研究计划书（research proposal）写作指导！
一份正式的研究计划书是申请研究型学位的必要文件。这是招生委员会衡量并采用研究人员的方法之一。
计划书的改进是一项有价值的活动，能帮助你确定目标，明确研究对象，制定研究进度。一份详尽的研究计划书能展现你对研究的了解情况，将你的“研究想法”（research thinking）和其他人交流。
以下指导原则能帮助你激发灵感，这些内容一份完整计划书的组成部分。
1. 主题和问题
研究课题规划出研究问题的价值。主题必须是：
一两句话内能说清的
通过咨询导师而确定下来的
主题一般是一个需要解答的问题。对于主题的陈述会引导读者提出“为什么值得研究”的疑问。一个好的研究主题是一个可被调查的问题。毋庸质疑，你必须和导师（他/她要对这个问题感兴趣的）商量来决定是否讨论这个问题。
定义问题并不容易，你需要问你自己这个问题是否真的是值得被提出和被回答的问题。问题的界定在设定研究时至关重要，在研究中，修改问题和重新定义问题，是研究者的家常便饭。
如何理论化和概念化主题至关重要——你要理解你所提出的问题。
2. 背景和语境
你的研究主题需要在一定的语境和背景之中。在描述背景时，你需要知道主题如何重要？主题为什么重要？为什么值得研究？这意味着你需要：
描述问题的前因后果——这个问题是如何提出来的？
勾勒它的研究意义——对什么事物来说可能会有怎样的结果？
参照与主题相关的其他材料
研究背景可以通过很多方式来写。你的兴趣点和关注点可以成为你的研究动机。而对你的论据支持可以从理论或相关文献上寻找。比如，当你进行专业实践时，你或许要描述或分析政策的背景或者组织变动的背景。
总而言之，你必须总结那些能影响研究的要素。这些分析能让你质问自己的假设：研究这个问题的意义在哪里？（另外，）你还需要问自己: 驱使这个研究的动力是什么？从谁的角度来看研究是有意义的？
3 框架的概念化、相关文献
概念的框架化是对相关文献中研究问题的详尽描述。需要说明以下内容：
已有研究、以及这些研究与你主题的相关性
相关的理论性视角
你方法中的关键思想和结构
你想要探索的内容
你的计划书需要体现你的研究如何与相关研究（文献）存在联系。传统方法是：写一个传统科学模型的简短文献综述。如果你的研究和过去的研究不太相关，这部分并非必要。另一个方法是：列出所有的你研究中需要的理论资料——已存在的研究视角。
尽管并非所有的计划书都需要包括详尽的“概念框架”，一份好的研究计划书必定是包括这些的。这能体现“概念问题”，从而表现你对于这个议题的了解。
4 方法和规范
简而言之，方法论是你论证自己观点所使用的研究方法。它不仅仅是技术和步骤的描述，也应该是你方法中关键假设的勾勒。这只是方法问题的预先试想，你将在以后的研究中逐步改善。
如何描述方法论取决于你所使用的方法，典型的方法论包括：
参考已被接受的方法
在改进合适方法的过程中突出问题
描述数据如何产生，分析和报告
如果你要进行定量研究，你需要借助具体方法、数据收集和数据分析。定性分析方法需要依靠处理定性资料（qualitative data）来描述问题。另外，就过程和不同阶段的结果的计划而言，这一部分还需要描述出一个具体可操作的方法。
5 研究计划和时间表
计划书的一个重要环节是：安排各个阶段的计划直到完成。你的计划需要详细具体到每一个阶段的任务:文献综述、研究框架、方法描述、写作和寻找结论等等。这些任务需要说明：什么任务在什么时候完成。你需要：
把研究设定为以学期为单位的时间表
描述每个学期的写作目标
写出每一个特定阶段的结果，比如会议论文
流出一个学期来修改论文
你完成学位的时间不是无限的。你应该计划用最少的时间来完成以及如何实现这个计划。在附录中有时间表的建议。
6 论文写作
论文写作是一个有挑战性的任务。对你来说，确定每个阶段的写作成果是十分有益的。老师们鼓励学生进行不管是否进行领域研究，都进行学术性的写作。如果通过硬性保证来进行写作（比如学术会议的小论文）会帮助你提早完工。
7. 研究时间表
以下是研究性学位的“六学期的论文写作计划”。
时间 研究阶段 文章/报告
第一学期 改进研究计划 研究计划书。专题论文的小论文。大论文的框架。
第二学期 读文献，确定研究领域 逻辑依据和概念框架的小论文。文献综述。
第三学期 领域研究：发展引领步骤。数据库改进。
写方法论的草稿。尝试着写资料选择部分。改进概念章节。
第四学期 领域研究：最终步骤和完善 研究领域的小论文。研究步骤。
第五学期 分析，草稿分析的章节。准备会议论文。结论的草稿。
第六学期 修改专题论文；最后章节，确定和润色论文结构。会议论文。
第七学期 提交和检查；最后的修订版。学术期刊的论文。
注释：
提交的研究计划书主要用来决定是否录取该学生。这不会是决定性的材料。当研究学位正式开始时，研究修改计划书是很正常的。研究计划书将根据进一步调查研究来修改，有时可能会进行大量的修改。
Study/Research Plan NameE-mail
Current UniversityDepartment of **************
***********University EmployDepartment of **********, University of *******
PositionMaster/PhD, Graduate Research Assistant/TA
Research Sponsor********** program,
funds from University of ********
Proposed PeriodFrom August, 2006 to June, 2008
The period depends on the progress of the work.
Contact in USDepartment of *********，ADDRESS Key Words***，****，***
Purpose
Contents
Method
Application
My Career Goal
第二篇：Design of the research proposal留学学习计划书(英文版哦!)
There are key elements when designing a research proposal. A suggested template, written by the Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust is outlined below.
1. Title
Clearly identifying the study and may contain a description of the study design as well as the objectives.
2. Investigators
The named investigators on the research proposals, ie.all those with valuable contribution to the work.
3. Background
The background of the project including a critical review of the current
knowledge, published and unpublished work, gaps in the evidence and the potential value of furthering knowledge in this field. The research
hypothesis should also be included in this section, with the explanation of reasons for undertaking the work.
4. Aims
Expressed as a small number, i.e. 1-4. Concise and precise objectives that should follow logically, from the rationale hypothesis for a quantitative study and toward the hypothesis for a qualitative study.
5. Study Design
Description of the important elements of the methodology. It may include some or all of the following:
o The process by which subjects will be sampled
o The number of groups studied
o Whether subjects/investigators will be aware of which intervention is being administered
o Whether patients will receive all or only one intervention
o Whether past or current data are collected
o Methods to reduce bias
o The tools used for sampling
6. Subjects/Patients
All the following information about the study groups should be included:
o A description of the study population, including a rationale
o The methods by which they will be found and recruited
o Inclusion/exclusion criteria
o Sample size
7. Interventions
A full description of the study intervention should be provided:
o Treatment or investigation; the dose, timing, method of providing,
administering and receiving the treatment should be detailed.
Questionnaire or interview; reasons for method and possible
contamination should be discussed.
o Necessary safeguards and potential risks should be made
apparent, including the methods by which intervention will be
monitored.
8. End-Points
Measurement outcomes used to confirm/reject or generate the hypothesis. They should be separated into primary and secondary:
o Primary end-points: those most important to the hypothesis,
there should only be 1 or 2.
o Secondary end-points: provide some support to the hypothesis,
but without the expected primary outcome would not prove the
theory.
o The number of end-points should be kept to a minimum, the
inclusion of many variables may hinder the interpretation of the
findings.
o The expected effect of the end-points should be described.
9. Measurements
All relevant measurements, investigations and techniques should be clearly and fully described. When there are a variety of accepted
techniques possible for use, the exact procedure should be defined. A detailed list of any equipment used should also be included and the reliability of the measurements must be taken into account.
10. Study Plan
Details of the order, site and timing of all study procedures. Any
information, equipment, treatment and documentation to be given to the patient or to be collected by the investigator, must be detailed.
11. Analysis
The method of the data analysis should be specified within the protocol and should include:
o timing of data collection, entry and statistical analysis
o method of data entry
o data analysis package
o presentation of demographic and outcome data summaries
o the arithmetic, graphical and statistical manipulation of the data o criteria for statistical and clinical significance of data
12. Ethical Issues
These are matters relevant to and the methods by which the
patient/subject’s interests will be safeguarded. They include risk limitation, patient study information and confidentiality, methods of monitoring and possible adverse side effects. (for more detail see section on Ethical Approval)
13. Resource Requirements
The resource implications to the host organisation and any other involved departments should be defined in this section. If the study involves co-
operation by individuals other than the researchers, or use of equipment or any other resource, then permission for the use of these services must be obtained form the relevant person.
In addition the following must be displayed if not stated explicitly on the Resources form:
o Timetable/schedule of the research
o Names of the staff
o Staff involved peripherally, such as outpatient/ward staff
o All costs (both fixed and semi-fixed)
14. Supervision
The proposal should name the individual(s) who will supervise the
research project and the intended arrangements for the supervision. Also any details of a steering group, for example, the role, frequency of meetings, monitoring arrangements and the membership of the group.
15. Dissemination and Outcome
The intended route for internal and external publication should be specified. Any implications for future practice and patient care should also be suggested.
Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust Research Study Pack