1.    文学理论的学科归属：是文艺学（二级学科）的三个分支（文学史、文学批评、文学理论）之一，它与其他分支有极其重要的联系，它通过对文学问题的审视，侧重于研究文学中带一般性的普遍的规律，它力图指导、制约着其他分支的研究，但它本身又必须建立在对具体的作品、作家和文学现象的研究基础上。→汉语言文学（一级学科），

2.    美国当代文艺学家艾布拉姆斯在《镜与灯——浪漫主义文论及批评传统》一书中提出文学四要素说：世界、作品、读者、作家。

3.    文学理论的基本形态：文学哲学、文学社会学、文学心理学、文学符号学、文学价值学、文学信息学、文学文化学。

4.    马克思主义文学理论的基本观念：文学活动论（区分了人的生活活动与动物的生命活动，文学是人的精神生活活动。文学是“人学” ，文学的出发点、联结点和归宿点都是人。）、文学反映论（文学活动是人作为主体对于客体的认识与反映。）、艺术生产论（从经济学角度出发，只有书作为产品进入资本运作过程中，作家的劳动才是艺术生产。）、文学审美意识形态论（审美：指人与世界（社会和自然）形成一种无功利的、形象的和情感的关系状态。意识形态：是一种对事物的感观思想，是观念、观点、概念、思想、价值观等要素的总和。意识形态源于社会存在，受思维能力、环境、信息、价值取向等因素影响。）、艺术交往论。

5.    判断文学与非文学的标准是什么？（举例说明）

（1）文学的语言富有独特表现力。例如《便条》里的“那么甜”、“那么凉”别含深意。

（2）文学总是要呈现审美形象的世界，这种审美形象具有想像、虚构和情感等特性。例如《便条》建构了一个想象的人际关系状况。

（3）文学传达完整的意义，本身构成一个整体。

（4）文学蕴含着似乎特殊而无限的意味。

然而，文学的含义往往在具体的文学活动中发生演变，尤其是把通常的非文学移位成新的文学，所以需要从历史和具体的角度去看待文学作品。

6.    什么是话语蕴藉？怎样理解文学的话语蕴藉属性?试结合具体作品加以说明。

话语蕴藉是指文学活动的蕴蓄深厚而又余味深长的语言与意义状况，表明文学作为社会话语实践蕴含着丰富的意义生成可能性。

7.    精神生产与物质生产的关系？

精神生产的产生发展以物质生产为前提和基础。

物质生产始终是精神生产发展的“动因”，精神生产一旦从物质生产中分化出来，就具有了相对的独立性，表现在：1.精神生产与物质生产不同步；2.精神生产反过来对物质生产发生作用。

8.    文学创造的主客体关系？

文学创造的主客体关系是审美主体与审美客体所构成的审美价值评价关系。其特征：1.创作主体对客体审美价值的评价以情感体验为心理特征 ；2.创作主体对客体审美价值的把握以感性直观为思维特征。也就是说情感体验和感性直观是连接主客体关系的纽带。

9.    文学创造发生阶段的三个环节：材料储备、艺术发现、创作动机。

10. 艺术发现：是作家在内心积累了相当多的感性材料的基础上，无意识地依据自己认识生活和评价生活的思想原则和审美趋向，对外在事物进行观察和审视时所得到的一种独特的领悟。是文学创造活动发生的最早契机。

11. 艺术构思：作家在材料积累和艺术发现的基础上，在某种创作动机的驱动下，通过回忆、想像、情感等心理活动，以各种艺术构思方式，孕育出完整的、呼之欲出的形象序列和中心意念的艺术思维过程。是文学创作中最重要的阶段。

12. 灵感：创造性思维过程中认识发生飞跃的心理现象，其特征：非预期性和转瞬即逝性，其思维过程：作家在内心长期积累、比较、分析材料、艰苦地思索、无意间获得结果。

13. 陌生化：以作者或人物似乎都未见过此事物，以陌生的眼光描写，以消解“套板反应”，使读者产生某种新奇感的构思方式 ，如曹雪芹写刘姥姥。

14. 艺术真实有哪些主要特征？

一，与生活真实不同，艺术真实以假定性情境表现对社会生活内涵的认识和感悟。1.内蕴的真实：是作家对社会生活的认识和感悟的产物，是一种主体性的诠释，是一种对生活内蕴的揭示。例如卡夫卡《变形记》中，作者刻画的人物形象怪诞，却是作者对资本主义社会人与人之间冷漠关系的真实而深刻的感受和发现。2.假定的真实：以假定性情境反映或表现社会生活的内蕴。例如《西游记》里的唐僧（现实形象）与孙悟空、猪八戒等（幻想的非现实形象）的结合，融会成一个荒诞不经的情境世界。

二，与科学真实不同，艺术真实对客体世界的反映具有主观性和诗意性。1.主观的真实：把客体世界变成主体的认识与感悟、情感与意志的对象物，文学提供的“真实”都被主观化、心灵化。例如王之涣的“白日依山尽，黄河入海流”描绘地就是主观化的日落景象。 2.诗艺性：运用艺术手段和艺术技巧创造一种假定的真实，能够使作者的价值取向得到表现，产生强烈的感染力和震撼力。例如李清照的“莫道不消魂，帘卷西风，人比黄花瘦。”诗人不是为了说明人比黄花瘦，而是为了体现其真实的愁思。

15. 文学作品的类型：现实型文学（侧重以写实的方式再现客观现实）、理想型文学（侧重以直接抒情的方式表现主观理想）、象征型文学（侧重以暗示的方式寄寓审美意蕴的文学形态）

16. 文学作品的基本体裁：诗、小说、剧本、散文、报告文学

17. 文学形象的理想形态：文学典型、文学意境、文学意象。

18. 意境是指抒情性作品中呈现的那种情景交融、虚实相生的形象系统及其诱发和开拓的审美想像空间。特征：1.情景交融：景中藏情、情中见景、情景并茂；2.虚实相生：虚静是实景的升华；3.韵味无穷：由物色、意味、情感、事件、风格、语言、体势等因素共同构成的美感效果。分类：1.有我之境：那种感情比较直露、倾向比较鲜明的意境；2.无我之境：那种情感比较含蓄，不动声色的意境画面。举例说明P218-222

19. 故事、情节、事件会区分：事件由所叙述的人物行为及其后果构成，一个事件就是一个叙述单位；情节是按照因果逻辑组织起来的一系列事件；故事是有行动中的人物、因果线索完整的情节、具体明确的场景等因素的组合。

20. 故事时间和文本事件会区分：故事时间指故事发生的自然时间状态；文本时间指故事内容在叙事文本中具体呈现出来的时间状态。

21. 文学抒情的概念？

1.与叙事的区别：抒情偏于表现作者自己的主观世界，叙事偏于再现客观世界；抒情偏于表现情感，叙事偏于讲故事。

2.与现实的关系：抒情作为一种主观表现，并不脱离现实，而是对现实生活的特殊反映方式。反映的对象是社会生活的精神方面，对社会生活的反映具有主观性、评价性。

3.与宣泄的不同：文学抒情是一种审美表现，需要适度的意识控制与思维参与，需要创造有序的话语组织形式。

22. 文学风格：是指作家的创作个性在文学作品的

  有机整体中通过言语结构所显示出来的、能

  引起读者持久审美享受的艺术独创性。

22. 文学风格与文化：文学风格与时代文化（魏晋风度：汉末魏晋六朝是中国政治上最混乱、社会上最苦痛的时代，然而确是精神史上极自由、极解放，最富于智慧、最浓于热情的一个时代。）、文学风格与民族文化（意大利语的柔和和甜蜜在不知不觉中渗入到意大利作家的资质中去。在我看来，词藻的华丽、隐喻的运用、风格的庄严，通常标志着西班牙作家的特点。对于英国人来说，他们更讲究作品的力量、活力和雄浑，他们爱讽喻和明喻甚于一切。法国人则具有明彻、严密和优雅的风格。）、文学风格与地域文化、文学风格与流派文化。

23. 文学消费与文学接受的区别？

24. 期待视野：姚斯提出在文学阅读之先及阅读过程中，作为接受主体的读者，基于个人与社会的复杂原因，心理上往往会有既成的思维指向与观念结构。读者的这种据以阅读文本的既成心理图式，叫做阅读经验期待视野，简称期待视野。

25. 隐含读者：伊瑟尔提出是指相对于现实读者而言的，作家本人设定的能够把文本加以具体化的预想读者。是作家预想出来的他的作品问世之后，可能出现的或应该出现的读者。

26. 第二文本：文学作品经由阅读后才能摆脱孤立的“自在”存在，成为“自为”的存在，即作为审美对象的“第二文本”而存在。读者阅读的“第二文本”总是“第一文本”的种种异变。

27. 文学接受的高潮：共鸣、净化、领悟（最高境界）、余味。

28. 共鸣：文学接受进入高潮阶段的重要标志，指的是在阅读文学作品时，读者被作品中的思想情感、理想愿望及人物的命运所打动，从而形成一种强烈的心灵感应状态。

29. 净化：其一， 读者可以进入某种虚幻的艺术境界，而暂时忘却世俗的困扰和人生的烦恼，以维持心灵的平衡。其二，由于作品中某种情感力量的震憾，使读者的某种情绪得以宣泄，使畸变的心态得以矫正，使扭曲的人格变得纯正。

30. 文学批评是对以文学作品为中心兼及一切文学活动和文学现象的理性分析、评价和判断。

第二篇：应美文学复习大纲

《英美文学》（03119）复习大纲

第一部分 英国文学

一、 课程简介

本课程简要介绍英国各个历史断代的主要文学文化思潮,文学流派,主要作家; 本课程要求学生掌握英国文学史上各个时期的文学特点，出现的文学流派以及该时期一至两位重要作家的文学生涯,创作思想,艺术特色及代表作品；并要求学生做到在掌握有关知识理论的基础上使之转换这能力，即能用有关知识和理论来分析英国文学中的相关问题。

二、 课程重点章节简介：

第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学

1. <<贝尔武夫>>

2. 乔叟及其代表作

第二章: 文艺复兴时期

1. 文艺复兴的定义

2. 萨士比亚的戏剧及十四行诗

3. 培根的代表作

第三章: 十七世纪英国文学

1. 弥尔顿的代表作<<失乐园>>、诗剧<<力士参孙>>的主要内容及<<

失乐园>>选短

第四章: 启蒙运动时期

1. 新古典主义

2. 伤感主义

3. 笛福及代表作

4. 蒲伯及代表作

第五章: 浪漫主义时期

1. 浪漫主义时期文学的特点

2. 彭斯的创作特点及代表作

3. 华兹华斯的创作特点及代表作

4. 拜伦诗歌的特点及代表作

第六章: 维多利亚时期

1. 维多利亚时期的文学特点

2. 布朗蒂姐妹的代表作

第七章: 现代时期

1. 现代主义文学

2. 汤姆斯.哈代创作特点及代表作

3. D.H.劳伦斯创作特点及代表作

三、 本课程重点和难点内容简介

第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学：

1．<<贝尔武夫>>简介及在英国文学史上的意义。

2．乔叟及其代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》对英国文学做出的贡献。

3．名词解释“骑士抒情诗”

第二章: 文艺复兴时期：

1. 文艺复兴时期的时间界定

2. “文艺复兴”的名词解释

3. “人文主义” 的名词解释

4. 莎士比亚的 “Sonnet 18”的主题

5. 哈姆雷特的性格分析

6. 英语解释《论学习》中的句子

第三章: 十七世纪英国文学：

1. 英语解释弥尔顿《失乐园》选段中的句子

2. 《失乐园》的主要内容和意义

3. 《失乐园》中撒旦的人物分析

第四章: 启蒙运动时期：

1. 启蒙运动时期的界定

2. 新古典主义的基本主特色

3. 伤感主义的名词解释

4. 《鲁滨逊漂流记》中鲁滨逊的人物分析

5. 蒲伯的《论批评》的主题

6. 英文解释《论批评》

第五章: 浪漫主义时期：

1. 浪漫主义时期的界定及文学特点

2. 彭斯的诗歌的特点及其诗作“红玫瑰”

3. 华兹华斯和科勒律治合作的《抒情歌谣集》的重要意义

4. 华兹华斯的诗歌特点

5. 英文解释华兹华斯“我如行云独自游”中的句子

6. 拜伦“致希腊”的主题并用英语解释其中句子

7. 雪莱“西风颂” 的主题并用英语解释其中句子

第六章: 维多利亚时期

1. 维多利亚时期的文学特点

2. 艾米莉。布朗特的《呼啸山庄》的主题

3. 夏洛特。布朗特的《简。爱》中简。爱的人物分析

第七章: 现代时期

1. 现代主义文学的特点

2. 哈代的代表作及写作特点

3. 劳伦斯小说的主题及人物分析

四、课程内容疏理及应用领域、应用讲解方法

I. Old and Medieval Period

1．The Anglo-Saxon Period (5th century – 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of English )

Beowulf ：It is the first long poem in English, which is considered the national epic of the English people. Although Beowulf is a national epic of the English people, but it is a story of the Scandinavians

2.The Anglo – Norman Period

1)The most prevailing (主要的) of literature in the feudal England is Romance(骑士抒情诗).

名词解释：Romance

---------Romance is a literature form in middle English literature means a long composition in verse or prose form dealing with the life and adventures of a noble hero, generally a knight(骑士).The knights are unfailingly devoted to the king and the church. They are commonly described as riding forth to seek adventures, involving in a large amount of fightings for their lords and always encountering romantic love affairs. In romances, loyalty to king and lord is repeatedly emphasized. Romance as a form of literature, is the upper class literature.

2) Geoffrey Chaucer – “the father of English poetry” and “the father of English fiction"

His masterpiece – Canterbury Tale is regarded as one of the monumental works in English literature.

论述题：

Briefly introduce the significance of Chaucer in his Canterbury Tale.

(1) His contribution to English literature can be seen in two aspects: a. Realism:

All kinds of people except the highest (king and the top nobility) and the lowest (the very poor laboring people) are represented by these 30 pilgrims. Besides being the typical representative of her or his own class, each character has her or his own individual qualities. Therefore it gives a true picture of Chaucer’s time.

b. Humanism:

He highly praises man’s energy, quick wit and love of life, thus he reveals his ideas of humanism.

(2) His contribution to English language:

Ever since Norman Conquest, French and Latin were the languages used by the upper classes. Chaucer chose to use the London dialect of his day in his masterpiece. In doing so, he did much in making the London dialect the standard for the Modern English speech.

II、The Renaissance Period (14th to mid-17th)

名词解释：

1、Renaissance :The word “Renaissance” means revival, especially

between the 14th and mid-17th century, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, therefore, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers made attempts to get ride of conservatism (保守主义) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.

2.Humanism: Humanism is both the keynote of the Renaussance

and the intellectual liberration movement, associate with new attitude to ancient Greek and Latin literaure. The humanists took interest in human life and human activities and gave expression to the neeew feeling of admiration for human beauty, human achievement.

3.Shakespeare

His plays can be divided into four types: historical plays, comedies,

tragedies and romantic tragi-comedies.

Shakespeare’s four greatest tragedies are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth

1). Hamlet,例题：

论述题：

What are the main themes in Shakespeare’s tragedies, and analysis the character- Hamlet.( What’s the theme of Hamlet? Analyze the image of Hamlet.)

His tagedies often portray some noble hero who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a diffult situation whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the

whloe nation. The heroes have some weaknesses in their characters, which finally lead to their tragic falls.

Shakespear puts forward the image of Hamlet as a humanist of the Renaissance. He has an unbounded love for the world, nature and man; he loves good, hates evil, and is free from medieval prejudices and superstitions, he shows a contempt for rank and wealth;he is a man of genius, highly accomplished and educated; he is a scholar, soldier, and statesman. His image reflects the versatility of the man of the Renaissance. His weakness is his melancholy, but in spite of his melancholy and delay in action, Ham;et still retains his active energy. His learning, wisdom, noble nature, limitation and tragedy are all representative of the humanists at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries.

2）Sonnet 18

It is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare, the poet

holds that the poetry will bring eternity to the one he loves. A nice

summer’s day is usually short, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever.

Thus Shakespeare has a faith in the permanence of poety.

3）Sonnet 29

In this poem, the poem first complains of his own miseries and

dissatisfaction in life and then becomes happy upon the thought of the

one he loves.

记住这两首诗及注释。

例题：

1.“For thy sweet love rememb’red such wealth brings,

That then I scorn to change my state with kings.”

1) Identify the poem and the poet.

2) What does the word “state” mean?

3) What is the poem about?

Answer:

1) Snonnet 29 by Shakespeare

2) Throne

3) In this poem, the poem first complains of his own miseries and dissatisfaction in life and then becomes happy upon the thought of the one he loves.

4．Francis Bacon(1561 – 1626) is regarded “Father of English Essays”.

He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than as a basis for obtaining knowledge.

His works : Advancement of Learning ，The great Instauration, New Atlantics, Essays(论说文集)

Of the 58 essays in Essays , “Of Study” is the better known and widely read. In this essay, Bacon tries to discuss the use and abuse of studies, the proper and improper ways to pursue one’s studies, and also the effect of the different kinds of studies upon human character.

记熟此文的名句及注释

例题：“some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others;”

1).What does “curiously” mean?

2) What does “deputy” refer to?

3).From which essay does the above sentense come, what is the easy mainly about?

Answer:

1).carefully, attentively

2).person appointed to act for another

3).This essay is from Bacon’s “of studies”. In this essay, Bacon tries to discuss the use and abuse of studies, the proper and improper ways to pursue one’s studies, and also the effect of the different kinds of studies upon human character.

III. The Seventeenth Century

I John Milton

His major literary works: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes, all of which are based on the biblical legend.

记熟Paradise Lost选段及注释

例题：Give a brief comment on John Milton’s Paradise Lost, and

anaylze Satan, the hero in this poem.

Answer: The poet points out at the beginning of the poem that the purpose of the epic is to “assert eternal Providence and justify the ways of God to man.” However, the main idea of the poem shown by the image of Satan, is a revolt against the tyranny’s authority. The defiant spirit of Satan simply shows the proud and sombre political passions of the persecuted revolutionaries after Restoration. In the image of the first two human beings, Adam and Eve, Milton shows his belief in the power of man, and the love between Adam and Eve voices Milton’s own enthusiasm for humanistic elements.

Though the purpose of this poem is, in Milton’s words, to “ justify the ways of God to man”, yet as Satan tries to justify himself by posing as a rebel against tyrnny, Milton apparently unconsciously makes the devil serves as his own mouthpiece. In this part Satan tells his followers never to submit, but to fight for the bright future. The fiery utterance of Satan to his followers exposes Satan as a revolutionary who is against depression and tyranny and longing for freedom, and shows Milton’s intense hatred of tyranny in the capacity of a bourgeois revolutionary. To Milton, the proud and sobre Saton represented the rebellious spirit against unjust authority.

IV. The Age of Enlightenment

名词解释：

1. Enlightenment

-------- It prevailed the whole 18th century. Its aim was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners put great emphasis on reason, equlity and science. They insisted that reason should be the only and the final cause of any human thoughts and activities. They call for order, reason and rules. Moreover, they cherished universal education as an important means of enlightening human beings. They believed that human beings weere limited, imperfect, and yet capable of reason and perfection through education.

2．Sentimentalism:

--------There were the writers and poets in 18th century who strove for something natural and spontaneous in thought and language. In their literature creation, emotions and sentiments began to play a leading part again. An interest in nature as well as natural relations between man and man was awaken in their literature creation.

3．简答题

What are the characteristics of Neoclassicism?

Answer: 书上P103。

4．Daniel Defoe

(1) He is regarded by many as the first true novelist, and his Robinson Crusoe has a claim to be the first English novel.

(2) The analysis of Robinson:

Robinson represents the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stage of its development. He is most practical and exact, always religious and at the same time mindful of his own profit. He struggles hard against nature and makes her bend to his will. In describing Robinson’s life on the island, Defoe glorifies human labour. Labour saves Robinson from despair and is a source of pride and happiness. He toils for the sake of subsistence, and the fruits of his labour are his own.His every voyage is connected with some commercial enterprise, eg: he labours for his own existence, but as soon as a native makes his appearance, Robinson assumes the role of a master. Here lies colonialism in germ.

5．Alexander Pope

.“Essay on Criticism” is didactic poem.It deplores the depth of true taste among the critics of his time, and tells the poets and critics how to write and appreciate poetry according to the principles set up by the old Greek and Roman writers: go to nature, follow the ancient critics.

The excerpt in our textbook is taken from the second part of the long poem “Essay on Criticism”. It demonstrates the danger of “a little learning” and of the self-conceitedness of some people in learning and emphasizes the importance of learning intensively and extensively.

记熟该诗及注释。

例题：those attain’d, we tremble to survey

The growing labours of the lengthen’d way,

Th’ increasing prospect tires our wand’ring eyes,

Hills peep o’er hills, and Alps on Alps

1). Identify the poem and the poet.

2). What does “survey” mean?

3). What does these lines imply?

Answer: 1) Alexander Pope’s. “Essay on Criticism”

2).find

2) It demonstrates the danger of “a little learning” and of the self-conceitedness of some people in learning and emphasizes the importance of learning intensively and extensively.

V. The Romantic Period（这一章是重点章节，注意所选诗歌的注释及主题）

1.General features of Romanticism

这一部分可能出论述题或简答题（论述题要答约200个字，简答题50-80个字）参见书上P171-174。

例题：How is Romanticism different from the Neoclassicism? Answer: 先论述Romanticism的特点P171-174，然后论述Neoclassicism特点P103-105。

I) Robert Burns

记熟“Red red rose”

例题（诗歌这种形式出这样的题比较多）：

“Till a’ the seas gang dry, my dear,

And the rocks melt wi’ the sun!

And I will luve thee still, my dear,

While the sands o’life shall run.”

(1) Identify the poem and the poet.

(2) Interpret the meaning of this stanza.

(3) From the characteristics of this stanza, we can deduce which period it belongs to.

Answer:

(1) Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose”

(2) The theme of it is permanent love, which itself is deep, genuine and natural

(3) Romanticism

2) Wordsworth: the representative poet of passive romanticism, Poet Laureate(桂冠诗人) of England.

.The publication of the “Lyrical Ballads” marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, and the beginning of the Romantic revival in England.

Wordsworth, Coleridge and Robert Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake poets”.

记熟 “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” 及注释、、主题

“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” is regarded as the most anthologized poem in English literature, and one that takes us to the core

of Wordsworth’s poetic belifs.

3）Byron:

(1) He created “Byronic Hero” in his works.

(2)“The Isles of Greece”

In this poem, the poet describes Greece with deep passion. He laments her fallen state and speaks of her foreman’s glory and power, her brave men and heroic deeds. With strong passion he tries to arouse the Greek people’s patriotic feelings so that they might rise against the Turkish invasion.

记熟 “The Isles of Greece” 及注释

4）Shelley

“Ode to the West Wind” is one of the most prized of Shelley’s shorter lyrics.

In this poem, Shelly eulogizes the powerful west wind and expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. The main theme of the poem is his call for political and social reform.

记熟 “Ode to the West Wind” 及注释

5）The major novelists of the English Romantic Period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.

VI. The Victorian Period(这一章着重于小说，注意小说的主题是什么，主角是谁，主角的人物分析)

1.Characteristics of this age:

1) an age of prose

Since the wide spread of education, the number of readers has increased and it is the age of newspapers, magazines, and modern novels.

Newspapers, magazines are about the world’s daily life, and novels are the most pleasant form of literature entertainment, as well as the most successful method of presenting modern problems and modern ideals.

2) an age emphasized the moral purpose

The prose seems to depart from the purely artistic standard of art for art’s sake and to be actuated by a definite moral purpose, and the novel seems to sweep away error and to reveal the underlying truth of human life. So Victorian Age is emphatically an age of realism rather than of romance, which strives to tell the whole truth, showing moral and physical diseases as they are, and holding up health and hope as the normal conditions of humanity.

3) an age of doubt and pessimism

Because the scientific discovery and especially the Evolution give people a new conception of man and of the universe, it is customary to speak of this age as an age of doubt and pessimism.

2. Charles Dickens: He is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age.

The theme of his novels

He has a serious intention to expose and criticize all the poverty,

injustice, hypocrisy and corruptness he sees all around him. In his work, he attempts to call people’s attention to the existing social problem and thus bring about some reform or amelioration.P293

Oliver Twist: In this noval,Dickens gives a truthful presentation of the sufferance of the poor,and makes a complete exposure of the terrible conditions in the English workhouse of the time and the brutality and corruption of the oppressors under the mask of philanthropy.

1) The Brontes

Charlotte wrote The Professor and Jane Eyre, Anne wrote Agnes Grey., and Emily wrote Wuthering Heights.

The analysis of Eyre:

Eyre herself is Charlotte, little, long-suffering, shy, repressed, a smouldering volcano of passion beneath. This heroin represent the who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being, moreover, Jane maintains that woman should have equal rights with woman. The novel severely criticized the limited options open to educated but impoverished women, and the idea that women "ought to confine themselves to making puddings and knitting stockings, to playing on the piano and embroidering bags." Jane's passionate desire for a wider life, her need to be loved, and her rebellious questioning of conventions, also reflected Charlotte's own dreams. Jane is an "Ugly Duckling", who fulfills all the

teenage romantic dreams of passion that breaks all obstacles. VII．The 20th Century Literature

1. The major changes in attitude and technique in the modern novel:

1）The public values of the Victorian novel gave way to more personally conceived notions of value, dependent on the novelist own intuitions and sensibilities rather than on public agreement.

2）Time was no longer a series of chronological moments to be presented by continuous flow in the consciousness of the individual, with a retrospect merging into anticipation.

3）“Stream-of-consciousness” became a important new technique of the English novel.

4）The theme of modern novels

The theme of modern fiction is the possibility of love, the establishment of a emotional communication in a community of private consciousness.

2．Thomas Hardy

Living at the turn of the century, Hardy is often regarded as a transitional writer. In him we see the influence from both the past and the modern. As some people put it, he is intellectually advanced and emotionally tradition.

Novels

Under the Greenwood Tree (<<绿林荫下>>) 1872

Far from the Madding Crowd (远离尘嚣>>) 1874

The Return of the Native (<<还乡>>) 1878

The Mayor of Casterbridge (<<卡斯特桥市长>>) 1886 Tess of the D’Urbervilles (<<德伯家的苔丝>>) 1891

Jude the Obscure (<<无名的裘德>>) 1895

1. D.H.Lawrence

1) .Main Works

Sons and Lovers

Rainbow

Women in Love

Lady Chatterlay’s Lover

2) Sons and LoversSons and Lovers ( an autobiographical novel)

例题：Make an analyse of the theme of D.H.Lawrence’s work, and an analyse of Paul, the hero of “Sons and Lovers”.

The theme of Hardy’s novels:

He believes that life impulse is the primacy of man’s instinct, and that any conscious repression of such an impulse will cause distortion or perversion of the individual’s personality. In his novels, he traces the psychological development of his characters and criticizes the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature. He claims in his novel that the alienation of the human relationships and

the perversion of human nature in the modern society were caused by the whole capitalist mechanical civilization, which turned men into inhuman machines.

An analyse of Paul

Paul is always under the strong influence of his mother in affections, aspiration and mental habits, and sees his father with his mother’s eyes. He depends heavily on his mother’s love which help to make sense of the world around him. In order to becomes an independent man and a true artist he has to make his own decisions about his life and work, and has to struggle to become free from his mother’s influence. However, he is incapable of escaping the overpowering emotional bond imposed by his mother’s love, so he fails to achieve a fulfilling relationship with girls. Finally, Paul determined to face the unknown future.

第二部分 美国文学

一、课程简介：

《美国文学》是英语专业在高年级开设的一门课程，包括美国文学简史与作家，作品介绍。史的部分在课程中做了简要的概述，作家作品部分有：作家的详细介绍；作品的内容提要；重点文选；注释。在教学中以讲授作品，作家介绍为主。

本课程的目的在与要学生掌握美国文学的基本主流，主要的文学

流派，文学作品，以及各时期的代表人物及作品。

二、课程重点章节简介：

第一章： The Literature of Colonial America

1. Captain John Smith became the first American writer.

2. The writers of the Southern and Middle Colonies who followed John Smith made their greatest contribution to American.

第二章： The Literature of Reason and Revolution

1. Benjamin Franklin

2. Thomas Jefferson

第三章：The Literature of Romanticism

1. Washington Irving

2. James Fenimore Cooper

3. Edgar Allan Poe

4. Ralph Waldo Emerson

5. Henry david Thoreau

6. Nathaniel Hauthorne

7. Herman Melville

第四章：The Literature of Realism

1. Walt Whitman

2. Emily Dickinson

3. Mark Twain

4. O. Henry

5. Theodore Dreiser

第五章： Twentieth-Century Literature

1. Ezra Pound

2. Robert Frost

3. Thomas Stearns Eliot

4. Scott Fetzgerald

5. Ernest Hemingway

6. William Faukner

三、本课程重点和难点内容简介

第一章： The Literature of Colonial America

重点：1.了解美国第一个作家的名字及作品名。

2．了解New England Literature 的概念

3．了解putitan thought的实质

第二章： The Literature of Reason and Revolution

1．了解本时期的历史背景，以及作家Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson的主要作品，以及他们在美国文学史上的地位及贡献。

第三章：The Literature of Romanticism

1. 了解Romanticism的概念

2. 对Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Edgar Allan

Poe , ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Herman Melville这几位对美国文学做出了杰出贡献的作家，一定要对其姓名，作品，以及相关的文学评论有所了解。

第四章：The Literature of Realism

1.要重点熟悉女诗人Emily Dickinson( 了解其生平事迹，其诗歌特色，在美国文学史上的地位，以及她的代表作品)

2.小说家要重点了解Mark Twain及其作品和作品分析。

第五章： Twentieth-Century Literature

本部分要掌握的内容较多。

1. 要重点掌握的诗人包括：Ezra Pound(包括他的诗歌特色，他的诗歌理论，他与意象派诗歌的关系，他对现代诗歌的影响)。Robert Frost（包括他的诗歌分析，他的诗歌的含义以及风格）。Thomas Stearns Eliot（当代最伟大的诗人，他的诗歌理念，他的代表作品，以及为什么他在文坛上有如此高的地位等等）

2. 要了解的概念有“垮掉的一代”

3.要掌握的作家有：Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner对于这些现代派作家，大家要了解透彻。

四、本课程内容疏理及应用领域，应用方法讲解

第一章 The Literature of Colonial America Historical

Introduction

At the beginning of the seventeenth century, the vast continental area that was to become the Unitd States had been probed only slightly by English and European ecplorers. The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards, Italians, and Portuguese.

The first permanent English settlement in Northe America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.

The First American Writer

Captain John Smith became the first Amercian Writer. Works:

1.“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”

Puritan Thoughts

Puritan thought includes:

1. Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices.

2. The Puritans wished to restore simpkicity to church services and the authority of the Bible to theology.

3. Putritans included people frome the humblest to the loftiest

ranks of English society.they were thus zealous in defense of their own beliefs but often intolerant of the beliefs of others.

4. Pututans’ lives were disciplined and hard.

5. Putitan religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of wrathful God and to forget His mercy.

第二章 The Literature of Reason And Revolution

Historical Inroduction

By the mid-eighteenth century colonial America was no longer a group of scattered, struggling settlements. It was a series of neighboring, flourishing colonies with rapidly expanding, mixed populations. The growth, particularly the industrial groowth, led to intense strain with England. In the seventies of the 18th century the English colonies in North America rose in arms against their nother country. The War for Independence last for 8 years . the spiritual life in the colonies during that period was to a great degree moulded by the bourgeois Enlightenment.

Benjamin Franklin(1706-1790)

1. Franklin is the only good American author before the Revolutionary War.

2. His best writing if found in his “Autobiography”.

3. Works: “The Autobiography”

Thoma Jefferson(1743-1826)

Works: The Declaration of Independence

Chapter III The Literature of Romanticism Historical

Introduction

1. The attitudes of america’s writers were shaped by their New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the ramantic traditions of Europe. A new romanticism had appeared in England in the last years of the wighteenth century. It spread to continental Europe and then came to america early in the nineteenth century.

2. Romantic values were prominent in american plitics, art, and philosophy until the Civil War.

3. Transcendentalism

4. Nationalism

5. America, from the early 1800s to the Civil War, was la land of paradoxes, a land stirred by spiritual dreams and shaped by the realities of a growing materialism. The age had

rejected the ruined promise and stale wisdom it saw in eighteenth-century rationalism americans had sought new liberties and new ideas in life and art, but the excesses and conflicts of their society had culminated in a bloody Civil War.

Washington Irving (1783-1859)

1. He was the first great belletrist, writing always for pleasure.

2. In his “Sketch Book” appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvnile literature.

3. He was among the first of the moderns to write good his tory and biography as liteary entertainment.

4. Works: “ A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus”, “ A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada”, “ Voyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus”.

James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)

1. The first important American novelist began his literary career on a dare.

2. Cooper launched two kinds of immensely popular stories: the sea adventure tale, and the frontier saga.

3. Works: “The Pilot”, “Leatherstocking Tales” “ The Deerslayer”, “ The Last of the Mohicans” , “ The

Pathfinder”.

Edgar Allan Poe(1809-1849)

熟悉其诗歌作品

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)

1. Ralph Waldo Emerson was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, and he was recongnized throughtout his life as the leader of the movement.

3. Emerson believed above all in individualism, independence of mind, and self-reliance.He admired courage and he was not afraid of changing or clashing ideas.

4. Works: “Nature”, “ The american Scholar”, “ The Divinity School Address”

Herman Melville (1819-1891)

“Moby Dick”:

The Story: (教材p219)

Chapter 4 The Literature of Realism Walt Whitman

熟悉其诗歌作品，并能分析

Eemily Dickinson

1. Emily Dickinson wrote her whimsical, daring verse with sublime indifference to any notion of being a dococratic or populoar poet.

2. Emily’s greatedt outpouring of poems occurred in the early

1860s.

3. her poems are short, many of them being based on a single mage or symbol. But within them she writes about some the most omportant things in life. She wortes about love and a lover, whom she wither never rally found or else gave up. She writes about nature. She writes about mortality and immortality. She wortes about success, which she thought she never achieved, and about failure, which she considered her constant companion.

4. Her poety is read today throughout much of the world and yet its exact wording has not been completely dermined, nor have its arrangement and punctuation.Since Emily never prepared her poems for publication, one of the betterest battles in American literary history has been fought over who should publish and edit what she wrote. However, regardless of details or conflicts, there is no doubt that the solitary Miss Dicknson of Amherst, Massachusetts, is a Writer of great power and beauty.

熟悉其诗歌作品，并能分析。

Mark Twain

了解其主要作品 “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” 的故事梗概。

了解其主要作品的名称。

O． Henry(1862-1910)

了解其主要作品的名称，了解”The Cop and the Anthem” 的主要内容

Henry James

了解其主要作品的名称。

Jack London

了解其主要作品的名称。

Theodore Dreiser

了解其主要作品的名称。

Chapter Twentieth-Century Literature Historical Inroduction

1. In 1900 the American arts were poised on the brink of a turbulent modernity.

2. In the years preceding World War I , nineteenth-century realism and naturalism remained vital forces in American literature.

3. The growth of mass-circulation periodicals created a rich marketplace for popular writers.

4. Writers of the forst postwar era self-consiciously acknowledged that they were a “Lost Generation.” Devoid

of faith and alienated form a civilization. Yet in the decade of the 1920s American literature achieved a new deversity and reached its greatest heights. The bublication in 1922 of T.S.Eliout’s “ The Waste Land”, the most significant American poem of the twentieth century, hekped to establish a modern tradition os leterature rich with learning and allusiove thought. In 1920 Sinclair Lewis published his memorable denunciation of American small-town provincialism in “Main Street”. And in the same year Theodore Drerser bagan writhing his masperpiece of naturalism, “ An American Tragedy” (1925); F.Scott Fitzgerald summarized the experiences and attitudes of the decade in his short stories and in his novel “The Great Gatsby” (1926). Ernest Hemingway wrote “ The Sun Also Rises” (1926) and “ A Farwell to Arms” (1929), and william Faulkner published one of themost influential American novels of the age, “ The Sound and the Fury” (1929).

5. After the First World War a group of new American dramatists emerged, and the American theatre ceased to be wholly dependent on the dramatic traditions of Europe.Plays by “ advanced” dramatists won large audiences and drew widespread critical acclaim. Early in the 1920s the most

prominent of the new American playwrights, Eugene O’Neill, established an international reputation with such plays as “The Emperor Jones” (1920), “Anna Christie” (1921) and “The Hairy Ape”(1922).

6. With the end of the decade came the stock market vrash of 1929 and the Great Depression of the 1930s. cataclysmic events that shattered public complacency and transformed American society. American artists of all kinds produced works of political and social criticism.

7. The social wpheavals and the leterary concerns of the Great Depression years ended with the prosperity and turmoil broght by the Second World War. After the war a new generation of American authors appeared, writing in the skeptical, ironic tradition of the earlier realists and naturalists. The writers of the fifties used a prose style modeled on the works of Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald, narrative techniques derived from William Faulkner, and psychological insights taken from the writing of Sigmund Freud and his followers. In the 1960s and 1970s America’s prose writers turned increasingly to experimental techniques, to absurd humor, and to mocking examination of the irrational and the disordered.

Ezra Pound (1885--1972)

了解其主要作品的名称和其文学理论的大概内容以及其对现代文学的影响。

Robert Frost (1874-1963)

了解其主要作品的名称和其文学理论的大概内容以及其对现代文学的影响，要知道怎样分析书中的诗歌作品， 尤其是 “The Road Not Taken” and “ Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”Thomas

Stearns Eliot (1888--1965)

1. 了解其生平

2. 主要作品

3. 了解其文学理论的大概内容以及其对现代文学的影响。

4. 获诺贝尔文学奖的作品和时间。

F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896--1940)

了解其主要作品 “The Great Gatsby”大概内容以及其对现代文学的影响。

Ernest hemingway (1899-1961)

1. 了解其生平

2. 主要作品

3. 作品意义

4. 文风

5. 文学地位

William Faulkner (1897-1962)

1. 主要作品

2. 作品意义

3. 文风

4. 文学地位