【中考英语语法大汇总】:动词语法讲解

时间:2024.5.4

【中考英语语法大汇总】:动词语法讲解 (一)动词概述

动词是表示人或事物的动作、存在、变化的词。分析xx年至今的中考不难发现,动词部分主要考查学生对主动结构中各个时态的运用。一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时和现在完成时出现的概率较高。而被动语态主要是考一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时和情态动词的被动语态。

(二)基础知识梳理

1.动词的种类

根据其词义和其在谓语中的作用可分为实义动词、助动词和情态动词。根据其在句子中的功用可分为及物动词和不及物动词,连系动词界于两者之间。

1)实义动词:意义完全,能独立用作谓语。如:enable,watch,run,open等。

2)连系动词:是一个表示谓语关系的动词。它必须在后面接表语(通常为名词或形容词)。如:seem,look,smell,taste,sound,get,become,turn,be等。

3)助动词:本身没有词汇意义。不能单独用作谓语。在句中与实义动词一起构成各种时态、语态、语气以及否定和疑问结构。如:do,does,did等。

4)情态动词:词义不完全。在句中不能单独作谓语,只能与实义动词一起构成谓语。如:can,may,must,need,ought to等。

2.动词的时态:

时态

常用的提示语

一般现在时

always,usually,sometimes,often,every,once a week,in the morning,in December,in spring,on Mondays等。

一般过去时

ago,just now,before 20xx,yesterday,last Friday,once,the other day,those days,once upon a time,long before等。

一般将来时

tomorrow,the coming... ,in the future,next Tuesday,in two hours,some day,soon,before long,this evening等。

现在进行时

now,at the moment,look,listen,be quite,these days,still等。

过去进行时

this time yesterday,at that time,from 9 to 11 last Friday,when,while等。

现在完成时

since,for,already,yet,just,in the past few years/ months,in the last few weeks/months/days等。

过去完成时

by the end of last term/month/year,by yesterday,by 20xx,by last Monday等。

过去将来时

大都出现在主句动词为一般过去时的宾语从句中。

有些动词所表示的动作即便在说话时正在进行,也不能用进行时。这些动词通常表示情感、想法、感觉或所属。

表示情感的动词:like,dislike,love,hate.

表示想法的动词:believe,know,want,mean,understand,remember.

表示感觉的动词:feel,see,hear,taste,smell.

表示所属的动词:belong,own,have.

有些动词常用进行时表示将来,如:come,go,leave,arrive。

3.动词的被动语态

英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。只有及物动词才有被动语态。它的基本结构为:助动词be+及物动词的过去分词。所有的时态变化在助动词be上。以动词sing为例。

时态/语态

主动语态

被动语态

一般现在时

Jay sings many songs every year.

Many songs are sung by Jay every year.

一般过去时

Jay sang many songs last year.

Many songs were sung by Jay last year.

一般将来时

Jay will sing/ is going to sing many songs this year.

Many songs will be sung/are going to be sung by Jay this year.

现在进行时

Jay is singing an English song.

An English song is being sung by Jay.

过去进行时

Jay was singing a song just now.

A song was being sung by Jay just now.

现在完成时

Jay has sung lots of songs in the past

few years.

Lots of songs have been sung by Jay in

the past few years.

过去完成时

Jay had sung plenty of songs by last year.

Plenty of songs had been sung by Jay by last year.

过去将来时

Jay said he would sing more songs in the future.

Jay said more songs would be sung in the future.

情态动词的被动语态为:情态动词+助动词be+及物动词的过去分词。

4.动词的不定式

动词不定式是不受主语、人称以及时态、语态影响的形式。其基本形式为:to+动词原形。它在句中可以充当除谓语以外的一切成分。

1)不定式作主语

不定式可在句中作主语。在绝大部分情况下用it作形式主语,不定式放在后面。It is...to do sth.../it takes...sb...+to do sth./it is+形容词+for sb. to do sth,/it is十形容词+ of sb. to do sth.

2)不定式作宾语

有些动词后面只能跟不定式作宾语。初中阶段常见的有agree,apply,afford,choose,dare,decide,determine,expect,manage,offer,pretend,prepare,refuse,want。如:decide to do,manage to do,pretend to do。

有些动词后面要用动词+形式宾语+补足语+不定式。如初中阶段常见的有:feel,find,make,think。如:make it important,find it interesting,feel it easy,think it impossible。

有些动词后面要用动词+宾语+不定式。初中阶段常见的有:allow,ask,expect,invite,order,persuade,teach,tell,want,,warn,would like。如:allow sb. to do sth.,ask sb. to do sth.,want sb. to do sth.。

3)省略to的不定式

在一些表示感官,使役意义的动词后的不定式要省略to。如:see,watch,notice,hear,listen to,let,make,have

一些固定短语后面的不定式要省略to。如:had better do... would rather do...

4)动词接不定式作宾语与接动名词作宾语的区别

在一些表示感官的动词后(see,watch,notice,hear,listen to)用不定式表示完成的动作或经常发生的动作,而用动名词则表示一个正在进行的动作。

有些动词后跟不定式作宾语表示动作还没有发生,跟动名词则表示动作已发生。如:remember,forget,stop等。

5.动名词

动名词具有名词的功能,在句子中可充当主语、宾语和表语。

1)有些动词后面只能跟动名词作宾语。如:avoid,admit,deny,enjoy,finish,keep,mind,practice,risk

2)一些固定短语中。如:be busy,be worth,can't help

3)一些以介词结尾的动词短语。如:give up,be afraid of,be used to,pay attention to,look forward to.

4)在一些固定句型中。如:it's a waste of time doing...,it's no use doing...


第二篇:【中考英语语法大汇总】:代词语法讲解


【中考英语语法大汇总】:代词语法讲解

  (一)代词概述

  代词用来代替名词,在句中充当主语、宾语和表语,有时还可以充当定语。代词在考试命题中主要是代词格的变化、代词单复数形式以及不定代词和it的用法等。

  (二)基本知识梳理

  1. 人称代词:主格作主语,宾格用作及物动词和介词的宾语。

  He often helps me.

  Who is at the door? It's me.

  The bicycle belongs to Tom and me.

  出现并列主语或宾语时,其排列顺序为:单数时是第二、第三、第一人称(简称231)即you,he and I或you,her and me;复数时是第一、第二、第三人称(简称123)即we,you and they或us,you and them。

  2. 物主代词:形容词性物主代词作定语,后加名词;而名词性物主代词等于形容词性物主代词加名词。如: This is my book. = This book is mine.

  名词性物主代词可做主语、宾语和表语。如:

  Your pen is blue.  Mine is blue,too.

  May I use your pen?  I've lost mine.

  She is a classmate of his.

  The bike is hers.

  3. 反身代词:用作宾语和起强调作用。

  1)作宾语

  Help yourself to some cakes.

  I can look at myself in the mirror.

  They should think more of the public health than themselves.

  2)作强调

  We do homework by ourselves.

  I myself go to the airport to meet my uncle.

  4. 指示代词

  1)this,that,these,those

  What's this(that)?  It's a book.

  What are these(those)?  They are books.

  this和these比较靠近,that和those稍远一点。

  2)it的用法

  (1)指物:It's a robot.

  (2)指自然现象: It's raining now, but it will be fine soon.

  (3)指时间:What time is it?  It's 8 o'clock.

  (4)指距离:It's twenty minutes' walk.

  (5)作形式主语:It's important for us to fight pollution.

  It took me half an hour to finish the work.

  It's kind of you to say so.

  (6)作形式宾语: We think it necessary to relax from time to time.

  5. 不定代词

  1)some,any

  some用于肯定句中,any用于否定句和疑问句中。如:

  There are some pens on the desk.

  There aren't any pens on the desk.

  Are there any pens on the desk?

  Some are Chinese.  Others are English.

  在表示请求、建议、反问等句子中,用some而不是用any。如:

  Would you like some drink?

  any也可以表示任何一个。如:

  Do you know any of her friends?

  If you have any questions, you can ask me.

  2)复合不定代词:something, anything,nothing,everything,somebody,anybody,nobody,everybody,someone,anyone,no one,everyone,somewhere,anywhere,nowhere,everywhere这些不定代词都作单数,表示“某物”、“某人”、“某地”。

  (1)作主语:

  Someone is waiting for you.

  No one is in the classroom.

  (2)作宾语:

  Have you got anything to say?

  Did you see anything else in the classroom?

  (3)不定代词被形容词修饰时,定语放在它们的后面。如:

  I’ve got something interesting to tell you.

  There's nothing new in the newspaper.

  3)a few,few,a little,little前两者修饰可数名词,后两者修饰不可数名词。few,little表示否定,意思是几乎没有;a few,a little表示肯定,意思是还有几个、有一点。如:

  There is still a little time left, you needn't hurry.

  I can't buy anything because I have little money on me.

  4)both(两者都,复数),all(三者以上都,复数),neither(两者都不,单数),none(三者以上都不,单复数),either(两者中的一个,单数),both...and, neither...nor, either...or

  (1)作主语:

  Both of the twins are doctors.

  All of them are honest.

  Neither of them is a doctor.

  None of them is/are honest.

  (2)词组:

  Both Li Ping and I are students.

  Neither Li Ping nor I am a student.

  (3)作形容词:

  on both sides of the river

  on either side of the river

  注意下面句子转化:

  Both of them are teachers.

  改成否定句是: Neither of them is a teacher.

  All of us are students.

  改成否定句是: None of us is a student.   或: None of us are students.

  5)one ...the other(s)表示一个……其余的……,是有范围的;some...others 表示一些……另一些……,是无范围的;another 表示很多中的另一个,再……个。如:

  He has two brothers. One is an engineer, the other is a writer.

  Some like football. Others like basketball.

  Some books on the shelf are in Chinese, the others in English.

  She will be in hospital for another two weeks.(她将在医院再住两星期。)

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