
不难将该过程理想化为所概括的过程。
4. Experience teaches , however, that whereas the transformation of work into heat,
for example, through friction, is not circumscribed by any restrictions, the
reverse process, the transformation of heat into work, is subject to definite
limitations.
然而经验使我们认识到,尽管功转换为热(例如通过摩擦)不受任何约束
条件的限制,但是其相反的过程 ,即由热转换为功,却要受到一定的限制。
5. By inserting the qualifying words ?periodically and continuously?, it is
emphasized that the machine operates on a cyclic process, and reverts
periodically to a given state.
通过引入“周期地和连续地”这些修饰词,来强调这种发动机是以循环过
程的方式运转的,而且周期地回复一给定的状态。
6. Many skeptics find it impossible to reconcile themselves to the hard physical
facts contained in the above statements.
许多惯于怀着怀疑态度的人,觉得不能信服以上表述所包含的不容置疑的
确凿论据。
7. They persist in thinking that the assertions can be refuted by wit and subterfuge
which usually manifest themselves in an inordinate complexity of the systems
invented for the purpose.
他们总认为靠才智和私下的努力就能够驳倒这些论断,而他们的才智和私
下的努力,常常会出现在为此目的而试图发明过分复杂的系统的过程中。
8. Its ultimate(最终的) scientific truth, just as that of the First Law, rests on the
circumstance that all known consequences of this statement have been verified
by experiment and none has been refuted.
正如第一定律的真实性一样,这个表述最终是否符合科学的真实性,取决
于这个情况,即所有这一表述的已知推论都已被实验证实,而没有被驳倒。
9. Just as was the case with the First Law, at present, in any particular case when a
discrepancy has apparently been discovered, it is believed that a fault in
reasoning or in the evaluation of the experiment must be involved.
目前,正如第一定律过去的情况一样,在任何表面看上去似乎发现了矛盾
的特殊情况下,人们相信,这必定涉及到试验在推理或计算上的差错。
10) UNIT10 GENERAL METHODOLOGY FOR ENERGY
ANALYSIS
能量分析的一般方法
单词:
1.diagram 图表
2.approximation 近似
3.*instantaneous 瞬时的
4.idealization 理想化
词组和短语:
1.(be) accurate to three significant figures 精确到3位有效数字
2.control-mass analysis 控制质量分析法
3*.control-volume analysis 控制体积分析法
4.*closed system 闭口系统 6.*open system 开口系统
5.equation of state 状态方程
7.instantaneous-rate basis 瞬时速度基
8.mathematical manner 数学形式
9.*one equation in one unknown 一元方程
10.one-to-one correspondence 一 一对应
11.process presentation 过程示意图
12.*system sketch 系统示意图
13.time base 时基,时间坐标
14.verbal statement 口头表述
句子:
1. The sign convention chosen for W and Q is not particularly important, provided that both the person doing the analysis and the person reading
it understand what it is.
对W和Q选择什么符号约定并不特别重要,只要分析者和读者双方了解这套
约定的意义就可以了。
2. Sometimes idealizations are implicitly indicated on the system sketch,
for example,the absence of an energy transfer term Q would imply that
we idealize that energy transfer as heat is negligible during the time
period over which the energy balance will be made.
有时这些理想化内容是在系统示意图上隐含地表达出来的,例如,如果没有
标明能量传递项Q,这就暗示:在进行能量平衡的时限内,可以把热传递理
想化为可以忽略不计的。
3. We can not emphasize enough the importance of a good system sketch,
complete with all the relevant energy-transfer terms.
用有关能量传递的全部项目完成一幅好的系统示意图,其重要性无论我们怎
么强调,都不过分。(否定形式,肯定含义)
4. A good sketch can be of great value to the analyst in thinking straight
about the process,in being consistent throughout the analysis,and also
in seeing what steps must be taken to complete the analysis.
一幅好的示意图对于分析者在直接思考该过程,使整个分析过程始终保持一致,
以及在考虑完成该分析时应该采取什么步骤时,都是十分有价值的。
5. Having made the energy balance,the next step is to bring in enough
other information to permit reduction of the problem to one equation in
one unknown.
完成了能量平衡之后,下一步工作就是要引入其他的足够的资料,以便使该
问题简化为一元方程。
11) UNIT 11 CARNOT CYCLE
卡诺循环
单词:
1.*adiabatic 绝热的 2.*vapor 蒸汽
3.*reversible 不可逆的 2.stroke 冲程
5.piston 活塞
词组和短语:
1.*Carnot cycle 卡诺循环 2. *reverse Carnot cycle 逆卡诺循环
3.*heat sink/cold body/low-temperature sink 低温冷源
4.*heat source/hot body/high-temperature source 高温热源
5.*isentropic compression/expansion 等熵压缩/膨胀
6.*isothermal heat addition/rejection 等压加热/放热
7.*net work output of the cycle 循环净功
8*working medium/substance/fluid 工作介质,工质
9.*thermal efficiency 热效率 10.*phase change 相变
11.p-v diagram 压容图 12.T-s diagram 温熵图
13.degree absolute 绝对温度 (该词在第一、二单元 均出现过,有几种不同的说法)
15.*the heat equivalent 热功当量
16.thermal insulator 绝热体
12) UNIT 12 THE RANKINE CYCLE AND VAPOR REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS
朗肯循环和蒸汽制冷循环
词组或短语:
1.*Rankine cycle 朗肯循环
2.*vapor refrigeration system 蒸汽制冷循环
3.*saturated liquid/gas 饱和液体/气体
4.*condensing process 冷凝过程
5.*critical temperature 临界温度
6.*low quality vapor 低干度蒸汽
7.steam power plant 蒸汽动力发电厂 8.*steam turbine 蒸汽轮机
9.*throttling valve 节流阀 10.*Diesel cycle 狄塞尔循环
11.*String cycle 斯特林循环 12.combustion 燃烧
13.conventional fuel 常规燃料 14. *boiler 锅炉
15.constant-pressure heat addition/removal 定压加热/放热
16.heat exchanger 换热器
17.*pressure drop 压差,压降
18.heat/work effect 热效应/功效应
13) UNIT 13 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF FLUID MECHANICS
流体力学的历史发展
单词:
1.*negligible 可忽略的
2.aerodynamics 空气动力学
3.hydraulics 水力学
词组或短语:
1.fluid mechanics 流体力学
2.appeal to 引起···的注意 3.in a sense 某种意义上
4.empirical understanding 经验上的理解
5.empirical equation经验公式,经验方程式
6.fundamental principle 基础定律
7.*inviscid fluids 非粘性流体 8.merge ···with 与···合并
9.*at a stoke 一下子
10.theoretical prediction 理论上的推测
11.be associated with 与··有关
12.*boundary layer theory 边界层理论
13.* the theory of turbulent flow 湍流理论
14. wing theory 机翼理论
15.*compressibility effect 压缩性影响
16.subsonic speed 亚音速 17.supersonic speed 超音速
18.* march number 马赫数 19. *specific heat 比热
20.* molecular structure 分子结构 21. shock wave 激波
22.physics of fluid 流体物理学 23.*two-phase flow 两相流
24. *macroscopic properties 宏观性质
25.space age 太空时代
26.be studied extensively 被广泛研究
了解:
1.quantum effects 量子效应
2.relativistio fluid mechanics相对流体力学
14) UNIT 14 DEFINITION OF A FLUID
流体的定义
单词:
1.magnitude 值,量 2.*viscosity 流体粘度
3.*deform 变形 4.uniformly 一致地,均匀地
词组或短语:
1.*shear force 剪切力 2.*shear stress 切应力
3.*one-dimension flow 一维流动
4 .Coulomb friction 库仑摩擦力
5.Newton?s law of viscosity 牛顿内摩擦定律
6.*linear/nonlinear relation 线性/非线性关系
7.*tangent to 与?相切 8.*parallel to与?相平行
9.proportionality factor 比例因子
10.*angular velocity 角速度
11.*angular deformation 角变形
12.plastic substance 塑性物质 13.yield stress 屈服应力
14.take a set 凝固下来,硬化
15.long-chained hydrocarbons 长链碳氢化合物
注:每课后面的阅读材料,如果有时间的话可以看看里面的重要单词,有可能考到。