历年政府工作报告中英文对照版和《经济学家》中英文对照版建议多看看，上面的习题最好都亲自做一下，三级没多大难度，充分准备应该可以通过

汉英翻译技巧的培养（translation competence development）应涉及以下内容：

一.要培养对英语的语感和悟性（language intuition – open and alert mind to pick up idioms, specific expressions, etc.）；

二.要培养对英语的判断能力和鉴赏能力（evaluation capacity – judgment）；

三.要培养对英语的洞察能力和剖析能力（power of observation – insight）；

四.要培养对英语细微特征的反应能力（linguistic nuances alertness）； -

五.要培养对社会文化和跨文化交流的敏感性（social-cultural sensitivity – cross-cultural awareness）；

六.要培养对英语和汉语之间差别的意识 (sense of differences between Chinese and English)；

七.要培养对英语和汉语之间的辩证关系的认识 (awareness of the dialectic relationship between Chinese and English)；

八.要培养对英语“洋为中用”的意识 (“use things foreign to serve Chinese purposes”)；

九.要培养对英语 “学以致用” 的意识 (apply what you have learned in your translation)；

十.要培养对翻译的多层次、多角度的立体思维方式 (a multi-tier approach )。

十一.一名称职的翻译工作者必须懂得什么是翻译的真谛(a clear conception of what translation is)。

十二.一名优秀的翻译人员必须具有高屋建瓴的视角 (great powers of conception)。 各种能力和意识的培养都需要加强翻译意识的锻炼：

第一：要对翻译的重要性有深刻的、充分的认识，翻译的对与错、好与坏有时会产生绝

然不同的效果。例如，天涯海角：不是the End of the World (应为Land’s End / End of the Earth) 。再如，一小时内免费送机票上门：不是We give you tickets free of charge within one hour.（应为We offer free delivery of your air tickets within one hour after your booking confirmation.）

第二：要善于仔细地、深入地、准确地理解中文原文的意思。这是因为准确的理解是做好翻译的前提。例如，摸着石头过河：不是crossing the river by feeling the stones。(而是wade across the stream by feeling the way )正确的做法应该是按照下面的步骤去做：

1.“摸着石头过河”的字面意思如何理解？

2.它有什么暗含或延伸的意思？

3.英语里有没有相同或类似的说法？.如果有，就可以直接借用；如果没有，是进行直译还是意译？

4.如果直译为 crossing the river by feeling the stones是否能被外国人理解？

5.过河是乘船过(crossing by boat)还是淌水过(wading across)，动词用什么形式？

6.这里的河是大河、中河还是小河 (river, stream, brook, etc.)？

7.摸的方式是用手摸还是用脚触？

8.石头是大石头还是小石头(rock, stone, pebble, etc.)？

9.如果意译为 learning by experiment / by trial and error是否可取？

10.直译和意译相结合wading across the stream by feeling the way如何？

第三：中文和英文的对应词有时意思并不相同或者不完全相同，不能照字面翻译。例如，他的英语说得真好，就像外国人一样。不是He speaks English so well, he sounds like a foreigner.而是He speaks English so well, he sounds like a native speaker.

拉动经济增长：不是pull economic growth，而是push/lift/increase/boost/stimulate/spur/drive/fuel/speed up/accelerate/generate/ fire up/ propel/

facilitate/reinforce/aid/assist/support/promote/encourage/foster/(sustain/maintain)。素质教育：不是quality education，而是caliber-focused education 或trait-centered education。 第四：有时候中文字面的意思表达不充分，部分信息被省略了或被隐藏起来了。例如，特区是个窗口，是技术的窗口，管理的窗口，知识的窗口，也是对外政策的窗口。不是：The special zone is a window. It is a widow for introducing technology, management and knowledge. It is also a window for foreign policy.

而是The special economic zones are a window opening onto the outside world. They are a window through which to bring in from abroad sophisticated technology, advanced managerial expertise and up-to-date know-how. It is also a window through which to disseminate China’s external policies.

再如，退耕还林：不是return farmland to forest，而应该是restore “woodland-converted farm-plots” back for afforesting 。春运：不是spring transportation，而是the rush / peak season of passenger transportation during the Spring Festival。

第五：有些中文词语没有什么特殊涵义，而与之相对应的英文词语却有着特殊的涵义。例如，与“便宜”、“价廉”相对应的“cheap,”它有时候会带有贬义，成为“质次价低”的意，如cheap jewelries, cheap dresses, cheap furniture 等。我们可以说I bought a cheap watch for my child，对小孩无所谓；但不能说I bought a cheap dress for my girlfriend. 因为这样说会冒犯对方。在后一种情况下必须用inexpensive一词。

第六：避免用中式英语进行表达，而要尽量用地道的英语进行表达。假如我们要把“我过去学过一些法语，但现在都忘了，都还给老师了”这句话翻译成英语，最好不要说 I learned some French in the past. Now I have forgotten it. I’ve returned it to the teacher. 比较好的说法是 I used to know some French, but I’ve forgotten it. It has found its way back to my teacher.

再比如我们要用英语说“我攒了一大堆赃衣服，等着周末来洗，”最好不要说I have accumulated a large amount of dirty clothes. I’m going to wash them at the weekend. 比较好的说法是 I have a lot of laundry to catch up at the weekend.

第七：根据不同场合，英语的表达有庄重(formal) 与随意(informal) 之分。比如“禁止吸烟”（No Smoking）、“请勿吸烟”(Thank you for not smoking) 和“为了您和他人的健康，请勿在此吸烟”（For hygiene’s sake, please refrain yourself from smoking in this room.）下面两组例子中都各包含有formal- normal - informal 三种文体风格(style):

Please await instructions before dispatching items.

Please wait for instructions before sending items off.

Don’t send anything off until you’re told to do so.

Essential measures should be undertaken at the earliest opportunity.

One should undertake any necessary measures at the earliest opportunity. You should do whatever you have to as soon as you can.

第八：要注意各行各业的不同术语的选择。比如我们要把“专业签证人员”翻译成英语，那么我们就要按照外交用语的习惯把它翻译为visa officers，而不应该照字面上翻译成specialized visa personnel。“安居工程” 的英译不是housing project for low-income urban residents，而应该按照社会经济用语的习惯翻译为the Affordable Housing Program; “信息化”的英译不是informatization 或informationization，而应该按照高科技行业习惯翻译为the spreading / sweeping information explosion / the information explosion process / trend; “外资企业”的英译不是overseas-funded enterprises,而应该按照外贸行业习惯翻译为enterprises with foreign investment / enterprises with foreign elements；再比如，高速公路上的警示语“请勿疲劳驾驶，”翻译成英语不是Don’t drive tiredly，按照交通法规术语应该翻译为Drowsy driving is dangerous 或Drive alert, arrive alive。

第九：注意汉语和英语之间的文化差异。把“相声”翻译成英语不能只是翻译其形式，还要翻译其内涵。翻译成cross talk 外国人不明白；不如翻译为comic dialogue 更好懂。再如，假设我们要把“以外贸为龙头”翻译成英语，能不能直接翻译为with foreign trade as the dragon head呢？这样翻译是很难让外国人明白的，因为“以……为龙头”这个说法是源自耍龙灯的习俗，而多数外国人不一定熟悉中国人的这一习俗。为了取得好的翻译效果，最好是用能够跨越文化障碍的表达方法，如“火车头”或“旗舰”：with foreign trade as the locomotive / flagship。

但是不能机械地对待一切类似的翻译问题，我们的头脑里应该有一点辩证法。比如汉语的“鱼米之乡”(land of fish and rice)，在英语里有一个类似的说法land of milk and honey，但由于land of fish and rice 外国人也能理解，不会造成跨化交流的障碍，所以我们可以采用land of fish and rice的说法，以保留一点中国的特色。

第十：对于暗含的意思，必须把它明白地翻译出来，这样便于外国读者理解。例如，”东边日出西边雨，道是无晴却有晴”中的“晴”字，它是个双关语，有“天晴”和“爱情”的双重意思。我们在翻译的时候，必须做到二者兼顾：

It’s sunny in the east but in the west it’s raining hard.

Whether rain or sunshine, he’s the sunshine in my heart.

再如，“这种鞋油为您足下增光”中的“足下”也是个双关语，翻译的时候也必须把两层意思都表达出来：This shoe shine shines your shoes and you look great.

第十一：有时候，比如翻译诗句，光翻译字面上的意思是不够的，还必须把字里行间的深度、力量和美感表达出来。例如，朱门酒肉臭，路有冻死骨：不是 Wines and meats become rotten in the mansions; Dead bones become rotten at the doors of them， 而是：In the mansions, rolling luxury allows wine and meat to go rotten away;On the streets, grinding poverty causes dead bodies to freeze and decay.

第十二：汉语和英语在语法语序和句子结构上都有很大的差别。因此，在进行中译英的时候必须要考虑到这些方面的变化。例如，改革开放开放取得了巨大的成就：不是The economic reform and the opening-up have made great achievements. 而是把“巨大的成就”当作主语，把主动语态变成被动语态：Great achievements have been made in the

economic reform and in our efforts to open-up China to the outside world.

综上所述，一个好的翻译人员必须具有高屋见瓴的视角，要懂得翻译的真谛是什么。要想提高汉英翻译水平，必须加强对上述各种意识的培养。必须养成多层次、多角度的思维习惯

第二篇：20xx政府工作报告中英文对照

20xx 政府工作报告 双语摘要

MAJOR TARGETS FOR 20xx

国内生产总值增长7.5%

-- GDP will grow by 7.5 percent.

居民消费价格涨幅控制在4%左右

-- Consumer Price Index (CPI) increase will be kept around 4 percent.

城镇新增就业900万人以上，城镇登记失业率控制在4.6%以内

-- More than 9 million new jobs will be created in towns and cities. The registered urban unemployment rate will be kept at 4.6 percent or lower.

进出口总额增长10%左右，国际收支状况继续改善。

-- The volume of total exports and imports will increase by around 10 percent.

同时，要在产业结构调整、自主创新、节能减排等方面取得新进展，城乡居民收入实际增长和经济增长保持同步。

-- China will make further progress in industrial restructuring, innovation, energy conservation, and emissions reduction, and ensure that both urban and rural residents' real incomes increase in line with economic growth.

今年拟安排财政赤字8000亿元，赤字率下降到1.5%左右，其中中央财政赤字5500亿元，代发地方债2500亿元。

-- A deficit of 800 billion yuan is projected, a decrease to around 1.5 percent of GDP, consisting of 550 billion yuan in central government deficit and 250 billion yuan in local government bonds.

FISCAL AND MONETARY POLICIES

继续实施积极的财政政策。更加注重向民生领域倾斜。

-- China will continue to implement a proactive fiscal policy. The government will increase spending on areas important to people's wellbeing.

继续实施稳健的货币政策。广义货币预期增长14％。

-- China will continue to implement a prudent monetary policy. The broad money supply is projected to increase by 14 percent.

增强人民币汇率双向浮动弹性，保持人民币汇率在合理均衡水平上的基本稳定。

-- China will make the floating exchange rate regime more flexible and keep the RMB exchange rate basically stable at an appropriate and balanced level.

PRICE CONTROL

要在有效实施宏观经济政策、管好货币信贷总量、促进社会总供求基本平衡的基础上，搞好价格调控，防止物价反弹。

-- China will control prices and prevent inflation from rebounding by effectively

carrying out macroeconomic policies, managing the supply of money and credit, and striving for basic equilibrium in aggregate supply and demand.

AGRICULTURE

稳定发展农业生产，多渠道增加农民收入。加快农业科技进步。加强农业农村基础设施建设。

-- Efforts will be made to increase farmers' income, support agricultural technology development, develop rural infrastructure and protect farm land.

今年中央财政用于“三农”的投入拟安排12287亿元，比上年增加1868亿元。

-- The central fiscal plans to allocate 1.23 trillion yuan for agriculture, rural areas and farmers, 186.8 billion yuan more than last year.

ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING

解决发展不平衡、不协调、不可持续的问题，关键在于加快转变经济发展方式，推进经济结构战略性调整，这既是一个长期过程，也是当前最紧迫的任务。

-- To accelerate the transformation of the economic development pattern and carry out strategic adjustment of the economic structure is both a long-term and most pressing task at present.

NUCLEAR POWER

安全高效发展核电。

-- China will safely and effectively develop nuclear power.

MONITORING PM 2.5

今年在京津冀、长三角、珠三角等重点区域以及直辖市和省会城市开展细颗粒物（PM2.5）等项目监测。

-- China will start monitoring fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the

Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River delta, the Pearl River delta and other key areas as well as in municipalities directly under the central government and provincial capital cities in 20xx.

20xx年覆盖所有地级以上城市。

-- The monitoring will be extended to all cities at and above the prefectural level by 20xx.

GOING BLUE

制定和实施海洋发展战略，促进海洋经济发展。

-- China will formulate and implement a strategy for marine development, and promote the development of the marine economy.

SPENDING MORE IN EDUCATION

坚持优先发展教育。中央财政已按全国财政性教育经费支出占国内生产总值的4%编制预算。

-- The central government has prepared its budget to meet the requirement that government spending on education accounts for 4 percent of the GDP.

加强校车安全管理，确保孩子们的人身安全。

-- The government will enhance school bus safety to ensure children's safety. PEOPLE'S WELLBEING

千方百计扩大就业。各级政府务必坚持就业优先战略，继续实施更加积极的就业政策。 -- China will make every effort to increase employment and the government must continue to follow the strategy of giving top priority to employment.

今年年底前实现新型农村社会养老保险和城镇居民社会养老保险制度全覆盖。 -- By the end of the year, the country will have achieved full coverage of the new old-age pension system for rural residents and the old-age pension system for non-working urban residents.

城镇居民医保和新农合补助标准提高到每人每年240元。

-- The government will raise subsidies for medical insurance for non-working urban residents and the new type of rural cooperative medical care system to 240 yuan per person per year.

继续稳定低生育水平，综合治理出生人口性别比偏高问题，提高出生人口质量。 -- It will continue to keep the birthrate low and redress gender imbalance.

继续推进保障性安居工程建设，在确保质量的前提下，基本建成500万套，新开工700万套以上。

-- It will continue to develop low-income housing, and basically complete 5 million units and start construction on over 7 million units.

SOCIAL MANAGEMENT

着力排查化解各类社会矛盾。

-- The government will work hard to resolve social conflicts.

积极稳妥推进户籍管理制度改革。

-- It will actively yet prudently carry forward the reform of the household registration system.

加强和改进互联网管理，营造健康的网络环境。

-- It will strengthen and improve management of the Internet and foster a healthy cyberspace environment.

CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

大力发展公益性文化事业。以农村和中西部地区为重点，加强基层文化设施建设。 -- China will vigorously promote nonprofit cultural services and strengthen cultural infrastructure in communities, particularly in rural areas and the central and western regions.

KEY REFORM AREAS

进一步转变政府职能，完善宏观调控体系，理顺政府与市场的关系。

-- China will transform government functions and balance the relationship between government and the market.

深化财税金融体制改革。

-- It will advance reform of the fiscal and taxation systems.

深化土地、户籍、公共服务改革。

-- It will deepen reforms of land, household registration and public services. 推进社会事业、收入分配等改革。

-- It will carry forward reforms in social programs and income distribution.

推进依法行政和社会管理创新。

-- It will run the government in accordance with the law and promote innovation in social administration.

鼓励民间资本进入铁路、市政、金融、能源、电信、教育、医疗等领域。

-- It will encourage nongovernmental investment in railways, public utilities, finance, energy, telecommunications, education, and medical care.

OPENING-UP

保持对外贸易稳定发展。

-- The government will maintain steady growth in foreign trade.

引导外资更多投向先进制造业、高新技术产业、节能环保产业、现代服务业和中西部地区。

-- It will encourage more foreign investment in advanced manufacturing, new and high technologies, energy conservation, environmental protection, new service industries, and the central and western regions.

加强对外投资风险管理，维护我境外企业人员和资产安全。

-- It will support companies making overseas investments, strengthen risk

management of overseas investments and protect the safety of employees and assets of Chinese enterprises operating overseas.

NATIONAL DEFENSE

积极开展信息化条件下军事训练。

-- China will vigorously carry out military training under information-age conditions. 坚决完成反恐维稳、处置突发事件、抢险救灾等任务。

-- China will ensure the armed forces resolutely accomplish the tasks of combating terrorism, maintaining stability, handling emergencies, and relieving disasters. HONG KONG, MACAO, TAIWAN

全力支持香港、澳门发展经济，改善民生，推进民主。

-- The central government will fully support Hong Kong and Macao in growing their economies, improving the people' s wellbeing and promoting democracy.

新的一年，我们要继续坚持中央对台工作的大政方针，增强两岸关系发展的政治、经济、文化和民意基础，拓展两岸关系和平发展新局面。

-- In 20xx, the mainland will strengthen the political, economic, and cultural foundation and public support for growing cross-Straits relations and make further progress in promoting the peaceful development.

GLOBAL RESPONSIBILITY

参与全球经济治理和区域合作。积极参与二十国集团等全球经济治理机制建设。 -- China will actively participate in building mechanisms for global economic governance such as the G20.

继续在多哈回合谈判中发挥建设性作用。

-- It will continue to play a constructive role in the Doha Round of trade talks.

我们将积极参与多边事务和全球治理，推动国际秩序朝着更加公正合理的方向发展。 -- It will actively participate in multilateral affairs and global governance and contribute to making the international political and economic order more just and equitable.