第一章：句子结构(一划句子结构)
一、名词性从句：
一）主语从句：it may (well) be that + 主从; it be +adj./ed/n. + that + 主从; it seem/happen/appear + that + 主从
二） 宾语从句：动词型：that不能省略/ 介词型：介词后只能接疑问词引导的宾语从句(除in that, except that, but that)
三）表语从句：主语+be+that从句/疑问词型从句
二、特殊结构：
一）强调：it is…that …; it is not until…that…;many n…..,if not most, do sth; n. is as…as…, if not more so.
二）倒装：
三）as结构：
Prep.: accept/ classify/ define/ describe/ know/ name/ refer to/ regard/ speak of/ state/ think/ think of/ view as n. Conj.: (just) as …, 主句; (just) as …, so主句; (just) as …, so too主句(部分倒装);
Pron.: 代替单主句 (e.g. indirect socialization also occurs, as when television shows reinforce stereotyped images)
四）同位结构：同位语，主语…（一定要一致）
? 解释：n.,n.; a n., n.; n., a n.; the n., n.;
? 内容具体化：抽象n.(theory/ evidence/ belief/ principle/hypothesis) + that从句 (that不能省略);of 表示所属关
系，强调部分概念。
? 概括：a n. (program/ information/ effort/ practice) that
? 修饰：n., n. that从句
? 代词：n., one/ones + that从句
五）独立主格：(with/each) + n./ ed/ ing/ adj.phrase/ prep.phrase （注意each后接单数its非their）
六）省略结构：V.+that
两个句子并列，第一个含有be作为助动词或become，第二个句子中的be或become必须省略。
七）否定结构：
Is not A, but B; not A, but rather B; is A, rather than B; is A, not B.
八）时态
练习：
1. Ozone is formed in the atmosphere when hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides react with sunlight.
Often visible as smog, Conj. Two major pollutants emitted by automobiles
Conj.
3. to combat widespread illegal copying of computer programs by attempting to change people’s
attitudes toward pirating, others suggest reducing software prices to decrease the incentive for pirating, and still others are calling for the prosecution of those who copy software illegally.
4. South Korea’s church membership is expanding by 6.6.% a year, fully two-thirds of the growth coming from conversions rather than increases in the population. Conversions 与 increases 形势对称，increases强调增加本身，increasing强调动作
5. Hope: ,it is hoped, 作插入语；it is hoped that+从句
these habits if they are willing to take the necessary trouble.
They 优先代指从句主语
either local history or various ethnic groups, and there are also many one-of-a-kind museums from Manhattan to the Bronx that are open for exploration on summer weekends. Worry+about/over 独立主格: (with/each)+ n./ ed/ ing/ adj.phrase/ prep.phrase
a result of deep cuts in the value of the dollar, has formed a group to study ways to sharpen our competitiveness. Cars’ potential energy 错
chain drive lifts them(指cars) through the Earth’s gravity to the top of the first drop, has been converted to kinetic energy by the time the ride ends. 10. the diet of the ordinary Greek in classical times was largely vegetarian—vegetables, fresh cheese, oatmeal, and meal cakes, with meat as a rarity. 独立主格：with n. prep. n. as 作为prep后面只能接n.,不能接adj.
not. it is 不能和there is 对称。
deed of emancipation, setting free the more than 500 slaves who were legally considered his property.
the+more than, ×more than the Consider sth. sth. 不能有as/ to be
第二章：主谓一致（二看主谓一致
or多谓语一致）
1. 物质名词（equipment/ stone/ citrus/ iron/ milk/ dioxin）:单数
2. 数词(several/two/three…)+单位词复数(tons/miles…)+of+不可数名词/物质名词：复数 3. 学科名词(statistics/ economics/physics…),疾病，国家名称(the United States)，机构名称: 单数 4. A or/ nor B, not A but B, either A or B, not only A but also B, neither A nor B: B 5. A with/ including/ as well as/ ,along with/ ,no less than/ ,more than B/ besides/ except B: A
6. no/ part of/ most of/ all of/ some of/ percent of/ the rest of n.: n. 7.a body/ collection/ array/ series/ set/ portion/ group of n.s: 单数
8.a total of: 复数
9. the average of: 单数; a average of: 复数
10. neither: 单数
11. each of n. + 单数；n. each + 复数; every one of n. + 单数；n1, n2, n3, and n4—each of then—复数。
练习： When:时间状语从句，不能随便改变原句的从句，如变成if条件状从。 注意Each的用法
broadcast exactly the same statement from a political candidate.
Prep+ which 主语是values, 不是declining. Adj.+ n.
season, are going to force many lenders to tighten or deny credit this spring.
3. downsoning, zoning that typically results in the open space in areas
Little + 不可数名词；few+ 可数名词
第三章 动词形式(三看时态是否一致，四看语气)
1.时态的判断：
过去时：originally，过去时间；一般现在：common, 一般特征，客观事实，科学事实，地理位置，统计数据，研究结论，商业惯例，法律规定，合同约定；现在完成：since, within, during, over, in；将来时：possiblility/ likelihood that, be supposed to do > going to do, be to be doing, be to be done；过去将来：would be
2.虚拟语气：
It is adj.(important/ natural/ essential/ imperative/ necessary/ vital/ advisable/ obligatory/ best/ incredible/ ironic/ preferable/ appropriate) + that + 虚拟语气
Advocate/ advise/ move/ recommend/ (sb.)suggest/ (sb.)propose/ order/ decree/ mandate/ command/ demand/ request/ require/ insist that + do
On condition that+ V.原形的虚拟语气/一般过去时/一般现在时
3.语气的强弱：
Only if≠if;however much≠however;should≠if;be not unlike≠be like;if≠on condition that;any n.≠n.;just like≠ like;
练习：
1. Native American burial sites dating back 5000 years indicate that the residents of Maine at that time were part of a widespread culture of Algonquian-speaking people. On condition that + V.(虚拟语气)
2.
No less adj. than 为了保持时态一致，主从中不能使用一般现在，如what is Price:V. 给…定价. Be priced to sell: 定价销售
ing分词强调动作的多次性重复性客观性；定语从句强调一次性 Prove:主动表被动,prove oneself:自己证明自己
Helpful 只能+ IN demonstrating what kind of damage can result when jets fly into a flock of large birds. Order that + 虚拟语气（V.） 两句子并列，一含be或become，二中的be或become省略
carry out a legislative program. Be at a disadvantage: 处于不利地位 Be (un)able to中的be不是助动词不可省略
Like:conj.;不能用as people can: 主句谓语动词短语使用助动词或情态动词+V时省略V Be able to/ capable of表示能力，电脑没有能力被编程，能被编程
第四章 分词和不定式（五看句首分词逻辑与语法主语是否一致，六看动词后接的形式） 1. 分词（-ing & -ed）
Acknowledge/ avoid/ admit/ enjoy/escape/ suggest/ assure/ advocate/ forbid/ permit/ favor/ recommend/ resist/ risk/
involve/ deny/ include/ give up/ credit to/ aim at/ contribute to/ in contrast to/ be suppose to/ object to/ be opposed to/ amount to/ be exposed to/ be committed to/ be limited to/ be devoted to/ lead to/ be educated to/ be or become accustmed to/ be used to/ aid sb. in/ prevent sb. from/ keep sb. from/ prohibit sb. from/ save ab. From/ accuse sb. of/ be expert at/ be good at/ criticeize for/ praise for/ be capable of/ be busy/ have difficulty (in)/ have trouble (in) + doing
,-ing在句首逻辑主语等于句子的主语；在句尾表伴随同时发生的动作、装态、功能，或伴随结果，无逻辑主语。不能作名词的定语，引起歧义。但表示伴随时要用ing。
-ed比定语从句简洁，除了带情态动词的，定语从句应尽量改成-ed分词。 2. 不定式 See/ watch/ notice/ spot/ hear/ observe/ perseice/ overhear/ feel/ smell/ let/ make + n./ pron. + do
Make do with/ without; Make believe+ do; Help + do; rather than do; might as well do.