Module 1 My First Day at Senior High
Grammar 1: 一般现在时和现在进行时
Grammar 2:分词形容词
英语中有些形容词是由动词的 ---ing 构成的(通常表示事物给人的感觉,意为“是令人感到…..的”),有些形容词是由动词的------ed 构成的(通常表示人对事物的感觉,意为“对……感到……的”)。前者表示主动的意义,后者表示被动的意义。由于他们的形式与现在分词和过去分词完全一样,故又称它们为“ 分词形容词”,在句中做表、定、状、补等成分。常见的有:
amazing ---- amazed amusing ---- amused astonishing---- astonished frighting-------frightened
boring- ---bored confusing-- confused disappointing—disappointed moving ------moved
disturbing - disturbed discouraging-- discouraged encouraging – encouraged tiring------tired
Module 2 My New Teachers
Grammar:后接V-ing的动词
(1)英语中有很多的动词后只跟动名词作宾语:如
advise, consider, admit, appreciate, mind , avoid, excuse, delay, imagine, deny, enjoy, keep(on), practice, resist, escape , risk , put off, explain, quit(停止), tolerate, pardon, allow, forbid, miss (错过), suggest, advise, recommend, finish, envy, can’t help
(2) 有一类动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语;如果后面跟名词、代词加宾补, 则宾补用不定式‘这类常见的可记忆为“阿福的帽子”:FU’S CAP : allow, forbid, understand, suppose, consider, advise, permitted
eg: ① We don’t allow using mobile phone here.
② We don’t allow him to use mobile phone here.
③ He is not allowed to use mobile phone here.
(3) “动词+ 介词”构成的短语,其后往往跟动名词作宾语。尤其是含有介词“to “的动名词短语;常见的有:be used to 习惯于,
devote oneself to 致力于; lead to导致;see to注意,处理 pay attention to; get down to ; stick to; get accustomed to ; look forward to
(4)“what \ how about + v-ing” 常用来征询意见,意为“。。。怎么样?
eg: What about going on a picnic?
(5)有些动词后跟不定式与动名词的意义差别较大,高考出现频率较大:
forget to do sth remember to do sth
doing sth doing sth
regret to do sth stop to do sth
doing sth doing sth
mean to do sth try to do sth (努力\ 试图做sth)
doing sth doing sth (尝试做某事)
go on to do sth can’t help to do sth
doing sth (with sth) doing sth
【注】:remember, forget, regret 后跟 doing 与跟having done 的意思一样。
(6)动名词的复合结构:动名词的前面可以有自己的逻辑主语构成动名词的复合结构。其结构由物主代词或人称代词(宾语)、名词所有格或普通格加动名词构成, 在句子开头必须用名词所有格或物主代词。
eg:① Tom’s doing sth 可作主、宾、表
His doing sth
② Tom doing sth 可作主、表
Him doing sth
Module 3 My First Ride on a Train
Grammar 1:动词的过去分词
①及物动词的过去分词作定语表示被动或完成,或两者兼而有之
eg: a respected teacher a broken cup
②不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表示完成的含义
eg:He is a retired worker.
③V-ed 形式的分词形容词作定语说明所修饰的名词的状态,无被动的含义,是一个形容词
(1)作定语 eg:a surprised look disapointed children
④过去分词可以和形容词或副词一起构成合成形容词一起做前置定语
eg: a highly-developed industry a widely-used language
⑤过去分词短语作后置定语放在所修饰词的后面,逻辑上相当于一个被动的定语从句
eg:→It is a book (which is )recommended by the teacher.
→Many people (who were)invited to the party were famous scientists.
(2)作表语:表示主语的特点或所处的状态
eg:The door remained locked.
(3)作补语:过去分词(一般是及物动词的)表示被动或完成,有时兼而有之,作宾补得过去分词与宾语之间有逻辑上的动宾关系,即宾语是过去分词动作的承受者或对象。
eg:She found the door broken when she came in.
(4)作状语:修饰谓语动词分词动作与主语之间常构成逻辑上的动宾关系,即被动关系。过去分词作状语,意义上相当于状语从句,表示原因、时间、条件、伴随、让步、方式等。
①表条件:eg:Given more attention , the trees could have grown better.
②表时间:eg:Asked many times , I told him the secret.
③表伴随:eg:The teacher came in, followed by his students.
④表让步; eg:Shown many times , he couldn’t operate the machine on his own.
⑤表方式:eg:She was in tears as if deeply moved by the film.
Grammar 2:一般过去时
Module 4 A social Survey—My neighbourhood
Grammar:现在完成时
Module 5 A Lesson in a Lab
Grammar:形容词和副词的比较级
英语中的形容词和副词常有三种形式来表达事物的等级差别,分别是原级、比较级和最高级。大部分的形容词和副词的比较级和最高级是通过变化词尾来实现的,属于规则变化,但也有少数是不规则变化。
规则变化
单音节词在词尾加--er 构成比较级,加--est构成最高级。以---e 结尾的单音节词直接加--r 和--st ;以辅音字母结尾 且前边只有一个元音字母的,双写最后一个辅音字母,再加-- er 和 ---est
hard --- harder ----hardest late --- later --- latest hot ---- hotter ---- hottest
2.双音节词和多音节词的比较级和最高级
(1)以辅音字母+ y 结尾的双音节形容词,把y变为i ;再加--er 和---est
happy ---- happier ---- happiest
其他的双音节词和多音节词大都在前边加 more 和 most 构成比较级和最高级
exact --- more exact --- most exact warmly ---more warmly -----most warmly
【注】:以--ly结尾的副词,除了early 外,其他均使用more / most 构成比较级和最高级
有少数几个双音节词以及以--er 及--le 结尾的词,可以有两种比较级和最高级形式
common --- commoner / more common ---- commonest / most common
often ---oftener / more often ---- oftenest / more often
clever- ---cleverer / more clever ---- cleverest / most clever
simple ---- simpler / more simple ---- simplest / most simple
【注】:像unhappy这样的以--y结尾的双音节形容词的反义词,其比较级和最高级形式有两种:unhappier /more
unhappy --- unhappiest / most unhappy
不规则变化
【注】:older, oldest 指年龄的大小关系,而elder , eldest 指兄妹之间的长幼关系。older, oldest 既可以作定语还
以作表语,而elder , eldest只可用来作定语。 farther ,farthest多指具体的距离;而further,furthest
多指程度上“进一步”等抽象意义。
形容词和副词等级的用法
1. 原级比较的用法
(1)在肯定句中用“as + 原级 +as”的结构
eg: My handwriting is as good as yours .
She could do as well as a man .
在否定句中,用“not so / as +原级+ as ”的结构
eg: I didn't do my homework so /as carefully as you .
I am not so / as busy as i used to be .
【注】:如果第一个as后的形容词作定语修饰名词,应该将形容词和名词一起放在第一个as的后面
eg: We have produced as many computers as we did last year .
I don't make as much money as you do.
比较级的用法
当甲大于乙时,用“比较级+than”表示;当甲小于乙时,用“not + 比较级 + than”或“less + 原级+than ” 表示
eg: Robert jumps higher than any of the others .
She doesn't work harder than you( do ).
I look less young than you (do)。
【注】:? 在此类表示比较的结构中应该注意避免和包括自身的对象进行比较
any other + 单数名词
all the other + 复数名词
比较级 + than + anyone else
any of the other +复数名词
? 注意在使用比较等级时被比较内容的对等性
Her voice is as sweet as a bird .(错误)
Her voice is as sweet as that (=the voice )of a bird .(正确)
比较级的一些特殊用法
①“比较级 + and + 比较级”表示事物本身程度的逐渐增长,意为“越来越。。。。”。
The city is becoming more and more beautiful .
②“ the + 比较级。。。。。 , the +比较级。。。。”。表示一方的程度随着另一方程度的平行增长,意为
“越。。。。。就越。。。。”。
The more you learn , the more you know .
③ the + 比较级 + of the two + n.(复数)
The taller of the two boys is my brother .
④ “more + 原级 + than ”表示“与其说。。。。倒不如说。。。。”。
She is more shy than cold .
⑤ no more than 与not more than 的用法
She spent no more than (=only:不过,仅仅 ,表示少的意思)50 dollars on the coat.
She spent not more than (不超过,表示客观的数量)50 dollars on the coat .
⑥ “can / could not + 比较级”表示最高级的意义
I couldn't agree more . The idea sounds great to me .
⑦ “can / could not (never , hardly ....)+ .....+ too / enough ”表示“再。。。。。也不过分;越。。。越好”。
You can't be too careful .(你越仔细越好。)
I can't thank you enough .(我感激不尽。)
⑧ 倍数的表达法
Your school is four times the size of ours .
Your school is four times as big as ours .
Your school is three times bigger than ours .
Your school is four times what our school is .
(你们学校是我们学校的4倍大。)
【注】:? 比较的范围:如果比较的范围不一样,表达方式也不一样
China is larger than any other country in Asia。(比较的范围一致)
China is larger than any country in African .(比较的范围不一致)
? 注意比较结构中的省略现象:由于日常交际的需要,在彼此都明了的场合中,比较对象往往省略。
I had never spent a more worrying day . (后面省略了 than that )
The piano in the other shop will be cheaper , but not as good .(省略了 as the one in this shop)
【注】:这种省略现象的比较级结构是历年高考常考的内容,应加以注意。
最高级的用法:最高级表示在三者或三者以上中程度最高的比较方式
the + 最高级 + (名词) + 比较范围的短语或从句
China is the largest country in Asia .(在一定的地域空间内用“in”)
China is the largest one of all the Asian countries .(在同一类事物范围内进行比较用“of”)
【注】:the most ....为最高级,意为“最。。。。”,而(a)most .....不是最高级,其中的most 意为“十分,非常”,
表示程度,相当于very,修饰其后的名词。
Last week we had a most heated discussion on this topic . They are most handsome boys .
运用比较级表达最高级
? She is taller than any other girl in her class .
She is taller than the other girls in her class.
She is taller than the rest of the girls in her class.
=She is the tallest girl in her class.
?I have never heard a better voice than yours .
=Your voice is the best voice that i have ever heard .
比较等级的修饰语:在比较结构中,为了强调形容词、副词的程度,在比较级前可以用以下副词修饰:
表示“比。。。。。。多 / 强/ 好得多”的词有:a lot , a great deal , much , far, by far, far and away等。
She is much cleverer than me .
The boy bought far more books than i .
I feel much / a great deal better today .
This is (by)far the best article i have ever read .
=This is the best article by far that i have ever read .
(2)表示“比。。。。。多/ 少/ 好/ 强一点儿”的词有:a bit , a little ,slightly 等。
The task is a bit harder than that one .
表示加强语气的词有:even , still , yet , rather 等。
表示具体的“多/ 长/ 高/ 强/ 多少”的词有:twice , five times, many times, two fifths, 20%等。
She is a head taller than i .
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
在疑问句中多用any 修饰比较级
Are you feeling any better today ?
---Yes , i feel much / a great deal better today .
无比较等级的形容词和副词
1.本身就有比较级含义的词:senior(年长的,较高的); junior(年少的,较低的) ;prior(在先的); anterior(前 面的) ; inferior (次于,下等的); superior(优于,上等的); major(主要的); minor (次要的,较小的);
posterior(以后的)
在使用这些词时无须加more,也不能和than连用,而要用介词to引出比较对象
He is senior to me by several years.(他比我大好几岁。)
表示“绝对”意义的形容词和副词
absolutely entirely excellently perfectly totally thoroughly utterly wholly faultlessly completely
表示状态的形容词
afraid asleep alive ashamed awake alone aware alike
表示时间、方位、处所的形容词和副词
now present today ahead east there
表示独一无二的形容词
only mere unique single
表示国籍的形容词及有人名派生而成的形容词
Japanese American Indian Leninist (列宁主义的)
表示强调的词
right very just
表示大小、极限、先后顺序、是非的词
maximum minimum extremely first true false right wrong
Module 6 The Internet and Telecommunications
Grammar 1: 合成词
合成名词 ①名词+名词: football; classroom
②形容词+名词: blackboard ; shorthand (速记法)
③动词+名词: pickpocket
④副词+名词 : outbreak ; downfalls(垮台)
⑤V-ing+名词 : sleeping pills ; waiting room
⑥动词+副词 : get-together ; breakthrough
合成形容词 ①形容词+名词-ed: good-tempered
②形容词+过去分词 :ready-made(现成的)
③形容词+V-ing :good-looking ; easy-going
④副词+过去分词 : well-known ; newly-built
⑤副词+V-ing : hard-working
⑥名词+过去分词: man-made
⑦名词+V-ing :peace-loving ; english-speaking
⑧名词+形容词: duty-free
⑨数词+名词 :first-class
(3) 合成动词 ①名词+动词:brainwash
②副词+动词: overcome
③形容词+动词:safeguard
Grammar 2:冠词