Puritanism Features: 1.Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred.

2. Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation. 3. Total depravity 4. Limited atonement: Only the “elect” can be saved. Influence 1. A group of good qualities – hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature. 2. It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden. 3. Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. 4.With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.

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评析弥尔顿和《失乐园》 诗人写这首诗的目的在于说明人类不幸的根源。他认为人类由于理性不强，意志薄弱，经不起外界的影响和引诱，因而感情冲动，走错道路，丧失了乐园。夏娃的堕落是由于盲目求知，妄想成神。亚当的堕落是由于溺爱妻子，感情用事。撒旦的堕落是由于野心勃勃，骄傲自满。诗人通过他们的遭遇，暗示英国资产阶级革命也是由于道德堕落、骄奢淫逸而惨遭失败。弥而顿是清教徒，生长在宗教社会，他一生都英勇顽强地卷入宗教与政治斗争的旋涡里去，他是革命的巨人。他通过长诗宣泄了王朝复辟后的内心苦楚与无奈以及对资产阶级革命始终不渝的态度。

弥尔顿的技巧特别明显地表现在长诗中的人物描绘上。弥而顿逐渐揭示那些主人公的多面形象。比如，弥尔顿先把亚当和夏娃在一起表述一番，然后用特殊的缩小画面的手法把他们个别地加以描绘；起先是写整个伊甸园后来写一起的小草地，然后写到人，最后分别写到亚当和夏娃。亚当总是英勇、智慧和刚毅的化身。这些品质和生气勃勃的人的魄力结合在一起，这种魄力使他的谈吐举止充满了崇高精神。作者把威严、刚毅而有魄力的押当表现为人的和谐的形象。和亚当并列在一起的，还有夏娃优美卓绝的形象。弥尔顿对夏娃的抽象品质（贞洁、美丽、善良、温柔）备加赞扬之后，同时也勾勒出她的活泼富有特性的外貌。诗人歌颂亚当和夏娃对这对夫妇的家庭幸福作了诗意的描写：他俩互相关怀，体贴温存；真挚而又纯洁；感情融洽，亲密无间；分担劳动、同甘共苦。弥尔顿固执地把他俩的关系称为“由上天主持的”婚姻，从这种意义上讲长诗有着一定的清教倾向。撒旦屈从于权势欲和妒忌心，“犯了法规”，亚当为了自己对另一个人的爱情而“犯了罪”，如果对清教徒说来这两种情欲是同样“不道德的”，那么弥尔顿却是以不同态度来对待的。诗人在谴责撒旦时颂扬了亚当。他所描写的人亚当是他在跟自己的女伴一起反抗天堂和地狱的一切力量，而这些力量也正立刻起来反对他时，这确是显得非常美好。宗教的因素促使弥尔顿长诗中的人的形象那样地变了相，使他不可能成为真正具有“自由意志”的人物，而这一宗教因素在上帝、他的儿子和天使们的形象中表现得倒更有力。弥而顿的那种理论认为：天使都是没有情欲的，在他们身上，同样的理智发射出同样的光芒。所以诗人笔下的众天使便缺乏个性，千篇一律。弥尔顿的天使在表面上象人，但实际上是没有人性的，因为他们彼此相似，是同一个观念的表达。在外表生动的众天使的无意识性和冷漠态度中，强烈地表现出清教派的反人道主义本质。 《失乐园》是这样的一首英雄史诗，作者没有亲身参加过当代的斗争，但是他善于在长篇史诗的范围内尽量写出了战争的威力，它的可怕

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Freedom ——My Impression of The Declaration of Independence

“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.”

First of all, I truly believe that all that is about impendence of a country or person should be treated seriously.

The Declaration of Independence, drafted by Thomas Jefferson, is the fundamental element of founding of United State. The content of Declaration of Independence can be divided into three parts. First part is foreword and it declares the purpose of this declaration. Second part is a generalization of Capitalism’s political thought. And the rest part enumerates the guilt of the British Empire and makes a statement of being independent.

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Charlotte Bront? (April 21, 1816 – March 31, 1855) was an English novelist, the eldest of the three Bront? sisters whose novels have become enduring classics of English literature. Life and

worksCharlotte Bront? was born at Thornton, in Yorkshire, England, the third of six children, to Patrick Bront? (formerly "Patrick Brunty"), an Irish Anglican clergyman, and his wife, Maria Branwell. In April 1820 the family moved to Haworth, where Patrick had been

appointed Perpetual Curate. Maria Branwell Bront? died of cancer on 15 September 1821, leaving five daughters and a son to the care of her sister Elizabeth Branwell. In August 1824, Charlotte was sent with three of her sisters to the Clergy Daughters' School at Cowan Bridge in Lancashire (which she would describe as Lowood School in Jane Eyre). Its poor conditions, Charlotte maintained, permanently affected her health and physical development, and hastened the deaths of her two elder sisters, Maria (born 1814) and Elizabeth (born 1815), who died of tuberculosis in 1825 soon after they were removed from the school.

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《动物庄园》读后感

《动物庄园》是我看过的为数不多的外国文学作品，里面各种动物的言行举止非常好玩，觉得动物拥有人的行为就格外有趣，有时候读着读着都分不清这到底是人还是动物， 而故事中特别是一头叫斯诺鲍的善良的猪，主观的站在了他的一边，想知道他后面的情节，想知道他梦想的动物庄园是不是真的建立了起来，所以迫不及待的想看下去。虽然结局不太如意。

书中的故事并不复杂，在一个名叫曼纳的庄园里，养着各种各样的动物，一天晚上，在动物里颇具威望的老雄猪麦哲召集所有动物开会，宣扬它的革命思想，号召所有动物进行反抗，以改变动物们被奴役、被宰杀的命运，动物不能再遭受剥削，要奋起驱逐人类，过上自己当家作主的幸福自由的生活。老麦哲给动物们讲了一个它才做过的梦，那是一个动物消灭了人类并且过上了梦寐以求的幸福生活的梦，它还教会了动物们一首失传已久的歌《英格兰兽》，以激发动物们的革命热情和革命信心

但年迈的雄猪麦哲在完会后三天去世了，但它的革命理念却在动物中流传开来，革

命的急先锋是它们中最为聪明的猪，它们积极为革命做宣传，做了大量工作，猪里面最杰出聪明的两头猪斯诺鲍和拿破仑成为了革命的主将和领袖。

不久后，在一次极其偶然的冲突中，动物们发动了起义，原来的剥削者农场主被赶走，，动物们当家做主了，它们建立了自己的动物庄园

猪理所当然的成为了动物庄园的头领和管理者，因为它们最聪明，它们觉得自己义不容辞的肩负有管理庄园的责任，之后斯诺鲍和拿破仑宣布了动物庄园的第一部“宪法”——七诫。然后动物们开始努力劳动，为生存和发展而奋斗。

在最初的管理工作里，在开大会时，如果两位领导兽一致同意、没有争议，那么这就是一次和谐而完美的会议，其它动物头脑简单，谁跟它说它就觉得谁是对的，而从未有过自己的提议，若两兽同时跟它说它会觉得两者都对，会同时投赞成票。但是，两位最高领导兽拿破仑和斯诺鲍在革命成功后成为了死对头，他们两个一直合不来，斯诺鲍能言善辩，擅长演讲，它的话很有说服力，能使绝大多数的动物信服，而拿破仑则是一个阴谋家，善于玩弄政治，培养了一些忠实的拥护者，奸猾的它用一个光明正大的理由把刚断奶的九个狗崽子弄到了它那里，培养成了自己的私人武装。等这些杀手狗腿子成长起来以后，拿破仑知道自己机会到了，在一次会议中，发动了自己的武装力量，九条恶狗冲了出来，欲置斯诺鲍与死地，斯诺鲍无奈拼命逃出了庄园，在九条狗的震慑下，拿破仑登上大宝，成为独裁者，在另一头口齿伶俐善于欺骗群兽的猪斯奎拉的游说下，动物们傻愣愣的接受了这个现实，未产生一点不满，未发生一起暴乱。马儿鲍克瑟在自己的座右铭“我要更加努力工作”后又加了一条格言以作补充：“拿破仑同志永远正确”。

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Pride and Prejudice

There is no doubt that pride and prejudice is one of Jane’ masterpieces. It tells the story of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet, and their five young, unmarried daughters. The plot revolves mainly around Elizabeth and her troublesome romance with the wealthy but arrogant Mr. Darcy. Also, this novel introduces other “love and marriage” stories to us. Thus, we know that it focuses on the theme of “love and marriage”.

There are five different kinds of marriages.

First one is the marriage between Mr. and Mrs. Bennet. Mr. Bennet married Mrs. Bennet because of her appearance. So he had all the time to regret his mistakes and could not stop mocking his wife.

Second one is the marriage between Mr. Collins and Charlotte. Their marriage is based on economics rather than on love or appearance. So we can learn that their marriage can be called as a material trade.

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I could not believe how graphic and gripping satire can be until I read Jonathan Swift's works, especially A Modest Proposal. When I read this particular satire I was simultaneously shocked, enraged, and sickened. How could such a short piece of fiction affect a person so drastically? I suppose it has much to do with Swift's skillful use of metaphor and irony. The underlining metaphor of Swift's A Modest Proposal is England as a devourer of the Irish people. At this time, England was economically exploiting Ireland for its own profit and in the

process, impoverishing the Irish people and condemning them to a despairing existence.

Jonathan Swift uses this disturbing metaphor to shock his readers and to show them the true brutality of the condition of Ireland because of England and indirectly because of the Irish people themselves. However, Swift carefully crafted A Modest Proposal with its savage irony and horrific metaphors to strike the sleeping world in the face and make all see this sickening state of Ireland.

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