抓住合作契机，促进深度理解
曾祖琼
合作学习是新课程倡导的三大学习方式之一，是新时期教学方式的变革。《中国教育改革发展纲要》中明确指出：“谁掌握了二十一世纪的教育，谁就在未来发展中处于主动地位。”这个观点明确告诉我们：基础教育课程改革就是要让学生学会认知。因此，课程改革的关键与核心就是学生学习方式的改变。
为了适应课程改革的需要，提高自身教育教学水平，我积极学习，努力探索。作为一名一线的语文教师，通过近年的教学研究与实践，本人认为：把握合作学习时机，是促进学生深度理解课文的重要方法之一。
如何把握合作学习的时机，促进学生深度理解课文？可以从以下几个方面入手。
一、 营造良好的学习氛围
兴趣是最好的老师，对语文课也不例外。在合作学习的过程中，营造良好的学习氛围，激发学生的学习兴趣，是促进学生进行有效的学习的基础。
“对新奇的具体的事物感兴趣，感知事物的目的性不明确；无意性和情绪性比较明显，爱动、好问、注意力不稳定；??”这是小学生心理特点的显著特征。
根据小学生的这种心理特点，营造和谐、民主、融洽的学习氛围，充分调动学生学习语文的兴趣，是进行合作学习的前提。
众所周知，一个被学生接受与喜欢的老师，他的教学效果很容易达到最佳。俗话说，“因为爱，所以爱”，古人说，“亲其师而行其道”等正是这个意思。只有了解学生、尊重学生，才能让学生在教学过程中敢于提出自己的想法，大胆发言，大胆与同学交流，在与同学老师的互动中更好的进步。
二、进行适时的正确引导
重视学生的合作学习，并不是忽视教师的主导作用。在近几年的教学实践中，我清楚的知道，课堂教学中如果要进行合作学习，教师应该始终是学生小组合作的设计者与引导者，是学生学习激情的点燃
者。教师的这种引导作用，也是促进学生对课文的深度理解的手段之一。
例如，在教学《雅鲁藏布大峡谷》一文的开课之初，我设计了这样一个教学环节：初读课文，说说你对这篇文章整体上有什么感受与认识？
几分钟以后，学生开始汇报交流，发言林林总总，不一而足，但都中规中矩。即将结束汇报时，一个学生突然提出了这样一个问题：我认为这篇课文题目是《雅鲁藏布大峡谷》，文章内容也是围绕这一点来写的，可是开头却介绍西藏的其他特色景物，与正题无关，显得有点啰嗦。话音刚落，另一个学生马上站起来补充：作者这是为了凑字数，这你都不知道？我们写作的时候，不是经常有一定的字数要求吗？两个学生一唱一和，教室里立刻炸开了锅。
看到这里，我不禁皱紧了眉头。但转念一想，教学意外有时也是一种良好的教学资源。今天，说不定可以利用这个意外，创造极好的教学效果呢??
于是，我待学生安静下来之后，便让他们分小组进行讨论，讨论的主题就是刚才那两个同学提出的问题，作者这样开头真的是为了凑字数的啰嗦吗？请各小组讨论讨论。
听了我的话，每个学习小组立刻行动起来。看得出，正是由于是学生自己提出的问题，每个同学在讨论中都很投入。我也参与了一些小组的讨论，既听取他们的意见，也给一些讨论有一定困难的小组一些建议，适当的点拨他们一下。
数分钟后，教室里安静下来，我知道，同学们的讨论已经差不多了。于是，我让他们交流讨论的结果。下面，我简要记录同学们的讨论结果：
小组一：作者这样写是为了让我们对西藏有个整体的了解，从而为后文做铺垫；
小组二：这样写使我们对西藏有了一个整体的理解之后，便于后文突出雅鲁藏布大峡谷的与众不同的三大特点。
小组三：这和我们上学期学的《灯光》一文的开头有异曲同工之妙，都是触景生情，引起下文。
小组四：我们补充一下，除了触景生情，引起下文以外，还兼有开门见山，提示文章主要内容的作用。
??
听着同学们的交流，我很欣慰，因为他们对这一段开头文字的理解，早已超出我的预期。没想到，合作学习竟能促进学生这样深度的理解课文！
于是，我及时调整了教学计划，将对课文的进一步理解往后移，立马引导学生仿照上述写法，写一个片段作为一篇文章的开头。内容不限，可以是家乡的名胜古迹，可以是身边的凡人小事。结果，学生摩拳擦掌，跃跃欲试。接下来，几乎每个人都是笔走龙蛇，一路写下去。5分钟以后，我让学生进行小组交流，推荐本组写得有特色的片段，进行修改润色。之后，在学生进行全班交流时，我发现，无论写人、写事、还是写景状物，各小组推荐的片段都能娴熟的运用这种写法，而且不少小组还运用得恰到好处，兹略举几例：
写名胜，一个小组推荐的片段是这样的：提到我的家乡金堂，人们会情不自禁的想到让人垂涎欲滴的三溪脐橙，想到高耸入云的云顶石城，想到绿水环抱的千里沱江第一镇——赵镇??，其实，在这片肥沃的土地上，还有一处古色古香的庙宇，那就是被称为川西名刹的三学寺。
写人物，一个小组推荐的片段是这样的：提到令我们尊敬的人，我的眼前常常浮现出含辛茹苦的父母，呕心沥血的老师，保家卫国的军人??。但是，更有一类人，他们平平凡凡，一生默默无闻，却让我们不能不尊敬。我们村清扫垃圾的陈阿姨就是这样的一个人。
写事件，一个小组推荐的片段是这样的：提到让我难忘的事，浮现在我的眼前的事例很多：有第一次滑旱冰的滑稽场面，有做错事被父亲暴打的可怜样子，有和同学一起去郊游的快乐时光??，但是今天，我要向大家介绍的不是这些，而是一件小得不能再小的生活小事，那就是我为奶奶洗脚。尽管这件事已经过去了两年，却像刚发生过一样，历历在目。
看到同学们推出的一个个交流作品，我不禁感叹：合作学习真是好呀，它竟能促进学生这样深入的学习！
三、强调个体的自主学习
小组合作是否有效，很大程度上取决于学生的自主学习是否有效。没有有效的自主学习，小组合作不过是一具没有灵魂的躯壳。
自主学习的有效取决于学习目标的明确：让学生自己提出明确的学习目标，是进行有效合作学习的手段之一。课堂上，我们常常让质疑，只要教师把学生的这些疑问与疑难进行及时梳理、提炼，就是最有效而又明确的学习目标。由于“学什么”的问题有学生自己参与决定，所以他们的学习积极性往往很高。
例如，我在教学《“诺曼底”号遇难记》一文时，针对这篇课文篇幅长、需要理解的内容多的特点，我就采用了由学生提出学习目标的合作学习方法，充分调动了学生的自主学习能动性，取得了较好的效果。
上课伊始，我对学生提出以下要求：
1、选择自己喜欢的方式，把课文读通读顺；2、把阅读中自己感兴趣或不理解的地方做上批注；3、小组内交流这些自己关注的焦点，并选出两三个大家共同感兴趣的问题记下来，准备全班交流；4、自主学习的时间为15分钟。
15分钟以后，各小组汇报自己小组的关注焦点。很出人意料，大家关注的焦点不约而同集中在以下几个方面：1、船长为什么会对大副下那个命令？2、船长为什么把自己给忘了？3、为什么所有的人都撤离了，唯独船长不走？
于是，我把这三个问题作为本文的教学重点，整堂课的内容就围绕着三个问题进行。教学重点确立以后，我安排学生再次读课文，先自己独立解决以上问题，然后与小组成员讨论，力求在小组内完美解决它们。
由于学什么是学生自己提出来的，他们的主体意识得到了尊重，因此，学生的学习积极性很高。在回报交流时，几乎所有的小组对以上三个焦点问题都有自己的独特见解。例如，在最困难的第三个问题上，学生们的回答各不相同，但都抓住了文章的主旨：有的组说，哈尔威船长与诺曼底号相处日久，感情深厚，他不忍心离开诺曼底号，所以选择了悲壮的与船共沉；有的小组说，在救援船员的过程中，哈
尔威船长太累了，他想休息，永远的休息；有的小组说，哈尔威船长悲壮的与船同沉，正是他伟大人格的体现，真切的反映了他忠于职守、热爱本职工作的精神。
看，给足学生只需学习的空间，将“学什么”的问题交给学生自己去做，无疑提高了小组合作的有效性，促进了学生深度学习。
四、注重多样的及时评价
相互依赖，相互影响，共同提高，是小组合作学习的一种特质。教师对小学组每个成员的成果进行肯定，直接影响到学生所在小组的总体评价。及时的、积极的评价，犹如给疲惫的汽车实施的保养，可以使学生对自己的学习充满信心。尤其是评价要采取不同形式的组合。如，个人评价与小组评价相结合，教师评价与学生评价相结合，学习成果评价与学习技巧评价相结合，等等。
比如：在进行《一枚金币》一课的教学中，我首先提出小组学习要求：1、选择自己喜欢的段落；2、讨论解决本小节不理解的词语；没有不理解的词语可以谈谈对喜欢的词语的理解、都没有的谈谈的为什么喜欢这一段落。3、谈出自己的感受。接着，同学们就开始带着问题小组学习，我也深入到一个小组中参加了学习。最后进行小组汇报。第一个汇报的小组有四名成员甲乙丙丁。甲说：我们小组喜欢的是的第一段，其中最喜欢的词语是“受不了”。乙说：这个词出现了两次，应该是很重要的一个词语。我们还知道这个词是让人无法忍受的意思。第一次是说父亲无法忍受儿子的懒惰，第二次是说儿子无法忍受父亲对自己辛苦挣来的金币不认可??。听到这里，我马上插了一句话进行点评：“你们都结合上下文来谈对词语的理解，这点非常好。实际上我是在这里渗透一种理解词语的方法。对他们接下来的汇报，我作了这样的点评：“你们能够围绕一个词语来提出问题，并对其中的问题进行讨论，非常好。”正是老师的点评，老师的指导，增强了学生小组合作学习的自信心，一些方法渗透，也使得结合的小组合作学习更加有效。
又如：在教学《晏子使楚》一文时，学生小组学习课文后，有一个小组对自己这一组的评价是：我觉得我们组学得最好，不仅每个人了解了《晏子使楚》的故事内容，而且通过体会“侮辱”和“尊重”
两个词的含义，感受到晏子出使楚国时，所表现出来的聪明才智，以及维护齐国尊严的凛然正气。
学生对自己的学习进行评价，使他们对学习充满了信心。尤其是在评价过程中，我给学生提供评价的机会，让学生爱学；尊重学生评价的权利，让学生敢学；拓展学生的评价时空，让学生乐学；启发学生的评价方法，让学生会学。
总之，在课堂教学中，只要把握好合作时机，就能让学生深度理解课文内容，就能使合作学习不走形式，真正为提高教学效果与水平服务。
20xx年1月
第二篇：深度理解
Unit1 Page7-8
Passage One
If you've been joining in chat room conversations, or reading email with net pals, you have become one of the millions who write in a special, short form of English.
Throughout the world, every night children and their elders are "talking" on-line: many of them are talking at the same time.
It is fast: trying talking to six people once. It is convenient: three or four words per exchange. It takes cleverness, concentration and quick fingers.
And it requires very simple language. There’s neither time nor space for explanations. Why waste precious time telling six friends you have to leave for a moment to take care of your little brother when BRB(=be right back) will do?
Want to enter a conversation? Just type PMFJI (=pardon me for jumping in).
Interested in whom you're talking to? Type A/S/L, the common request to know your pal's age, sex and location. You may get 15/M/HK as a reply from your pal.
If something makes you laugh, say you're OTF (=on the floor), or LOL (=laughing out loud), or join the two into ROTFL (=rolling on the floor laughing).
And when it’s time to get back to work or go to bed, you type GTG (=got to go) or TTYL (=talk to you later).
People want to write as fast as possible, and they want to get their ideas across as quickly as they can. Capital letters are left in the dust, except when expressing feeling, as it takes more time to hold down the "shift" key and use capitals. Punctuation is going too.
6, When people are on-line, they talk by ______.
A. using body language
B. drawing some strange pictures
C. making phone calls
D. making use of an especially short form of English
7. The Internet makes many people in the world ______
A. talking at the same time
B. discover their friends and relatives
C. pick out good things to buy
D. find out about some problems in society
8. The sentence "There’s neither time nor space for explanations" means that
A. people should use words properly
B. people should know what time it is when they are talking
C. People on-line have to express themselves in a simple way
D. people should communicate in a funny way
9, If you get 19/M/HK as an answer to your A/S/L, it means
A. the person who is talking to you is 19 from Hong Kong and he is high
B. you are talking to a boy 19 years old and he lives in Hong Kong
C. you are talking to 19 boys from Hong Kong at the same time
D. the boy from Hong Kong has been online for 19 minutes
10, Which of the following is a way to save on-line time?
A. People seldom use capital letters or punctuation marks.
B. Many people draw pictures.
C. People only use the mouse instead of the keyboard. D. People never use the "shift" key.
如果你已经加入在聊天室会话，或阅读电子邮件的网友，你已经成为一个百万谁写在一个特殊的，短形式的英文。
在整个世界，每天晚上，孩子们和他们的长老会―说话‖的在线：很多都是在同一时间说话。
它是快速：试图谈论六人。这是方便：三或四字每交换。它需要聪明，浓度和快速的手指。
它需要很简单的语言。既没有时间和空间的解释。为什么浪费宝贵的时间告诉你六个朋友不得不离开一会儿去照顾你的小弟弟当啊（=马上回来）会做什么？ 要进入一个对话？只要pmfji（=原谅我跳）。
感兴趣，你在跟谁说话？型/ /，共同要求知道你朋友的年龄，性别和地点。你可能得到15 /米/香港作为一个答复，你的好朋友
如果有什么使你笑，说你是光学传递函数（=在地上），或笑（=笑出声），或加入到rotfl（=滚在地上笑）。
当它的时间去工作或去睡觉，你型灰阶（=走了）或再（=你谈）。
人们想写尽可能快，他们想把自己的想法会尽快。字母遗弃，除了表达的感觉，因为它需要更多的时间来按住―转变‖的关键和使用大写字母。标点符号是太。 6，当人们在线时，他们的谈话______。
用身体语言
B .绘制一些奇怪的照片
C .打电话
D .使用一个特别短的英文
7。互联网使许多人在世界______
答：在同一时间说话
B .发现他们的朋友和亲戚
C .挑选好东西买
D .找出一些社会问题
8。一句―既没有时间和空间的解释是指
答：人们应该使用正确的话
B .人们应该知道这是什么时候当他们说话
人们在网上表达自己的一个简单的方法
D .人们应该以一种有趣的方式
9，如果你得到19 /米/香港回答作为你的/ /，它指
答：人是谁和你19从香港和他很高
你说的是一个19岁的男孩，他住在香港
你说的是19个男孩从香港的同时
这个男孩从香港一直在线19分钟
10，下列哪种方式节省在线时间？
答：人们很少使用大写和标点符号。
许多人画画。
人们只能用鼠标代替键盘。
D .人民从来没有使用―转变‖的关键。
Many teachers believe that the responsibility for learning lies with the student. If a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with information in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or give an examination. (Courses are not designed merely for students to pass exams). The ideal student is considered to be one who is motivated to learn for the sake of learning, not the one interested only in getting high grades. Grade-conscious students may be frustrated with teachers who do not believe it is necessary to grade every assignment. Sometimes homework is returned with brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is responsible for learning the material assigned.
When research is assigned, the professor expects the student to take the initiative and to complete the assignment with minimal guidance. It is the student's responsibility to find books,
periodicals, and articles in the library.
Professors do not have the time to explain how a university library works. They expect students, particularly graduate students, to be able to exhaust the reference sources in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but prefer that their students not be overly dependent on them. (This differs from teacher-student relationships in other countries. ) In the United States, professors have other duties besides teaching. Often they are responsible for administrative work within their departments. In addition, they may be obliged to publish articles and books. Therefore the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is limited. If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either approach a professor during office hours or make an appointment.
1. In the first paragraph "Courses are not designed merely for students to pass exams." means" ____."
A) teachers want students to fail exams
B) teachers care only about exam grades
C) teachers believe that passing exams is not the only purpose of a course
D) teachers design courses for lectures only
2. Professors in the United States usually expect __________.
A) the students to know all the answers
B) the students never to seek their advice
C) the students to take the initiative and be independent
D) the students to work together
3. The main idea of this passage is that ____________.
A) students should learn independently
B) students should learn under close guidance of their professors
C) students should learn cooperatively
D) students should not learn mainly for high grades
4. If a student has a problem with classroom work, he or she should _____.
A) make an appointment with the professor a week before
B) approach a professor after class
C) seek the professor's help in his office
D) go to the professor's apartment
5. Who is considered to be a good student?
A) One who aims at getting good scores.
B) One who is planning to get a degree.
C) One who is capable of memorizing knowledge. D) One who has the motivation to learn.
很多教师认为，学习的责任在于学生。如果长时间的阅读作业，教师期望学生熟悉信息在即使没有在课堂上讨论或者进行检查。（课程设计不只是让学生通过考试）。理想的学生被认为是那些为了学习而学习，而不是一个只关心得到高分。
grade-conscious学生会感到沮丧与教师谁不认为这是必要的，每一个作业。有时被返回的作业写了简单的评论而没有分数。即使一级不负责，学生学习材料的分配。
当研究的分配，教授希望学生能主动完成任务，在最低限度的指导。这是学生的责任，找到的书籍，期刊，和文章的图书馆。
教授没有时间来解释如何大学图书馆工作。他们期望的学生，特别是研究生，能够充分利用图书馆的参考资料。教授将帮助学生谁需要它，但喜欢他们的学生不能过于依赖他们。（这不同于师生关系在其他国家。）在美国，教授的其他职责除了教学。他们往往是负责行政工作的部门。此外，他们可能不得不发表文章和书籍。因此，教授和学生在课外度过有限。如果一个学生作业有问题，学生应该教授手法在办公时间或预约。
1。在第一段―课程不是单纯的学生通过考试。‖的意思是―____。‖
一）教师希望学生考试失败
乙）教师只关心考试成绩
三）教师认为，通过考试并不是唯一的目的，当然
四）教师设计课程讲座只
2。教授在美国通常期望__________。
一个）学生知道所有的答案
二）学生从不寻求他们的建议
三）学生主动和独立
四）的学生一起工作
3。这篇文章的主要内容是____________。
一个）学生应该学会独立
二）学生应该学会密切指导教授
三）学生应该学会合作
四）学生不应该学的主要为高年级
4。如果一个学生有一个问题，课堂上的工作，他或她应该_____。
一）约教授一星期前
乙）方法后教授类
三）寻求教授的帮助下在他的办公室
四）去教授的公寓
5。他被认为是一个好学生？
一个）一个目的在于取得好成绩。
乙）一个谁是计划取得一个学位。
三）谁能记忆知识。
四）有学习的动力。
Online programs especially benefit students who are home-bound, live on distances from the on-site campus, and/or have busy dealing with family, professional, and other responsibilities. Online courses can also benefit traditional students, especially those who want or need to engage in quickened learning or who may need to take an online class because on-campus courses conflict with their work or family schedule.
An online student must play an active role in the virtual classroom and understand the important characteristics necessary to succeed. In a cooperative learning environment highly dependent on written dialog and high cooperation, students are able to shape the learning objectives by offering information related to the course content that is directly applicable to their own goals.
Attitude, skills and commitment determine whether the student will be good one for the online experience or not, The student must be mature, open-minded, self-motivated, capable of critical thinking, willing to work cooperatively, and trusting in the online experience. Good written communication skills and a minimum level of technological experience are necessary. Finally, the student must commit the time necessary (four to six hours per week) to stay current, and he/she must have access to the necessary equipment.
Students usually sit in the back of the classroom and avoid speaking in class become active in the online environment. Participants are more willing to take the chance of written participation than speaking, perhaps partly because they can rethink and write e-mail before sending it. In the online environment, the visual barriers that hinder some people in expressing themselves have largely been made things of the past.
Questions:
S1. What is the main topic of the first paragraph?
S2. In order to succeed in an online course, what factors are required for the student?
S3. How much time must a student spend on online courses?
S4. When students go from sitting in the back of the classroom to entering the virtual classroom, they become _________________________________ to take chances.
S5. The virtual classroom largely gets rid of the ________________________ that prevent some students from expressing themselves
在线程序特别有益于学生的家，生活在远离现场的校园，和/或忙于处理家庭，专业，和其他责任。在线课程也可以受益，传统的学生，特别是那些想要或需要进行加速学习或谁可能需要采取的在线课程，因为校园课程冲突的工作和家庭计划。
在线学生必须发挥积极作用，在虚拟教室和理解这一重要的特点，成功的必要。在合作学习环境高度依赖于书面对话和合作，学生可以学习目标提供相关信息的内容是直接适用于他们自己的目标。
态度，技能和承诺，确定学生是否会好一个在线体验或没有，学生必须是成熟，性格开朗，有上进心，能批判性思维，愿意合作，信任的在线体验。良好的书面
沟通技巧和最低水平的技术经验是必要的。最后，学生必须投入必要的时间（四至每周六小时）停留，和他/她必须获得必要的设备。
学生通常坐在教室后面，避免在课堂上成为活跃在在线环境。参与者更愿意抓住机会参与写比说，也许是因为他们可以重新写电子邮件发送它之前。在网络环境中，视觉障碍，阻碍一些人表示自己已经基本上被过去的事情。
问题：
1。主要讨论的是什么第一段？
2。为了成功的网上课程，什么因素所需要的学生吗？
三。多少时间花在在线课程要学生？
中四至中。当学生坐在教室后面进入虚拟教室，他们成为
_________________________________冒险。
5。虚拟教室很大程度上摆脱了________________________，防止一些学生表达自己
Unit 3
"Congratulations, Mr. Jones, it's a girl."
Fatherhood is going to have a different meaning and bring forth a
different response from every man who hears these words. Some
feel pride when they receive the news, while others worry, wondering whether they will be good fathers. Although there are some men who like children and may have hadconsiderable experience with them, others do not particularly care for children and spend little time with them. Many fathers and mothers have been planning and looking forward to children for some time. For other couples, pregnancy was an accident that both husband and wife have accepted willingly or unwillingly.
Whatever the reaction to the birth of a child, it is obvious that
the shift from the role of husband to that of father is a difficult task. Yet, unfortunately, few attempts have been made to educate fathers in
this reconciliation (协调) process. Although numerous books have been written about American mothers, only recently has literature focused on the role of fathers.
It is argued by some writers that the change to the father's role, although difficult, is not nearly as great as the change the wife must take to the mother's role. The mother's role seems to require a complete transformation in daily routine and highly innovative adaptation. On the other hand, the father's role is less demanding and immediate. However, even though we mentioned the fact that growing numbers of women are working outside the home, the father is still thought by many as the breadwinner in the household.
1. From the passage, we learn that fatherhood
A. brings a feeling of excitement to most men.
B. makes some men feel proud and others uneasy.
C. has a different meaning for men who have daughters.
D. means a responsibility that men accept unwillingly.
2. What does the passage say about the shift from the role of husband to that of father?
A. Numerous books have been written about it.
B. Not enough attention has been paid to it.
C. The shift is harder for men than for women.
D. The shift is a difficult but incomplete one.
3. The passage indicates that
A. mothers get more attention and recognition from society.
B. mothers are innovative and demanding according to some writers.
C. mothers generally stay at home to take care of the children.
D. mothers should help fathers in their reconciliation process.
4. Which of the following will the author most probably disagree with?
A. It's as difficult to be a father as it is to be a mother.
B. More books should focus on the role of fathers.
C. The father is still the breadwinner in the household.
D. Fathers are as important to children as mothers.
5. The author's purpose in writing this passage is to
A. explain why there are few books on the role of fathers.
B. praise mothers for their great contributions to the home.
C. criticize fathers for not taking enough responsibility in bringing up the children.
D. complain about the lack of social programs to help fathers in their role shift.
―恭喜你，琼斯先生，这是一个女孩。‖
父亲是将会有不同的含义和产生不同的反应每个人谁听到这些话。有些人觉得骄傲，当他们得到消息，而其他人担心，怀疑他们是否将成为好父亲。虽然有一些人喜欢孩子，可能有hadconsiderable与他们的经验，其他的不是特别关心孩子，
花一点时间与他们。很多父亲和母亲计划和盼望的孩子一些时间。其他夫妇，怀孕是一个意外，丈夫还是妻子愿不愿意接受。
无论对孩子的出生，这是显而易见的，从角色的丈夫，父亲是一个困难的任务。然而，不幸的是，很少有人企图以父亲的教育在这种和解（协调）过程。虽然许多书都写了关于美国的母亲，只是在最近的文献集中于父亲的角色。
一些作家所争论的是改变了父亲的角色，虽然困难，几乎没有大的作为改变妻子必须走到母亲的角色。母亲角色似乎需要一个完整的转换在日常工作和高度创新的适应。另一方面，父亲的角色是要求不高，立即。然而，尽管我们提到越来越多的女人在外工作，父亲仍然被一些人认为是家庭中养家糊口的人。
1。从这篇文章中，我们得知父亲
答：让你感到兴奋大多数男人。
B .使一些人感到骄傲和别人不安。
有不同的意义，男子谁的女儿。
D .指责任人不情愿地接受。
2。什么是通过说转向的作用，丈夫，父亲？
答：许多书籍已经写它。
B .没有足够重视这。
角的转变是困难的男子比妇女。
这个转变是一个困难但不完整的人。
3。文章表明
答：母亲获得更多的关注和认可的社会。
B .母亲的创新，要求根据一些作家。
C .一般母亲留在家里照顾孩子们。
D .母亲应该帮助父亲在他们的和解进程。
4。下列哪个将作者最有可能同意？
这是因为一个艰难的父亲是母亲。
B .书应集中于父亲的角色。
C .父亲仍然是家庭中养家糊口的人。
D .父亲作为重要的是孩子的母亲。
5。作者写这篇文章的目的是
A .解释为什么有几本书对父亲的作用。
B .赞美母亲的伟大贡献的家。
C .批评没有采取足够的父亲在抚养孩子的责任。
D .抱怨缺乏社会计划，帮助父亲在他们的角色转变。
【文章概要】
本文探讨了父亲角色转变的问题。第1-2段讲父亲们对将为人父的不同反应；第3段指出从丈夫到父亲角色的转换很困难，这一问题直到最近才得到关注；最后一段提出某些作家对父亲角色转变困难的辩解。
【答案解析】
1．[B]细节判断题。由第2段第2句中的和worry可以判断选项B是对该旬的近义替换。选项A原文未提到。选项C曲解了原文第2段第1句的意思，该句中的“Fatherhood is going to have a different meaning”表示对于每个男人来说当上父亲具有不同的意义，而不是就生了女儿的琼斯先生而畜。第2段最后一句表明只有部分男人是不情愿地接受责任，因此在D选项men前面加上some才正确。
2．[B]推理判断题。根据第3段最后两旬可以推断选项B正确。选项A与第3段最后一句陈述的相反。C项表述与最后一段第l句完全相反。选项D错在incomplete一词，文中并未提及与该词相关的内容。
3．[A]推理判断题。本题可用排除法。选项B曲解了最后一段第2句对母亲角色的描述。选项C与原文最后一句不符。选项D原文未提及。只有选项A概括了全文关于母亲的论述，而且第3段最后一句也暗示母亲受到的关注更多。
4．[C]观点态度题。末段最后一句提到很多人仍然认为父亲应该负担家计，但从本句的用词如even though和still可以看出作者对这种看法并不认同，由此可以判断只有选项C作者可能不赞成。
5．[D]主旨大意题。根据文章的内容可知，只有选项D能概括文章的写作目的。选项A只是文中第3段中的某个细节；选项B的重点是mother，与本文的论题不符；作者并无批评父亲之意，因此选项C不正确。
Of all the family members,grandparents are probably the least valued.They are just the people who have always been around.They make a fuss over the children in the family,show off to their friends the achievements of this child or that child,and show countless pictures of new babies. Grandfathers can fix anything,and grandmothers always have homemade biscuits around.
When you are small,it's fun to stay with your grandparents because they always let you do things you can't do at home,and,of course,they buy you things.They are always able to babysit because they don't go out much and actually prefer to see their grandchildren.They are usually good for a small loan now and then doesn't need to be paid back because they turn it into a gift.You respectfully listen to their advice but don't thank them politely for what they do for you,and then don't call or visit them until you need something else.And,of course,you never tell them how dear they are to you because they know how you feel about them anyway.Then all of a sudden,they are no longer there to do the things that only grandparents can do,and you find yourself wishing that you had told them what they meant to you as people and not just as grandparents.
21.What is the position of grandparents in the family according to the writer?
A.They are the most important people among family members.
B.They are the least important people among family members.
C.They are the ones at whom their children or grandchildren usually laugh.
D.They are the ones whom their children or grandchildren respect most.
22.Grandparents usually do many things except .
A.buy their grandchildren things
B.look after their grandchildren
C.let their grandchildren do things they can't do at home.
D.tell their grandchildren how dear they are to home.
23.Why don't children need to pay back the loan from their grandparents?
A.Their grandparents will forget the loan.
B.Their grandparents pay back the loan for them.
C.Their grandparents die before they have enough money to pay it back.
D.Their grandparents turn the loan into a gift.
24.Children never tell their grandparents how dear they are to them because .
A.they don't like their grandparents.
B.they take for granted everything their grandparents do for them.
C.their grandparents know how they feel
D.they do not respect their grandparents
25.How do children feel after their grandparents die?
A.They regret they didn't express their true feelings to them.
B.They feel sorry that grandparents are the least valued in the family.
C.They miss them very much because no one does the things that grandparents do. D.They wish they had visited and called them more often.
所有的家庭成员，祖父母可能是最宝贵的。他们只是人谁一直在他身边。他们大做文章，儿童在家庭，表明了他们的朋友，成就了这孩子或孩子，给无数张新生婴儿的照片。祖父和祖母可以修理任何东西，总是有自制饼干周围。
你小的时候，它的乐趣，留在你的祖父母因为他们总是让你做你做不在家，和，当然，他们给你买东西。他们总是能照顾小孩，因为他们不出门，实际上更喜欢看到自己的孙子。他们通常是很好的一小额贷款，不需要被退回，因为他们把它变成一个礼物。你恭敬地听取他们的意见，但不礼貌地感谢他们为他们所做的你，就不要打电话或访问他们，直到你需要的东西。而且，当然，你不告诉他们，亲爱的他们对你是因为他们知道你对他们的感觉了。突然，他们不再做的事情，只有祖父母可以做，你发现自己希望你告诉他们什么，他们对你的意义，因为人不是只为祖父母。
21。什么是地位在家庭中的祖父母根据作家？
他们是最重要的人之间的家庭成员。
他们是最重要的人之间的家庭成员。
他们是那些在他们的孩子或孙子经常笑。
他们是那些人的孩子或孙子最尊敬的。
22。祖父母通常做很多事情，除了。
a.buy孙子的事
我的孙子
c.let孙子做的事情，他们不在家。
d.tell孙子如何他们回家，亲爱的。
23。孩子为什么不需要偿还贷款，从他们的祖父母吗？
答：他们的祖父母会忘记贷款。
他们偿还贷款，他们的祖父母。
他们的祖父母死之前，他们有足够的钱还给我。
D .他们的祖父母把贷款成一个礼物。
24。不要孩子告诉他们的祖父母如何亲爱的他们是因为他们。
他们不喜欢他们的祖父母。
他们认为理所当然的祖父母为他们做的一切。
c.their祖父母知道他们的感觉如何
d.they不尊重他们的祖父母
25。如何让孩子觉得他们的祖父母死后？
他们后悔没有表达自己真正的感受到他们。
他们感到抱歉，祖父母是最有价值的家庭。
他们很想念他们因为没有人做的事，爷爷奶奶。
他们希望他们去叫他们更经常。
The traditional holidays in our house when I was a child were spent timing elaborate（精心制作的） meals around football games. My father tried to make pleasant chitchat and eat as much as he could during halftime. At Christmas he found time to have a cup or two of holiday cheer and do his holly-shaped bow tie1. But he didn't truly shine until Valentine's Day.
I don't know whether it was because work at the office slowed during February or because the football season was over. But Valentine's Day was the time my father chose to show his love for the special people in his life. Over the years I fondly2 thought of him as my "Valentine Man".
My first recollection of the magic he could bring to Valentine's Day came when I was six. For several days I had been cutting out valentines for my classmates. Each of us was to decorate a "mailbox" and put it on our desk for others to give us cards. That box and its contents ushered in a succession of bittersweet memories of my entrance into a world of popularity contests marked by the number of cards received, the teasing about boyfriends/girlfriends and the tender care I gave to the card from the cutest boy in class.
That morning at the breakfast table I found a card and a gift- wrapped package at my chair. The card was signed "Love, Dad", and the gift was a ring with a small piece of red glass to represent my birthstone, a ruby. There is little difference between red glass and rubies to a child of six, and I remember wearing that ring with a pride that all the cards in the world could not surpass.
As I grew older, the gifts gave way to heart shaped boxes filled with my favorite chocolates and always included a special card signed "Love, Dad".In those years my "thank-yous" became more of a perfunctory（敷衍的） response.The cards seemed less important, and I took for granted the valentine that would always be there. Long past the days of having a
"mailbox" on my desk, I had placed my hopes and dreams in receiving cards and gifts from "significant others", and "Love, Dad" just didn't seem quite enough.
If my father knew then that he had been replaced, he never let it show. If he sensed any disappointment over valentines that didn't arrive for me, he just tried that much harder to create a positive atmosphere, giving me an extra hug and doing what he could to make my day a little brighter.
My mailbox eventually had a rural address, and the job of hand delivering candy and cards was relegated to the U.S.Postal Service. Never in ten years was my father's package late-- nor was it on the Valentine's Day eight years ago when I reached into the mailbox to find a card addressed to me in my mother's handwriting.
It was the kind of card that comes in an inexpensive assortment box sold by a child going door-to-door to try to earn money for a school project. It was the kind of card that you used to get from a grandmother or an aging aunt or, in this case, a dying father. It was the kind of card that put a lump in your throat and tears in your eyes because you knew the person no longer was able to go out and buy a real valentine. It was a card that signaled this would be the last you receive from him.
The card had a photograph of tulips on the outside, and on the inside my mother had printed "Happy Valentine's Day". Beneath it, scrawled in barely legible（清晰的） handwriting, was "Love, Dad".
His final card remains on my bulletin board today. It's a reminder of how special fathers can be and how important it had been to me over the years to know that I had a father who continued a tradition of love with a generosity of spirit, simple acts of understanding and an ability to express happiness over the people in his life.
Those things never die, nor does the memory of a man who never stopped being my valentine. 传统节日在我们的房子当我是个孩子花时间精心（精心制作的）周围的足球游戏。我的父亲想让愉快地聊天，并尽可能多吃在中场休息。在圣诞节他会找时间为庆祝节日一两杯，他的holly-shaped形状的领结。但他并没有真正直到情人节。 我不知道这是否是因为在办公室工作放慢或在二月由于足球赛季结束了。但情人节是我父亲选显示他的爱情生活中特殊的人。多年来我fondly2把他当成我的―情人‖。
我的第一个记忆的魔法，他可以将情人节是在我六岁的时候。那几天我一直为我的同学们裁剪情人。每个人都要装饰一个―信箱‖，并把它放在桌子上的人给我们卡。这个盒子和里面的东西带来了一连串苦乐参半的回忆：我进入了世界的流行竞赛所收到的卡片数量，男朋友和女朋友的嘲笑和爱抚我给卡从可爱的男孩在课堂。
那天早上吃饭时，我发现一个卡片和礼物裹包在我的椅子上。卡片上写有―爱，爸爸‖，和礼物是一个戒指，一小块红玻璃来象征我的诞生石，红宝石。之间的
差异不大，红宝石红色玻璃对一个六岁的孩子，我记得我骄傲地戴着它，世界上所有的卡片不能超过。
随着年龄的增长，礼物变成了心形盒子，里面有我最爱吃的巧克力，总是有一个贺卡写―爱你的，爸爸‖。在那些年，我的感谢更多地成为一种敷衍（敷衍的）反应。卡片似乎不那么重要了，而且我理所当然地认为情人永远在那里。日子早已过去有一个―信箱‖，在我的书桌上，我已经把我的希望和梦想寄托在收到来自―其他重要的人‖，而―爱，爸爸‖似乎是远远不够的。
如果我父亲知道他已经被取代，他从未让它显现。如果他感到失望的情人节礼物没到我，他就努力创造积极的气氛，给我一个拥抱和做他能够让我的一天更美好。 我的信箱终于有了一个乡下的地址，工作，一方面提供糖果和卡片被降级到邮政总局。从未在十年是我父亲的包晚——就是八年前的情人节时，我到邮箱中找到一个卡给我母亲的笔迹。
这是一种卡来在廉价的组合框的孩子们挨家挨户兜售努力赚钱为学校项目。这是一种卡，你用得到的祖母或年迈的姑妈，在这种情况下，一个垂死的父亲。这是一种卡片，一次在你的喉咙，你眼中的泪水，因为你知道的人再也不能出去买一个真正的情人。这是一个卡，预示着这将是你最后得到他。
该卡是郁金香的图片外，并在里面我的母亲打印的―情人节快乐‖。它的下方，潦草难以辨认的字迹（清晰的），是―爱你的，爸爸‖。
他最后卡仍然在今天我的公告板。这是一个提醒是多么特别的父亲是多么重要，这些年来对我知道我有一个父亲谁继续传统的爱与慷慨的精神，朴素的理解和表达能力的幸福，他生活中的人。
这些事情永远不会消失，也不会对一个人的回忆，那个人是我永远的情人。
Unit4
Telephone, television, radio, and the Internet help people communicate with each other. Because of these devices(设备), ideas and news of events spread quickly all over the world. For example, within seconds, people can know the results of an election in another country. An international football match comes into the homes of everyone with a television set. News of a disaster(灾难), such as a flood, can bring help from distant countries. Within hours, help is on the way. This is because modern technology information travels fast.
How has this speed of communication changed the world? To may people, the world has become smaller. Of course, this does not mean that the world is actually physically smaller. It means that the world seems smaller. Two hundred years ago, communication between the continents took a long time. All news was carried on ships that took weeks or even months to cross the oceans. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it took six weeks for news from Europe to reach the Americas. This time difference influenced people’s actions. For example, a few battles in the war of 1812 between England and the United States could have been avoided. A peace agreement had already been signed. Peace was made in England, but the news of peace took six weeks to reach America. During these six weeks, the large and
serious Battle of New Orleans(新奥尔良州) was fought. Many people lost their lives after a peace treaty (条约) had been signed. They would not have died if news had come in time. In the past, communication took much more time than it does now. there was a good reason why the world seemed so much lager than it does today.
1. News spreads fast because of ___B____.
a. modern transportation b. new technology
b. the changes of the world d. a peace agreement
2. According to this passage, ____A__is very important ot people in a disaster area.
a. fast communication b. modern technology
c. the news d. new ideas
3. Which of the following statements is true based on the text? A a. The world now seems smaller because of faster communication. b. The world is actually smaller today.
c. The world is changing in size.
d. The distance between England and America has changed since the War
of 1812.
4. Two hundred years ago, news between the continents was carried ____D___.
a. by telephone b. by land c. by air d. by sea
5. The New Orleans Battle could have been avoided if the peace agreement had been signed ___C____. a. by both sides b. in time c. in America d. in England
电话，电视，广播，和互联网帮助人们互相交流。因为这些设备（设备），思想和新闻事件迅速蔓延世界各地。例如，在几秒钟内，人们可以知道选举结果在另一个国家。国际足球比赛是每个人在家里有一台电视。新闻灾难（灾难），如洪水，可以帮助从遥远的国家。几小时内，帮助的方式。这是因为现代科技信息传播速度。
信息传播速度是怎么改变世界？可能人们，世界变小了。当然，这并不意味着世界实质上较小的。这意味着，世界似乎变小了。二百年前，大陆之间的信息传递花了很长的时间。所有的消息都是通过海上花了几周甚至几个月越过海洋。在第十七和第十八世纪，花了六个星期的新闻来自欧洲及美洲。这个时间差的影响人们的行为。例如，几个战斗在1812年战争中，英国和美国之间是可以避免的。和平协议已经签了。和平是在英国，但平安的消息花了六个星期到达美国。在这六个星期，大和严重的新奥尔良战役（新奥尔良州）战斗。很多人失去了他们的生活后，一个和平条约（条约）签署了。他们就不会死，如果新闻及时赶到。在过去，沟通了更多的时间比它现在。这是一个好的理由为什么世界似乎远大于它今天。
1。新闻传播的快速因为___b____。
B.现代交通新技术
B .世界变化D .和平协议
2。根据这篇文章，____a__is非常重要，灾区人民。
B.快速传播现代技术
C .新闻·新思路
3。哪个以下声明是真实的基础上的文字？一个
这个世界现在似乎更小因为通信速度。
这个世界其实是小的今天。
角的大小是变化的世界。
这个距离英国和美国之间发生了战争以来1812。
4。二百年前，大陆之间进行____d___新闻。
A . B . C通过电话的空气通过海
5。新奥尔良战斗本来可以避免，如果和平协议已经签订___c____。
答：通过双方在时间在美国英国
Telephone, television, radio, an the Internet help people communicate with each other. Because of these devices, ideas and news of events spread quickly all over the world. For example, within seconds, people can know the results of an election in another country. An international football match comes into the homes of everyone with a television set. News of a disaster, such as a flood, can bring help from distant countries. Within hours, help is on the way. This is because modern technology information travels fast.
How has this speed of communication changed the world? To many people, the world has become smaller. Of course, this does not mean that the world is actually smaller. It means that the world seems smaller. Two hundred years ago, communication between the continents took a long time. All news was carried on ships that took weeks or even months to cross the oceans. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it took six weeks for new from Europe to reach the Americas. This time difference influenced people’s actions. For example, a few battles in the War of 1812 between England and the United States could have been avoided. A peace agreement had already been signed. Peace was made in England, but the news of peace took six weeks to reach America. During these six weeks, the large and serious Battle of New Orleans was fought. Many people lost their lives after a peace treaty条约had been signed. They would not have died if new had come in time. In the past , communication took much more time than it does now. There was a good reason why the world seemed so much larger that it does today.
41. Thanks to _____, we can gain brand-new ideas and news of events from all over the world.
A. disasters B. Europe
C. ocean travel D. modern technology
42. What took six weeks a couple of hundred years ago?
A. The War of 1812 between the US and England.
B. Agreeing on peace during the War of 1812.
C. The Battle of New Orleans that wasn’t avoided.
D. Ocean travel between Europe and America.
43. Some battles in the war betweeen England and America could have been avoided if _____.
A. people had signed the peace agreement sooner
B. the peace agreement had reached America earlier
C. the peace agreement had not been lost on the way
D. people of the two countries had taken some action
44. What attitude did the writer hold to the people who died in the War of 1812?
A. Curious. B. Amazed.
C. Sympathetic. D. Angry.
45. Which is the most appropriate title for this passage?
A. Modern Technology and Communication
B. People Today in the Small World.
C. The Unnecessary War of 1812. D. People in the Information Age
电话，电视，广播，一个互联网帮助人们互相交流。因为这些设备，理念和新闻事件迅速蔓延世界各地。例如，在几秒钟内，人们可以知道选举结果在另一个国家。国际足球比赛是每个人在家里有一台电视。消息的灾害，如洪水，可以帮助从遥远的国家。几小时内，帮助的方式。这是因为现代科技信息传播速度。 信息传播速度是怎么改变世界？对很多人来说，世界变小了。当然，这并不意味着世界实际上是小。这意味着，世界似乎变小了。二百年前，大陆之间的信息传递花了很长的时间。所有的消息都是通过海上花了几周甚至几个月越过海洋。在第十七和第十八世纪，花了六个星期从欧洲到美洲新。这个时间差的影响人们的行为。例如，几个战斗在1812年战争中，英国和美国之间是可以避免的。和平协议已经签了。和平是在英国，但平安的消息花了六个星期到达美国。在这六个星期，大和严重的新奥尔良战役战斗。很多人失去了他们的生活后，条约签署了和平条约。他们就不会死，如果新来的时间。在过去，沟通了更多的时间比它现在。这是一个好的理由为什么世界似乎更大，它今天。
41。感谢_____，我们可以获得全新的理念和新闻事件，来自世界各地的。B.灾害欧洲
C .海洋旅游D .现代技术
42。什么花了六周的时间，几百年前？
A . 1812战争与美国和英国。
B .同意和平战争期间的1812。
C .新奥尔良战役，不回避。
D .海洋旅游和美国之间的欧洲。
43。一些在英国和美国之间的战争是可以避免的如果_____。答：人们已经签署和平协议的迟早
B .和平协议达成了美国早期
C .和平协议尚未迷了路
D .两国人民采取了一些行动
44。什么态度的作家坚持在战争中牺牲的人的1812？
A .好奇。B .惊讶。
C .交感神经。D .生气。
45。这是最适当的标题为这一段话？
答：现代科技与通讯
人们在今天的小世界。
C .不必要的战争1812。
人们在信息时代
All of us communicate with one another nonverbally as well as with words. Most of the time
we’re not aware that we’re doing it. We gesture with eyebrows or hands, meet someone else’s eyes
and look away, or change positions in a chair. These actions we assume are occasional. However
in recent years researchers have discovered that there is a system to them almost as consistent and
understandable as language.
One important kind of body language is eye behavior. Americans are careful about how and
when they meet one another’s eyes. In our normal conversation, each eye contact look searchingly
into each other’s eyes, they become more intimate. Therefore, we carefully avoid this, except in
suitable situations.
Researchers who are engaged in the study of communication through body movement are not
prepared to spell out a precise vocabulary of gestures. When an American rubs his nose, it may
mean he is disagreeing with someone or refusing something. But there are other possible
interpretations, too. Another example: when a student in conversation with a professor holds the
older man’s eyes a little longer than usual it can be a sign of respect, it can be a challenge to the
professor’s authority, or it can be something else entirely. The researchers look for patterns in the
situation, not for a separate meaningful gesture.
Communication between human beings would be just dull if were all done with words.
Questions:
S1. How can people communicate with each other besides language?
S2. Like language, gesture is a _______________________________________ system.
S3. According to the second paragraph, an American will feel uncomfortable if someone
____________________________________________.
S4. If a student holds his professor’s eyes a little longer in a conversation, what can it mean?
S5. What is the main idea of the passage?
我们都彼此沟通的语言以及文字。大部分时间我们都不知道，我们正在做它。我
们的姿态与眉毛或手，满足别人的眼睛看，或者改变立场在椅子上。我们所采取
的这些行动是偶然的。然而近年来研究人员已经发现，有一个系统，他们几乎一
致的和可以理解的语言。
一种重要的身体语言是眼睛的行为。美国人很小心，当他们遇见彼此的眼睛。在
我们正常的谈话，每只眼睛看地接触到对方的眼睛，他们变得更加亲密。因此，
我们小心避免这样的，除了在适当的情况下。
研究人员从事研究通信通过身体动作不准备拼出一个准确的词汇的手势。当一个
美国人擦了他的鼻子，这可能意味着他不同意某人或拒绝什么。但也有其他可能
的解释，太。另一个例子：当一个学生在一次与一个教授认为老年人的眼睛比一
般时间长一点可以是一个尊重的标志，它可以是一个挑战，教授的权威，也可以
是完全不同的东西。研究人员寻找模式的情况下，没有一个单独的意义。
人与人之间的交流就无聊都做的话。
问题：
S1。人怎么可以互相沟通，除了语言？
S2的。喜欢语言，手势是一_______________________________________系统。
S3。根据第二段，美国人会觉得不舒服，如果有人
____________________________________________。
第四季。如果一个学生把他的教授的眼睛稍长一点的谈话，这意味着什么？ S5。什么是段落的主要思想？
Pronouncing language is a skill. Every normal person is expert in the skill of pronouncing his own language; but few people are even moderately proficient at pronouncing foreign languages. Now there are many reasons for this, some obvious, some perhaps not so obvious. But I suggest that the fundamental reason why people in general do not speak foreign languages very much better than they do is that they fail to grasp the true nature of the problem of learning to pronounce, and consequently never set about tackling it in the right way. Far too many people fail to realize that pronouncing a foreign language is a skill-one that needs careful training of a special kind, and one that cannot be acquired by just leaving it to take care of itself. I think even teachers of language, while recognizing the importance of a good accent, tend to neglect, in their practical teaching, the branch of study concerned with speaking the language. So the first point I want to make is that English pronunciation must be taught, the teacher should be prepared to devote some of the lesson time to this; and by his whole attitude to the subject should get the student to feel that here is a matter worthy of receiving his close attention. So, there should be occasions when other aspects of English, such as grammar or spelling, are allowed for the moment to take second place.
Apart from this question of the time given to pronunciation, there are two other requirements for the teacher: the first, knowledge; the second, technique.
It is important that the teacher should be in possession of the necessary information. This can generally be obtained from books. It is possible to get from books some ideas of the mechanics of speech, and of what we call general phonetic theory. It is also possible in this way to get a clear mental picture of the relationship between the sounds of different languages, between the speech habits of English people and those, say, of your students. Unless the teacher has such a picture, any comments he may make on his students pronunciation are unlikely to be of much use, and lesson time spent on pronunciation may well be time wasted.
1.What does the writer actually say about pronouncing foreign languages?
A . There aren't many people who are even fair proficient.
B . There are even some people who are moderately proficient
C . No one is really an expert in the skill.
D . Only a few people are really proficient.
提交的答案:There aren't many people who are even fair proficient.
正确答案:There aren't many people who are even fair proficient.
题目详解:依据问题中"pronouncing foreign languages"的提示，从文章第一段的第一句中的
"few people are even moderately proficient at pronouncing foreign languages"判断出与选项中的"There aren't many people who are even fair proficient"语义相关。
2.The writer argues that going about the problem of pronunciation in the wrong way is ______.
A . a consequence of not grasping the problem correctly
B . an obvious cause of not grasping the problem correctly
C . a fundamental consequence of not speaking well
D . not an obvious cause of speaking poorly
提交的答案: an obvious cause of not grasping the problem correctly
正确答案: a consequence of not grasping the problem correctly
题目详解:依据问题中"going about the problem of pronunciation in the wrong way"的提示，从文章第一段第四句中的"and consequently never set about tackling it in the right way"的提示，判断出与选项中的"a consequence of not grasping the problem correctly"语义相关。
3.The best way of learning to speak a foreign language, he suggests is by ______
A . not concentrating on pronunciation as such
B . picking it up naturally as a child
C . undertaking systematic work
D . learning from a native speaker
提交的答案:undertaking systematic work
正确答案:undertaking systematic work
题目详解:依据问题中"The best way of learning to speak a foreign language"的提示，从第2段文章中的"Apart from this question of the time given to pronunciation, there are two other requirements for the teacher: the first, knowledge; the second, technique" 看出，"除了时间外，还需要知识和技能"的提示，判断出与选项中的"undertaking systematic work"语义相关。
4.What is that teachers are said to be inclined to forget?
A . The teaching of pronunciation in the classroom
B . The principle of phonetic theory
C . The importance of a good accent
D . The practical teaching of languages.
提交的答案:The teaching of pronunciation in the classroom
正确答案:The teaching of pronunciation in the classroom
题目详解:依据问题中"to be inclined to forget"的提示，从第一段的第六句中的"tend to neglect, in their practical teaching, the branch of study concerned with speaking the language"的提示，判断出与选项中的"The teaching of pronunciation in the classroom"语义相关。
5.The value the student puts on correct speech habits depends upon ______
A . the importance normally given to grammar and spelling
B . whether it is English that is being taught
C . how closely he attends to the matter
D . his teacher's approach to pronunciation
提交的答案:his teacher's approach to pronunciation
正确答案:his teacher's approach to pronunciation
题目详解:依据问题中"The value the student puts on correct speech habits"的提示，文章最后一段最后一句 "Unless the teacher has such a picture," 中的"such a picture,"指的就是上句中的"get a clear mental picture of the relationship between the sounds of different languages, between the speech habits of English people and those, say, of your students"的提示，判断出与选项中的"his teacher's approach to pronunciation"语义相关。
Pronouncing a language is a skill. Every normal person is expert in the skill of pronouncing his own language; but few people are even moderately proficient at pronouncing foreign languages. Now there are many reasons for this, some obvious, some perhaps not so obvious. But I suggest that the fundamental reason why people in general do not speak foreign languages very much better than they do their own languages is that they fail to grasp the true nature of the problems of learning to pronounce, and consequently never set about tackling it in the right way. Far too many people fail to realize that pronouncing a foreign language is a skill——one that needs careful training of a special kind, and one that cannot be acquired by just leaving it to take care of itself.
I think, even teachers of language, while recognizing the importance of a good accent, tend to neglect the branch of study concerned with speaking in their practical teaching. So, the first point I want to make here is that the teacher should be prepared to devote some of the lesson time to the teaching of English pronunciation. There should be occasions when other aspects of English, such as grammar or spelling, are allowed for the moment to take second place.
Apart from this question of the time given to pronunciation, there are two other requirements for the teacher: the first, knowledge; the second, technique.
It is important that the teacher should be in possession of the necessary information. This can generally be obtained from books. It is possible to get from books some idea of the mechanics of speech, and of what we call general phonetic theory. But the first and most important part of a language teacher’s technique is his own performance, his ability to demonstrate the spoken language, in every detail of articulation (发音) as well as in fluent speaking, so that the student’s talent capacity for imitation is given the fullest scope and encouragement.
16. What does the author actually say about pronouncing foreign languages?
A. Quite a few people are proficient.
B. Few people are reasonably proficient.
C. People realize the importance of pronouncing foreign languages.
D. People tend to spend more time on pronouncing than spelling.
17. According to the author, pronouncing a foreign language is a skill that requires_______.
A. leaving it to take care of itself
B. careful training of a special kind
C. focusing on learners’ own performances
D. obtaining much of the theoretical knowledge
18. Regarding the teaching of English pronunciation, the author has made all the following suggestions EXCEPT_______.
A. to learn from a native speaker
B. to devote some lesson time
C. to demonstrate the spoken language
D. to possess the necessary information
19. In the author’s view, priority should sometimes be given to ______ in the practical teaching.
A. grammar B. spelling
C. writing D. pronunciation
20. The language teacher’s own oral performance is particularly important because _________.
A. the students may admire the teacher’s spoken language
B. the students may have a high respect for the teacher’s authority
C. the student’s vision can be widened to the fullest scope
D. the student’s speaking ability can be developed through imitation
一种语言是一种技能。每一个正常人的专家在自己母语的发音技巧；但少数人甚至中度精通外语发音。现在有许多原因，有的明显，有的不明显。但我认为，根本的原因，一般人都不说外语十分比他们自己的语言，他们无法把握的真实性质的问题的学习发音，因而不正确的方法去解决它。很多人都没有意识到外语发音是一种技巧——一种需要特别细心地训练，和一个不能获得通过仅仅把它自己照顾自己。
我认为，即使是语言老师，同时承认必须有一个良好的口音，往往忽视分支的研究关注在其教学实践。所以，我要说的第一点要说明的是教师应准备把一些课时间英语发音教学。应该有次英语的其他方面，如语法或拼写，允许暂时退居次席。 除了这个问题的时间来发音，还有其他要求老师：第一，二，技术知识。
重要的是，教师应具有必要的信息。这通常可从书。它可以从书得到一些想法的力学的言论，和我们所说的一般语音理论。但第一次和语言的一个重要组成部分教师的技术是他自己的表现，他的能力表现出的口语，在每一个细节的衔接（发音）以及流利的口语，使学生的潜能是模仿了最大范围和鼓励。
16。什么作者实际上说外语发音？
答：很多人都精通。
B .少数人熟悉。
C .人们认识到的重要性，外语发音。
人们往往会花更多的时间比在发音，拼写。
17。根据作者，外语发音是一种技巧，需要_______。
答：让它自己照顾自己
B .精心训练的一种特殊的
C .关注学习者自己的表演
D .获得的理论知识
18。关于英语语音教学中，作者提出了以下的所有建议_______除外。
A .学习母语
B .花一些时间
C .证明口语
D .拥有必要的信息
19。在作者看来，应优先考虑______有时在实际教学。
B.语法拼写
C . D .发音写作
20。语文教师的口语表现尤为重要，因为_________。
答：学生可以欣赏教师口语
B .学生会非常尊重老师的权威
C .学生的视野可以扩大到最大范围
D .学生的口语表达能力可以通过模仿
Unit5
For a long time women with HIV were ignored because the focus was totally on HIV men. The gay community同性恋 was very much in sight and vocal(呼声高的)and successfully got support for its cause. Now we are rapidly approaching the point where about one half of all AIDS cases in the world are women. But no one is taking this dangerously high level of infection among women seriously enough.
Women usually have a worse time dealing with HIV than men do. In most cases, the woman is taking care of children as well as her sick partner. She may not even have time to take care of herself. The HIV-positive woman ends up shouldering the family as well as her own personal problems. Men, however,are usually the ones who have insurance(保险), income and access to doctors. They get care. Women often do not.
The discrimination(歧视) against HIV-positive women is simply terrible. They are likely to be more inactive than men in the home and workplace because too many people think that women are the cause of the disease. This is not at all true. They get it from a man. They don’t just simply have HIV. Of course, there’s a social discrimination against all people with HIV. They are scared that other people will know they are HIV-positive and that they will, therefore, be discriminated against. For example, it’s very different for people with HIV to travel. They are not allowed to enter many countries, including the United States, China and Russian.
The biggest difficulty an HIV-positive woman must face is the isolation(孤立). Once the woman knows she’s HIV-positive, she lives in fear that other people will find out. She’s so frightened she will go into hiding, into an isolated place by herself. It’s not at all uncommon to meet a woman who has been HIV-positive for nearly 10 years and has never told anyone, except the doctor. And the resulting stress is enough to make her sick. But HIV-positive women who get support, who can discuss their trouble and then do something about it—whether that means taking better care of themselves or going to the United Nations to struggle for their rights—are likely to live longer. Active women don’t die out of shame in a corner. This happens to too many HIV-positive women.
1. Women with HIV were ignored for a long time because .
A. their effort to attract attention was not as successful as the HIV men’s
B. they often lived in a community that was hardly noticed by others
C. HIV men were the only concern over a long time
D. they failed to get support
2. Which of the following statements is not true?
A. HIV-positive women make up nearly half of all AIDS cases in the world.
B. The gay community succeeded in getting support.
C. The high level of infection among women has been taken seriously.
D. There is social discrimination against all people with HIV.
3. According to the passage, it’s difficult for the women to deal with HIV but not because .
A.they often lose their jobs after other people find out they are HIV-positive
B. they usually have the family problem
C. they often have no access to doctors
D. they have little time left to take care of themselves
4. Countries such as the United States and China are mentioned in the article in order to show that .
A. there are more AIDS cases in those countries
B. it is not convenient for HIV-positive people to travel
C. they often have no access to doctors
D. people have little time left to take care of themselves
5. Which of the following does the passage show to us that active women don’t do?
A. Get support from others.
B. Discuss their trouble with their doctors only.
C. Struggle for their rights. D. Take better care of themselves.
很长一段时间，感染艾滋病毒的妇女被忽视，因为关注完全在感染艾滋病毒的男子。同性恋社区同性恋非常多见，声乐（呼声高的），成功地得到了支持它的原因。现在我们正迅速接近，大约有一半的所有艾滋病病例在世界上的妇女。但没有一个是采取这一危险的高水平之间的妇女感染严重不足。
女性通常有一个时间差处理艾滋病毒比男人。在大多数情况下，妇女正在照顾她生病的孩子以及伙伴。她甚至可能没有时间照顾自己。艾滋病毒抗体阳性妇女最终承担家庭以及她自己的个人问题。男性，然而，通常是那些谁有保险（保险），收入和获得医生。他们得到的照顾。妇女往往不。
歧视（歧视）艾滋病毒抗体阳性妇女简直糟透了。他们很可能是更消极比男性在家庭和工作场所，因为太多的人认为女性疾病的原因。这根本不是真的。他们得到它从一个男人。他们不只是单纯的艾滋病毒。当然，也有社会歧视所有艾滋病毒的人。他们害怕其他人会知道他们是艾滋病毒抗体阳性者，他们将，因此，歧视。例如，这是非常不同的人带有艾滋病毒的旅行。他们不被允许进入许多国家，包括美国，中国和俄罗斯。
最大的困难的艾滋病毒抗体阳性妇女必须面对的是隔离（孤立）。一旦女人知道她是艾滋病毒抗体阳性，她生活在恐惧中，其他人会发现。她非常害怕她会躲藏起来，成了一个与世隔绝的地方了。它不是在所有常见遇到一个女人谁是艾滋病毒呈阳性反应的近10年，一直没有告诉任何人，除非医生。和由此产生的应力是足以让她生病。但是，艾滋病毒抗体阳性妇女谁得到支持，可以讨论他们的麻烦和做点什么it-whether，以更好地照顾自己或联合国争取他们的rights-are可能活得更长。活跃的妇女不要死了耻辱在角落。这发生的太多的艾滋病毒抗体阳性妇女。
1。感染艾滋病毒的妇女被长期忽视的因为。
答：他们努力吸引注意的是不成功的艾滋病毒的男子
他们经常生活在一个社区，几乎没有人注意
C .艾滋病毒的男子是唯一的关注超过了很长的时间
他们没有得到支持
2。下列哪个陈述是不正确的？
答：艾滋病毒抗体阳性妇女占近一半的所有艾滋病病例的世界。
B .同性恋社区成功地获得支持。
C .高级别的感染的妇女已被重视。
D .有社会歧视所有艾滋病毒的人。
3。根据这篇文章，这是困难的妇女，对付艾滋病毒但不是因为。
他们往往失去工作后，其他人发现他们是艾滋病毒抗体阳性
他们通常有家庭问题
他们往往无法获得医生
他们很少有时间留给自己照顾自己
4。一些国家如美国和中国是文章中提到的为显示。
答：有更多的艾滋病病例在这些国家
它是不方便的艾滋病毒抗体阳性者的旅行
他们往往无法获得医生
D .人们很少有时间留给自己照顾自己
5。以下哪一个通道向我们表明，活跃的妇女不做？
A .得到别人的支持。
B .讨论他们的问题与他们的医生只。
C .争取他们的权利。
D .好好照顾自己。
1. Women with HIV were ignored for a long time because
A) their effort to attract attention was not as successful as the HIV men's
B) they often lived in a community that was hardly noticed by others
C) HIV men were the only concern over a long time
D) they failed to get support
2. Which of the following statements is not true?
A)'HIV-positive women make up nearly half of all AIDS cases in the world.
B) The gay community succeeded in getting support.
C) The high level of infection among women has been taken seriously.
D) There is social discrimination against all people with HIV.
3. According to the passage, it's difficult for women to deal with HIV but not because
A) they often lose their jobs after other people find out they are HIV-positive
B) they usually have the family problem
C) they often have no access to doctors
D) they have little time left to take care of themselves
4. Countries such as the United States and China are mentioned in the article in order to show that
) there are more AIDS cases in those countries
B) it is not convenient for HIV-positive people to travel
C) HIV-positive people are usually discriminated against
D) people who are HIV-positive are afraid that these countries will find out
5. Which of the following does the passage show to us that active women don't do?
A) Get support from others.
B) Discuss their trouble with their doctors only.
C) Struggle for their rights.
D) Take better care of themselves 1。感染艾滋病毒的妇女被长期忽视的因为
一）努力吸引注意的是不成功的艾滋病毒的男子
乙）他们经常生活在一个社区，几乎没有人注意
三）感染艾滋病毒的男子是唯一的关注时间长
四）他们没有得到支持
2。下列哪个陈述是不正确的？
一）'hiv-positive妇女占近一半的所有艾滋病病例的世界。
乙）同性恋社区成功地获得支持。
三）高水平的感染的妇女已被重视。
四）有社会歧视所有艾滋病毒的人。
3。根据这篇文章，这是困难的妇女应对艾滋病毒但不是因为
一）他们往往失去工作后，其他人发现他们是艾滋病毒抗体阳性
乙）通常有家庭问题
三）他们往往无法获得医生
四）很少有时间留给自己照顾自己
4。一些国家如美国和中国是文章中提到的为显示
）有更多的艾滋病病例在这些国家
乙）这是很不方便的艾滋病毒抗体阳性者的旅行
三）阳性的人通常是受歧视
四）人谁是艾滋病毒抗体阳性者担心这些国家会发现
5。以下哪一个通道向我们表明，活跃的妇女不做？
一）得到别人的支持。
二）讨论他们的问题与他们的医生只。
三）为自己的权利而斗争。
四）好好照顾自己
According to a report of the World Health Organization, this year will see 2.6 million deaths from AIDS, the highest yearly international total since the disease began to take hold (占优势) in the late 1970s, despite questionable antiretro-viral 抗逆转录酶病毒药) drugs that staved off (延迟) AIDS deaths in the richer countries.
As things stood, the number of deaths was likely to increase for many years before peaking. The report said about half of all people who acquired HIV become infected before they turned 25 and usually died before their 35th birthdays of AIDS, which destroys the body immune methods.
Although ninety-five percent of people with HIV live in the developing world, battling HIV rates was still a challenge in the developed countries of the West, where there are "very worrying facts" that safe sex practices are dropping among gays.
While AIDS deaths in the United States dropped by 42 percent between 1996 and 1997, the figure dropped by only half that between 1997 and last year.
The report added that in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, the number of infected people had risen by a third this year, to 360,000.
This was mainly due to an increase in the use of infected needles to inject (~]~) drug in Russia and the Ukraine. More than 2,700 cases of HIV were reported in Moscow in the first nine months of this year.
Although cases of HIV remain relatively low in the Middle East, increasing use of injected drugs accounted for two thirds of new HIV cases in Bahrain last year, half in Iran and more than a
third in Tunisia.
1. According to the passage above, which of the following statements is not true?
A) The number of people infected with HIV is increasing.
B) Some new drugs can help delay AIDS deaths in countries where AIDS cases are found.
C) There are more people who died of AIDS worldwide this year than any other year in the past.
D) Most people with HIV live in the developing world.
2. According to the passage, AIDS deaths next year will probably be .
A) as many as those this year
B) dropping
C) on the rise
D) unknown to all
3. AIDS is a life-threatening disease because .
A) it makes people unable to fight infection
B) it kills the largest number of people
C) it has the longest history
D) more and more people are killed by AIDS
4. Which of the following is not stated in the passage?
A) Nearly half of the people were infected with HIV before they were in their middle twenties.
B) HIV is no longer threatening in Western countries.
C) The majority of people carrying HIV live in developing countries.
D) The peak of AIDS death has not arrived yet.
5. There has been an increase in the number of people infected with HIV in Eastern Europe and Central Asia mainly because .
A) most people were infected when staying in developed countries in the past
B) there were more cases of HIV present
C) in some countries more injected needles were used for the injection of drugs
D) HIV reports were written with more points in these countries 根据世界卫生组织的报告，今年将看到2600000人死于艾滋病，最高的年度国际总因为疾病开始举行（占优势）在19xx年代后期，尽管质疑antiretro-viral抗逆转录酶病毒药）的药物，避免了（延迟）艾滋病死亡人数在发达国家。 当事情，死亡人数可能增加了许多年前达到顶峰。
报告说，大约半数的人谁获得艾滋病毒感染25岁之前，通常死亡之前，他们的第三十五生日艾滋病，破坏人体免疫方法。
虽然百分之九十五的艾滋病毒感染者生活在发展中国家，在艾滋病毒感染率仍然是一个挑战，在西方发达国家，那里有―非常令人担忧的事实‖，安全性行为的做法是落在同性恋。
虽然艾滋病死亡人数在美国下降了百分之42，1996和1997，这个数字下降了一半，在1997和最后一年。
该报告说，在东欧和中亚，感染者人数今年已经上涨了三分之一，至360000。 这主要是由于增加使用被感染的针头注射（~ ] ~）药物在俄罗斯和乌克兰。超过2700的艾滋病毒感染病例报告了莫斯科在今年前九个月。
虽然艾滋病毒感染病例保持在相对较低的中东，越来越多地使用注射药物占三分之二的新的艾滋病毒感染病例在巴林的最后一年，在伊朗的一半，三分之一多名在突尼斯。
1。根据文章，下列哪个陈述是不正确的？
一）感染艾滋病毒的人数正在增加。
乙）一些新的药物可以帮助延缓艾滋病死亡人数在国家艾滋病病例发现。
三）有更多的人死于艾滋病的全球今年比其他任何一年过去。
四）大多数艾滋病毒感染者生活在发展中国家。
2。根据短文，艾滋病死亡人数明年可能会是。
一）多达那些今年
乙）下降
三）在上升
四）未知的一切
3。艾滋病是一种威胁生命的疾病，因为。
一）让人无法抵抗感染
乙）杀死的人最多
三）具有最长的历史
四）越来越多的人死于艾滋病
4。下列哪个不是在通道？
一）将近一半的人感染了艾滋病毒之前，他们在二十五六岁时。
乙）艾滋病毒不再是威胁在西方国家。
三）大多数人携带艾滋病毒生活在发展中国家。
四）峰值艾滋病死亡尚未到来。
5。已经有越来越多的人感染了艾滋病毒在东欧和中亚，这主要是因为。
一）大多数人受到感染时，在发达国家在过去
乙）有更多的艾滋病毒感染病例，目前
三）在一些国家的注射针用于注射的药物
四）艾滋病毒报告写更多的点，在这些国家
Researchers using the most powerful computer in the world said on Tuesday they had found
the start of the AIDS virus to be around 1930.
Bette Korber and her research fellows at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico
used a computer model to figure out the mutations (~,~) found in HIV and to estimate when the
epidemic started.
"We estimate the time of commencing of the HIV-1 main group to be near 1930," they said in
a written statement at an international meeting.
The first case of infection with HIV, as it is known today, could have been in a chimp(非洲黑
猩猩), which passed it to a human, or in a human being infected with a chimp virus that mutated
into HIV in his or her body.
"I think it's more likely it was a human," Korber told newspaper writers. "It wasn't for sure
the case that a chimp bit a man."
Allowing for mistakes, the actual start could be anywhere between 1910 and 1950, but
Korber told the meeting she did the examination in two ways and both came in very close to 1930.
Other scientists believe HIV, which has infected nearly 40 million people worldwide, began
after a monkey virus known as SIVjumped from chimps to humans in western central Africa.
Korber used an very powerful computer to figure out the rate of change of the virus, known
for its quick mutations.
Korber used two models -- the questionable molecular (分子) clock, which assumes that
genes (基因) in any living being mutate and develop at an even rate; and a method that allowed
for different rates of change. Both gave a best estimate of 1930.
People in some parts of Africa often look for and kill chimps, and a virus can easily spread
during butchering.
A second group of HIV that infects people, known as HIV-2, is believed to have started out in
a monkey known as a sooty mangabey (白眉族).
1. Which of the following statements is not true according to the passage?
A) Korber and her research fellows did their research by means of experiments.
B) The AIDS virus probably occurred around 1930.
C) Researchers used a powerful computer to figure out the results.
D) Korber make their results known in a written statement.
2. According to the article, the first case of infection with HIV might not have started .
A) in a chimp which passed the virus to a human
B) in a human infected with a chimp virus
C) in a chimp that must have bitten a man
D) in a man who looked for and butchered chimps
3. Korber used a powerful computer in her research to .
A) find out among various kinds of chimps which one carried the virus
B) explore which model was more efficient
C) figure out the rate of change of the virus
D) discover how HIV started
4. The two models Korber used are different in that .
A) they work at different rates
B) they are based on different ideas in regard to the changing rates of genes
C) they use different molecular clocks to figure out results
D) they allow for different number of mistakes
5. Which of the following is the most suitable title for the article?
A) A New Discovery in Computer Science.
B) Where Did the AIDS Virus Come from?
C) Who Is to Blame for the Spread of the AIDS Virus?
D) Computer Finds AIDS Commenced in 1930 研究人员利用在世界上最强大的计算机上星期二表示，他们发现了一开始的艾滋病病毒在1930。
贝特·科伯和研究员在洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室在新墨西哥电脑模型找出突变（~，~）发现艾滋病毒和估计何时开始流行。
―我们估计的开始时间的HIV - 1主要集团近1930，‖他们在一份书面声明中说在一个国际会议。
第一例艾滋病毒感染，因为它是已知的今天，可能是在黑猩猩（非洲黑猩猩），这给了人类，或者在人类感染黑猩猩的病毒变异成艾滋病毒在他或她的身体。 ―我认为它更可能是一个人类，―korber告诉记者。‖不确定的情况下，黑猩猩咬了一个人。‖
允许犯错误，实际开始可以在任何地方之间的1910和1950，但korber告诉她考试会在2方式都是非常接近1930。
其他科学家认为，艾滋病毒，其中有近40000000人感染全世界，开始后，猴子称为sivjumped病毒从黑猩猩传染到人类在西部非洲中部。
korber用一个非常强大的计算机计算出的变化率的病毒，已知其快速突变。 korber使用模型——可疑分子（分子）时钟，它假定基因（基因）在任何生物的变异和发展一个更率；和方法，允许不同的变动率。既给最佳估计1930。 非洲一些地区的人往往寻找并杀死黑猩猩，和病毒可以轻易地蔓延在屠宰。 另一组的艾滋病毒感染的人，被称为艾滋病毒，相信已开始在猴子称为白眉猴（白眉族）。
1。下列哪个陈述是不正确的根据通过？
一）korber和她的研究员，他们的研究采用实验。
乙）艾滋病病毒可能发生在1930。
三）研究人员利用强大的计算机计算出结果。
四）korber使他们的成果在一份书面声明。
2。根据文章，第一例艾滋病毒感染可能不会开始。
一）在黑猩猩的病毒通过人类
乙）在人类感染黑猩猩的病毒
三）在黑猩猩必须咬了一个人
四）的人谁在寻找和屠宰黑猩猩
3。korber使用强大的计算机在她的研究。
一）发现在各种不同的黑猩猩，一个携带病毒
二）探讨该模型是更有效
三）找出变化率的病毒
四）发现艾滋病毒如何开始
4。该模型是不同的，korber。
一）他们的工作在不同的利率
乙）他们是根据不同的思想方面的变化率的基因
三）使用不同的分子时钟计算出结果
四）他们允许不同数量的错误
5。以下哪个是最适合的标题的文章？
一个新的发现在计算机科学）。
乙）艾滋病病毒从哪里来？
三）谁是导致艾滋病毒的传播？
四）计算机发现艾滋病开始于1930
Futurist Ian Pearson sees a convergence between clever computers and biotechnology, the coming of implanted chips and enhanced mental ability.
Both machines and humans will have access to a global net with instant access to the world's knowledge. But Pearson also fears that it could divide the world into two classes – those with access to this knowledge and those without access. Clearly, there is a risk in losing control of things that think. Pearson expects machines to be as smart as humans by 2015. After that, computers will continue to get smarter.
The trouble with the digital revolution, says MIT Media Lab director Neil Gershenfeld in his book When Things Start to Think, is that computers may have speeded up many of the processes of modem life, but they still remain relatively difficult to use. "Most computers are nearly blind, deaf and dumb," says Gershenfeld. The speed of the computer is increasingly much less of a concern than:
1. the difficulty in telling it what you want it to do, or
2. in understanding what it has done, or
3. in using it where you want to go, rather than where it can go.
What's needed now, he concludes, is digital evolution. The real challenge is how to create systems with many parts that can work together and change, combining the physical world with the digital world.
If we can manage the development so that they (thinking machines) stay our friends, in just a few years we'll see progress in every area of life that makes the past centuries look like all of us have been asleep.
Evolution is a result of interaction, says Gershenfeld. "And information technology is greatly changing how we interact. Therefore it's not crazy to think about the influence of this on evolution."
未来学家伊恩·皮尔森看到一个聪明的计算机和生物技术之间的融合，未来的植入晶片和增强心理能力。
机器和人都将进入一个全球网络即时访问世界的知识。但皮尔森也担心，它可以将世界分为两类–那些获得这方面的知识和那些没有获得。显然，有一个风险所想的事情失去控制的。皮尔森希望机器能像人一样聪明的2015。之后，计算机将继续变得更聪明。
数字革命的困扰，说媒体实验室主任尼尔格申菲尔德在他的书中，当事情开始认为，是计算机可能加快了现代生活多方面的进程，但他们相对而言仍然很难使用。‖大多数电脑几乎是盲，聋又哑，格申菲尔德说。计算机的速度越来越少了很多的关注比：
1。困难告诉它你想要它做的事，或
2。在了解它做了什么，或
3。用你想去的地方，而不是它能去的地方。
我们现在需要的是什么，他得出结论，是数字技术的发展。真正的挑战是如何创建系统的许多部分，可以一起工作，改变，结合物理世界和数字世界。
如果我们可以管理的发展使他们（思维机器）留在我们的朋友，在短短的几年里，我们将看到进展，在各个领域的生活，使过去几个世纪，像我们所有的人都睡着了。
进化是相互作用的结果，说格申菲尔德。‖信息技术极大地改变了我们如何。因此它不是疯狂的考虑的影响，这在进化。‖
This is not the world we know. This world is controlled by computers. Men and women can be seen, but they are following the orders given to them by machines. The machines were designed by mad scientists, but at some point even the mad scientists were taken over by their super-inventions.
Does this sound familiar? You have probably read something like it in magazines or books, or seen it in a film. Why is it so popular? One of the reasons is that it reflects the fears of many people; fear of the unknown fear of what is not understood or, at least, fear of something that is not completely understood.
The fact is that every day it seems that computers take control of another area of our lives. Some factory jobs are now done by robots and the robots are controlled by computers. Our bank accounts are managed by computers. At the airport, our tickets are sold by a computer. Certainly, many of these operations are made more efficient by computers, but our admiration is sometimes mixed with unsafe feelings. And this lack of safety is caused by the fact that we do not know how computers do these things, and we really don't know what they might do next.
But we can find out how computers work, and once we understand them, we can use computers instead of worrying about being used by them. Today, there is a new generation of
computer wizards who know exactly how computers get things done. These young men and women, usually university students, are happy to sit for hours, sometimes for days, designing programs, not eating, not sleeping, but discovering what can be done by these wonderful slaves which they have learned to control. These computer wizards have learned to use the computer and search for new tasks for their machines.
(1) According to the passage, our present world is under the control of ______ .
A,mad scientists
B：：：：men and women
C：：：：the unknown fear
D：：：：some super-inventions
答案答案答案答案：：：： D
(2)、、、、The reason why many people are afraid of computers is that ______ .
A：：：：they don't know anything about computers
B：：：：they haven't really understood computers
C：：：：there are so many computer games
D：：：：computers are often down
答案答案答案答案：：：： B
(3)、、、、The author mentions computer wizards in order to point out that ______ .
A：：：：computers can be controlled by man
B：：：：there should be more people devoted to computers
C：：：：only young people are interested in computers
D：：：：more time and energy is required to control computers
答案答案答案答案：：：： A
(4)、、、、This passage is probably written to suggest that ______ .
A：：：：some day computers can deal with all human problems
B：：：：computers can be used in place of traveling to our jobs
C：：：：people should not fear computers
D：：：：computer technology will not meet people's needs in various situations
答案答案答案答案：：：： C
(5)、、、、The author's attitude towards widely used computers is ______ .
A：：：：positive
B：：：：anxious
C：：：：worried
D：：：：serious
答案答案答案答案：：：： A
What'll They Think of Next?
接下来会是什么?
The 18th century produced the steam engine. The 19th yielded the light bulb. The 20th gave us television and the Internet. So what's ahead in the 21st? Here are a few upcoming innovations that historians may—or may not notice 100 years from now.
18世纪制造了蒸汽机，19世纪发明了电灯泡，20世纪给我们带来了电视和因特网。那么21世纪等着我们的是什么呢？以下就是即将出现的一些新事物，不知道100年后的历史学家们是否会注意到它们。
Bionic nurse. Space travel is just one of the roles envisioned for a robot that scientist Joseph Engelberger is helping NASA develop. Engelberger, who sold General Motors its first industrial robot for assembly-line work in 1961, wants the space agency's two-armed,
voice-controlled machine to serve also as a health aide to the elderly. It would fetch sundries, assist with walking, and communicate with doctors. Engelberger even hopes it will detect changes in a depressed person's voice. "Talk to me about it," the robot would say. Due date: 2005.
仿生护士 进行太空探索只是科学家约瑟夫·艾格博格正在为美国航空航天局（NASA）研制的机器人的功能之一。通用汽车公司第一个操作生产线的工业机器人就是艾格博格于19xx年出售给他们的。现在他希望为航天局研制的有着双手的声控机器人也能护理老年人。他希望机器人能够帮老年人拿取各种物品，协助他们行走，并帮他们与医生交流。艾格博格甚至希望机器人能够凭借探测到的声音变化觉察出一个人心情沮丧，并对他说：“跟我说说烦心事吧。”实现日期：20xx年
Drive the friendly skies. Highway traffic won't go down, so the only way to go is up. Moller International of Davis, Calif., expects its M400 Skycar to take off and land like a helicpoter and cruise at 350 mph like an airplane. It would get 15 miles per gallon of fuel and, at $100,000, cost not a great deal more than some luxury automobiles. Due date: 2010.
空中行驶 公路交通不可能再向地下发展，惟一的办法是向天上拓展。加州戴维斯的Moller国际公司期望他们所生产的M400空中汽车能够像直升机一样起飞和降落，并且像飞机一样时速达到350英里。这种新型交通工具每15英里耗燃料一加仑，售价十万美金，比某些豪华汽车高不了多少。实现日期：20xx年
Virtual Dilbert*. Virtual reality guru Jaron Lanier is leading a four-campus effort to create "Telecubicles," work spaces that can be linked electronically. Cubicle walls become screens onto which distant colleagues are projected, and the worker's desk becomes part of a shared worktable across which virtual memos may be passed. Due date: 2005.
虚拟办公 虚拟现实专家加伦·拉尼尔正领导四个大学共同组成的研究小组创建“远距离工作室”，即工作空间实现电子化连接。工作间的隔板变成了屏幕，相距很远的同事可以通过屏幕交流，而每个人的办公桌则成了共同工作台的一部分，在上面虚拟文件可以相互传送。实现日期：20xx年