初中英语从句总结

　　初中英语语法总结：

　　从句分为定语从句，状语从句和名词从句三大类。定语从句又分为限定性和非限定性从句两种，由关系代词或关系副词引导，修饰主句的某个成分。状语从句分为时间、结果、让步、原因、条件及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语、宾语、表语和同位语从句及there be句型。

　　1.定语从句

　　限定性定语从句中that可代表人和事，而which只代表事;二者在从句中作主语或宾语。that作宾语时常可省略，which则不能，而且其后的“不及物动词+介词’’中的介词不能省略。which作宾语时，先行词与which之间的介词不能省。例如：

　　1.The first doll that could say“mama”was invented in 1830.

　　2.The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part，during which he sailed round the Cape Horn.

　　代表a11，anything，something，nothing，much等词时，用that而不用which，that作宾语可省略。例如：

　　1.I care anything that has something to do with it.

　　2.You'd better do something he prefers to do to please him.

　　3.That is the last time we met each other.

　　4.I came across the woman you told me about yesterday.

　　who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句的主语和宾语。where是关系副词，用于表示地点的定语从句，而when用来表示时间。whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语。例如:

　　1.Henry Ford is the person who is most responsible for developing the idea of mass production.

　　2.The knee is the joint where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg.

　　3.The next morning, when she came down to breakfast , Mary was beaming with the pleasure of a new，great discovery.

　　4.The visiting professor is a famous scientist whose son studies in my department.

　　在下列情况，限定性定语从句的关系代词可以省略：

　　1)当关系代词在从句中作宾语或表语;或它们在从句中作介词的宾语，而该介词又在句末时;

　　2)当先行词是that，all，only，everything，something，nothing等代词时，或先行词前有一个最高级形容词修饰时;

　　3)当先行词前有only，any，all，first，no，last等修饰时，或先行词就是time，moment，way(anyway)，direction，distance等名词时，关系代词即可省略。例如：

　　1.The delegation we had been waiting for finally arrived.

　　2.I met the woman you told me about.

　　3.She gave me all she could afford.

　　4.With TV we can see things happen almost at the exact moment they are happening.

　　非限定性定语从句，其作用为：对所修饰的成分作进一步的说明，它与主句用逗号隔开。此类从句省略后其余部分仍可成立。在非限定性定语从句中，which可代表前面的整个句子;代表人时只能用who，whom，而不能用that;as也可用作关系代词。例如:

　　1.The telephone，as we know，was the invention of Alexander Graham Bell.

　　2.The Little White House in Warm Springs was the Georgia home President 3.Franklin D.Roosevelt，who died there on April 12，1945.

　　4.Living in a damp house for a long time is harmful to one’s health，which is known to everyone.

　　2.状语从句

　　状语从句可分为：时间状语从句(主要由when，whenever，after，before，a5，slnce，once，assoonas，Until，while等连词引导)，结果状语从句(由so…that和such…that连接)，让步状语从句(由though，although, no matter，even if, however，whatever等词引导)，原因状语从句(由as，because，since和for引导)，条件状语从句(由if, whether，as long as，provided that等词引导)，地点状语从句(由where引导)，行为方式状语从句(由as引导)。有时条件状语从句中，主句不可以用将来时，而用一般时代替。例如：

　　1.The small greenish flowers of the elm tree appear in the Spring, long before the leaves grow.

　　2.QiongYao's novels used to be so popular that her books appeared on best-seller lists.

　　3.Gas balloon is less safe than hot balloon because it may catch fire.

　　4.Uniform acceleration (同样的加速) occurs if the rate of change remains the same over successive equal intervals of time.

　　5.Thousands of Chinese college students went to the US Consulate 6.Shanghai，where they protested NATO's bombing at China's Embassy in Yugoslavia.

　　状语从句中的 “主语+be”可以省略，前提是：从句主语和主句主语一致，且从句谓语“be”省略后的结构为“连词+现在分词/过去分词介词短语/形容词/名词短语”。) 例如：

　　1.When well fitted, glasses can correct most sight defects in healthy eyes.

　　2.If necessary，I would like to see you in your office.

　　3.Although seriously wounded，he never complained.

　　3.名词从句

　　名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句，其中有介词与形容词的宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

　　1)主语从句

　　主语从句常出现在it is+名词、形容词、分词+主语从句”的形式中。例如：

　　1.It is reported that Taiwanese pop singer Meng Tingwei will hold a solo concert in Shanghai someday this month.

　　2.It must be pointed out that you have failed to meet the deadline.

　　3.It usually happened that I was late because of traffic jams.

　　主语从句还可用when，where，how，why，whether等连接副词，和who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever等连接代词来引起。例如：

　　1.How to arrange the meeting is not your task.

　　2.Whose candidate will win the election is the question both political parties are asking.

　　3.When I leave is my own decision.

　　4.Whoever will go to the party won't change my mind of staying at home.

　　2)宾语从句

　　宾语从句可由that, 疑问代词或副词how，why和where等引出。例如：

　　1.To postpone the conference until next month indicated that they were unprepared.

　　2.Nearly a11 the staff agreed with what I said.

　　3.Everyone worried about her because no one was aware of where she had gone.

　　4.Could you offer more details except that it happened at night?

　　由what，whether，how引导的宾语从句可用在介词后，而由that引导的从句只跟but，besides，except，in, save之后。例如:

　　1.I can hardly believe in what they have done.

　　2.He doesn’t know my phone number except that the city code is 021.

　　一些表语性的形容词，如：alarmed，amazed，annoyed，astonished, certain，confident, disappointed, glad, pleased, proud, sad, shocked, sure, surprised, worried, ect.做表语时，后面可跟由that, how等引导的宾语从句。例如：

　　1.I was amazed how he could pass the exam without attending the lectures.

　　2.He is confident that he will pass the Band 6 examination.

　　3.She was surprised how simple his problem is.

　　4.We are all pleased that he will be able to pass the final examination.

　　3)表语从句

　　表语从句对主语的内容起解释和阐述的作用;若表语从句用that引起，that起连接作用，不能省略。b表语从句也可用连接词how，when，where，why，what引起。由because引起的表语从句通常只用在“this/that/it is because” 结构中。例如：

　　1.A logarithm(对数) is what is known in algebra exponent(代数的指数).

　　2.One thing I admire most about them is that they are hospitable.

　　3.She works too hard;That is why she is exhausted.

　　4.I must point out that where you intend to build a super-market is where the elderly do exercise every day.

　　4)同位语从句

　　同位语从句是由两个或两个以上同一层次语言单位组成的结构，其中前项与后项所指相同，句法功能相同。同位语从句由that引导，也可由whether，how，why，where, when等来引导。例如：

　　1.She ignored the teacher's instruction that she must study hard.

　　2.The question whether or not I should help him in such a case troubled me greatly.

　　英语从句总结

　　1.主语从句

　　1)主语从句可直接位于主语的位置，如果从句较长，谓语又较短，可用it作形式主语，而将从句放在句末。常见的句型有：

　　*It is a fact\a pity\a question\good news that...

　　*It seems\appears\happened\has turned out that...

　　*It is clear\important\likely\possible that...

　　*It is said\reported\estimated\has been proved that...

　　It is said that comic books create a connection between people of the same generation.

　　It seems that the performance is very useful.

　　2)what引导的主语从句表示“...的东西时”，一般不用it作形式主语。

　　What we lack is experience.

　　3)what,who,when,why,whether等词含有各自的疑问意义，但它们引导的主语从句，都用陈述语序。

　　How the plan is to be carried out should be discussed again.

　　I did know why I felt like crying.

　　2.宾语从句

　　1)宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后。连词that常可省略。介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句。in that(因为),except that(除了),but that(只是)已构成固定搭配，其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句。

　　*I promised that I would change the situation.

　　*All this is different from what American young people would say about friendship.

　　*He is certain that watching so much television is not good for children.

　　*This article is well-written except that it is a bit too long.

　　2)宾语从句后如有宾补，要用形式宾语it来代替，而把宾语从句移至宾补之后。

　　He has made it clear that he would not change his mind.

　　3)在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词后的宾语从句中，如果谓语是否定的，一般将否定词移至主句谓语上，宾语从句则变成肯定形式。

　　He didn't think that the money was well spent.

　　3.表语从句

　　表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中。表语从句除可用that,what,when,why,whether,how等引导外，还可由because,as if(though)等引导。that常可省略。如主句主语为reason,只能用that引导表语从句，不可用because.

　　Perhaps the most important thing to remember is that there is no one common type of life in America.

　　The reason why so many people died there is that there were not enough food supplies.

　　It looks as if successful international cultural communication will make the world smaller.

　　4.同位语从句

　　同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明，一般用连词that引导，由于先行名词的意义不同，也可用whether,who,when,where,what,why,how等引导。常见的先行名词有fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.有时由于谓语较短，将同位语从句位于谓语之后。

　　She finally made the decision that she would join the fashion show.

　　I had no idea how many books I could borrow at a time.

　　The news came that their team had won the championship.

　　5.定语从句

　　定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是一个句子。定语从句通常位于先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引导。

　　*限制性定语从句

　　限制性定语从句修饰先行词，对先行词起修饰作用，紧接先行词之后，无逗号，若省去，原句意思不完整。引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that等。who,whom,whose用于指人，whose有时也可指物，相当于of which;which用于指物;that既可指人也可指物，但只用于限制性定语从句中。关系代词除了引导定语从句，替代先行词外，还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等。

　　The computers and cables which make up the Internet are owned by people and organizations.

　　Those who live alone or who are sick may have trouble in getting close to other people.

　　The girl whose parents died in an accident is living with her grandmother.

　　1)当先行词是all,anything,everything,something,nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first,last,any,few,much,some,no,only以及形容词最高级修饰时，只能用关系代词that引导从句。

　　That is all that I've heard from him.

　　He's the first person that I'm going to interview this afternoon.

　　2)关系代词的省略

　　在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词，作介词宾语时不可用that，只可用which或whom引导从句，并且不可省略，但当介词位于宾语从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that，也可省略。

　　This is one of those things with which we have to put up.

　　This is one of those things (which\that) we have to put up with.

　　3)引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where,why等。关系副词在从句中作状语，意义上相当于一个“介词+which”的结构。

　　Even in comic books where(=in which) there are no words,the stories are fully expressed through the drawings.

　　No one knows the reason why(=for which) he was so angry that day.

　　*非限制性定语从句

　　非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词，也可修饰整个主句，起补充说明作用，与主句之间有逗号隔开，若省去，原句意思不受影响。不可用that引导非限制性定语从句。关系词不可省略。

　　Every object has a gravitational pull,which is rather like magnetism.

　　*“介词+which\whom\whose”引导的定语从句

　　“介词+which\whom\whose”可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配，或先行词的习惯搭配。

　　This is the computer on which he spent all his savings

　　It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.

　　*as引导的定语从句

　　as引导的定语从句主要用于“such...as”及“the same...as”的结构中，代替先行词是人或物的名词。as引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。

　　These are not such problems as can be easily solved.(as代替先行词problems)

　　As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.(as代替主语)

　　6.状语从句

　　*时间状语从句

　　引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有：

　　1)when,whenever,while,as,after,before,since,till,until,once等。

　　We have learnt quite a lot about it since we came here.

　　2)as soon as,hardly(scarcely)...when,no sooner...than,each(every) time,the moment,immediately(that)等。

　　As soon as I sent an e-mail message,I received positive responses.

　　The moment he heard the good news,he jumped with joy.

　　*地点状语从句

　　引导地点状语从句的连词是where,wherever.

　　Wherever she went,she took her little daughter with her.

　　*原因、结果和目的状语从句

　　1)引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because,as,since,now(that),seeing that,considering that,in that等。

　　Considering that he is a freshman,we must say he is doing well.

　　2)引导结果状语从句的连词有：so...that,such...that,so that,that,so等。

　　Mickey Mouse is so attractive that the children are reluctant to leave.

　　3)引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that,in order that,for fear that,lest等，从句常使用may,might,can,could,would等情态动词。

　　We got up early this morning so that we could catch the first bus to the railway station.

　　*条件和让步状语从句

　　1)引导条件状语从句的连词和词组有if,unless,as(so) long as,on condition that,in case,provided(providing) that,supposing等。

　　As long as you have the right equipment,you can use a telephone line to transmit computer data.

　　2)引导让步状语从句的连词和词组有though,although,whether,even though,even if,no matter what(when,how...),whatever(whenever,wherever,however....)等。though,even if等引导状语从句可转换成含有as的部分倒装结构，具有强调意义。其结构为“形容词(副词、动词、名词)+as+主语+谓语”。

　　No matter what you may say,I would not change my mind.

　　Young as he is,he is quite experienced in this work.(=though he is young)

　　Child as he is,he can speak English fluently.(=though he is a child)

　　*方式状语从句

　　引导方式状语从句的连词有as,just as,as if,as though等。as if,as though引导的状语从句中，谓语动词常用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反。

　　The young man made the experiment just as the teacher had taught him.

　　Everything went on as usual as if nothing had happened.