读《培根随笔》有感
培根随笔是英国十七世纪著名思想家、政治家和经验主义哲学家弗兰西斯·培根所著。这位被马克思称之为“英国唯物主义和整个现代实验科学的真正始祖”的科学家,出生于豪门,自修获得律师资格并步入政界,几经波折后成为了国家重臣,最后又因一桩受贿案被国会弹劾去职。《培根随笔》主要讲叙培根在不同的角度看待事物的态度和想法。本书的内容涉及到政治、经济、宗教、爱情、婚姻、友谊、艺术、教育和伦理等,对于各种方面的内容培根都写出了自己的想法,从字里行间透露出培根的人生态度和处事方式。
《培根随笔》共五十八篇,内容涉及人类生活的方方面面。语言简洁,文笔优美,说理透彻,警句迭出,几百年来深受各国读者喜爱。培根学识渊博且通晓人情世故,对谈及的问题均由发人深省的独到见解。
从 《培根随笔集》的《论真理》、《论死亡》、《说人之本性》等篇章中,可以看到一个热爱哲学的培根。从《论高位》、《论帝王》、《论野心》等篇章中,可以看到一个热衷于政治,深谙官场运作的培根。从《论爱情》、《论友谊》、《论婚姻与独身》等篇章中,可以看到一个富有生活情趣的培根。从《论逆境》、《谈幸运》、《论残疾》等篇章中,可以看到一个自强不息的培根。从《论伪装与掩饰》、《论言谈》等篇章中,可以看到一个工于心计、老于世故的培根。 《培根随笔》内容主要是一些议论性质的短文,主要讲叙培根在不同的角度看待事物的态度和想法。内容涉及到政治、经济、宗教、爱情、婚姻,友谊,艺术,教育,伦理等许多方面,其中有《谈读书》、《论真理》、《论嫉妒》、《论死亡》、《论美》等著名篇章,是培根文学方面的代表作,语言简洁文笔优美,说理透彻,警句迭出,蕴含着培根的思想精华。
该书1597年出版时只有10篇文章,1612年出版增至38篇,1625年版增至58篇,培根逝世31年后的1657年Rawel将培根未完成的随笔《论谣言》作为第59篇收入最终构成了今天流行的版本。
精彩内容选摘:
论求知
求知可以作为消遣,可以作为装饰,也可以增长才干。
当你孤独寂寞时,阅读可以消遣。当你高谈阔论时,知识可供装饰。当你处世行 事时,正确运用知识意味着力量。懂得事物因果的人是幸福的。有实际经验的人虽能 够办理个别性的事务,但若要综观整体,运筹全局,却唯有掌握知识方能办到。
求知太慢会弛惰,为装潢而求知是自欺欺人,完全照书本条条办事会变成偏执的 书呆子。
求知可以改进人和天性,而实验又可以改进知识本身。人的天性犹如野生的花草, 求知学习好比修剪移栽。实习尝试则可检验修正知识本身的真伪。 狡诈者轻鄙学问,愚鲁者羡慕学问,唯聪明者善于运用学问。知识本身并没有告诉人怎样运用它,运用的方法乃在书本之外。这是一门技艺。不经实验就不 1
能学到。
不可专为挑剔辩驳去读书,但也不可轻易相信书本。求知的目的不是为了吹嘘炫耀,而应该是为了寻找真理,启迪智慧。
论美
美德好比宝石,它在相互背景的衬托下反而更华丽。同样,一个打扮并不华贵却 端庄严肃而有美德的人是令人肃然起敬的。 美貌的人并不都有其他方面的才能。因为造物是吝啬的,他给了此就不再予以彼。
所以许多容颜俊秀的人却一无作为,他们过于追求外形美而放弃了内在美。但这话也 不全对,因为奥古斯都、菲斯帕斯、腓力普王、爱德华四世、阿尔西巴底斯、伊斯梅 尔等,都既是大丈夫,又是美男子。
仔细考究起来,形体之美要胜于颜色之美,而优雅行为之美又胜于形体之美。最 高的美是画家所无法表现的,因为它是难于直观的。这是一种奇妙的美。曾经有两位 画家----阿皮雷斯和丢勒滑稽地认为,可以按照几何比例,或者通过摄取不同人身上 最美的特点,用画合成一张最完美的人像。其实象这样画出来的美人,恐怕只有画家 本人喜欢。
美是不能制订规范的,创造它的常常是机遇,而不是公式。有许多脸型, 就它的部分看并不优美,但作为整体却非常动人。 有些老人显得很可爱,因为他们的作风优雅而美。拉丁谚语说过:“晚秋的秋色 是最美好的。”而尽管有的年轻人具有美貌,却由于缺乏优美的修养而不配得到赞美。 美犹如盛夏的水果,是容易腐烂而难保持的。世上有许多美人,他们有过放荡的 青春,却迎受着愧悔的晚年。因此,把美的形貌与美的德行结合起来吧。只有这样, 美才会放射出真正的光辉。
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第二篇:读培根论真理有感
The Relationship between Truth and Fallacy
On Monday, when we talk about of truth by Bacon, Bacon said that truth must be as pure as pearl with any impurities. But I don’t think that it can be used to explaining phenomena in the daily life.
As we all know, truth has two characteristics which is absoluteness and relativity. That is to say, truth is absolutely right at some atmosphere and on some condition. However, if the atmosphere has changed, truth will become a fallacy, which we usually call relative truth. Provided relative truth exists, I think we can’t say pure truth.
In middle school, we often meet such a condition that your teachers said what you had learnt from primary school is wrong. We can’t acceptable when hearing these words. But these words also had been bolt out from those high teachers. What happened? Doesn’t the teacher have enough knowledge to teach us? There is no doubt that the answer is wrong. For high school students,” truth” in middle school become a fallacy. Therefore, in my opinion, truth always has some shortcomings which need the late-comers’ improvement. Most of middle teachers must have known that what he teaches students will be overthrew with the increase of knowledge. That fallacy turns into truth needs a lot of time. It also proves that truth isn’t like pearl.
There is another famous example. The truth is Heliocentrism of Europe in middle Ages which opposed geocentric theory. With the development of our society, people have realized that the sun isn’t the centre of the universe. So Heliocentrism isn’t also truth. We can boldly suppose that what we firm believe will become fallacies in the future.
We should use developmental view which is the most important view of philosophy to see issues all over the world, every thing has two sides. That is to say, truth is tomorrow’s fallacies. Nowadays because of the interpretability for phenomena in daily life, the people who say some truth are also noble and respected.
When I talk with my roommates about my criticism of pure truth, most of them disagree with me. I want to say I often have doubtful view to see each issue, which
maybe is a good thing or a bad thing.