2哈佛演讲-万达国际化进行时-20xx0715

时间:2024.3.31

万达国际化进行时

今天站在这里,我心里诚惶诚恐,哈佛大学在全世界人的心目中都是一个神圣殿堂。万达相对于世界顶级企业来说,还有很大差距,我们丝毫不敢懈怠。借此机会,我跟大家分享一下做企业的一些心得。

一、万达发展的四步棋

万达成立于19xx年,靠借钱才完成公司注册。当时中国成立房地产公司需要100万注册资金,我借了100万,借款必须找人担保,担保人拿走50万,实际上我只拿到50万。而且借100万给我的人,要求我5年还款,每年25%的回报。看起来条件非常苛刻,但如果当年没人肯借给我钱,也许今天就没万达了。这些年,万达之所以能比别的企业发展快,关键是创新。万达创新关键走了四步棋。

1、全国发展

万达的第一步是敢于走出去,到全国发展。公司19xx年成立,19xx年就走出大连到广州发展,是中国第一家跨区域发展的房地产企业。那时中国的政策不支持企业到外地发展,困难很多。我们去广州开发,企业不能注册。一般人遇到这种政策壁垒就退缩了,但我想,毛主席说过两句话:“世上无难事,只要肯登攀”,有政策壁垒,我也要登攀一下看看。就去找广州当地企业谈,看谁愿意借给我们执照,最后跟广州华侨房地产公司谈好了,一年给他交200万,他为我们注册一个分公司,就把事情办成了。正是从广州开始,万达发展起来,一发不可收。到今年底,万达在中国投资的城市将超过90个,成为全国进入城市最多的房地产企业。全国发展让万达从一个地区的小公司,成长为一个全国性、规模比较大的公司。

2、商业地产

万达发展的第二步是进军商业地产。20xx年前,万达主要做住宅开发,生意做得很顺,为什么要转型做不动产?当时有一件事触动了我,公司有两个跟我一起创业的老员工,一个得了癌症,一个得了肝病。那时中国民营企业没有医疗保险、养老保险等社会保障,能不能治病要看公司有没有钱、愿不愿意出钱,我

当时决定不管花多少钱也要救治这两位员工,其中一个人花了200多万,一个人花了100多万。这件事促使我思考,尽管公司当时还年轻,但发展20年后,当员工老了、退休了,有病的人多了怎么办?

住宅房地产开发的一个特点是现金流不稳定,有项目销售的时候,公司就有现金流;一旦项目卖完,需要重新买土地,做新项目的投入时,公司现金流就会下来。而且中国房地产行业经常遇到国家宏观调控,这时现金流波动更大。我担心如果一直做这个产业,一旦出现极端情况,会影响企业存亡。为了寻求稳定的现金流,万达不断探索。万达做过制造业,其中包括中国很有名的奥的斯电梯以及变压器、制药厂,还做过超市,外贸等等。到20xx年,万达决定把不动产作为企业的支柱产业来发展。在做决定之前,企业内部有过两三年的讨论,大家觉得不动产包含盖房子、招商两大部分,至少盖房子我们是明白的,所以决定全力以赴去做。做了几年后,找到感觉了,商业模式也越来越成熟。这是一个从被动到主动、从不自觉到自觉的过程。

现在万达不动产已经开业1300万平米,在世界行业排名第三,在建的还有2000多万平米。而且我们发展速度很快,每年开业400多万平方米物业,到20xx年,万达将成为全球规模最大的不动产企业。能走到这一步,除了我们自身努力,也有赖于中国地域广阔,人口众多,消费总量大。

万达做高级酒店,一开始是做试验。我们发现,把酒店和商业中心、写字楼、公寓等组合在一起更受欢迎,所以就按这个模式发展,几乎每个购物中心都会配一个五星级酒店。几年下来,万达就成为了全球最大的五星级酒店业主,现在已经拥有38家开业酒店,正在施工的还有30多家。

万达商业地产的模式推出后,受到中国各地政府的欢迎。中国的土地不像美国可以自由买卖,只能从地方政府手里买。因为很多地方政府邀请万达去做项目,在合作中万达就占据了主动地位,具有了议价权,获取土地的成本比其他企业要低很多。现在邀请万达做的项目和万达投资项目数量比是3:1至4:1,万达拥有选择权,所以项目利润比较高。

3、文化旅游

万达发展的第三步是做文化旅游。20xx年就开始做电影院,因为万达购物中心需要配建电影院。最初万达跟美国华纳院线合作,但由于两方面原因,双方没能合作下去。一是中美WTO谈判规定外资不能控股中国影院,华纳不愿做小股

东;二是华纳对中国电影市场发生了误判,当时全中国票房只有一亿多美元,他们觉得投资赚不到钱。

万达只好在中国找合作伙伴,当时各地做影院的都是国有的广电集团,万达先后和上海、江苏、广东、北京等地的广电集团谈过合作,我们做业主,他们经营。但因为这些广电集团都是官办、没有赚钱的动力,结果都没谈成。其中还有一个小故事,当时上海广电集团总裁很有创新思想,他觉得这是一笔好生意,和我们签了协议,也交了保证金。但协议签订半年后,上海广电集团换了新的总裁,反对这个协议,坚决不履行。但这时我们有10个新店马上要开业,逼得我们只好自己做。中国电影恰恰从20xx年开始腾飞,此后每年递增都超过30%,今年中国电影票房将超过160亿元。如果中国电影市场今后按每年25%的速度递增,20xx年就将超过北美市场。

除了电影院线,万达还进入许多文化产业行业。如舞台演艺,我们把拉斯维加斯著名的水秀制作团队收编了,投资100亿元,在中国打造五台世界顶级的舞台秀节目。万达电影科技乐园的第一个项目将于20xx年在武汉开业,相比迪斯尼、环球影城做这类项目内容比较单一,万达武汉的电影科技乐园一次做了六项内容,而且采用的是中国的故事、中国的形象。

万达文化产业越做越大,因此成立了一个文化产业集团,把文化产业作为支柱产业来发展。今年万达文化产业集团的收入,可以排到世界文化产业的前40名。计划大20xx年,做到400亿元,进入世界文化产业前20名。到20xx年达到800亿元,进入世界文化产业前10名。

万达从20xx年开始做旅游投资,首个项目是长白山国际度假区,占地22平方公里,总投资200亿人民币,现在已开业,反响非常好,远远超出我们的预期。万达大连、西双版纳的度假区也在建设中。万达颠覆了传统度假区的概念,每个项目都会做十几个高级酒店,还有旅游小镇、大剧院等设施,突出文化和商业。

4、跨国发展

万达发展的第四步是跨国发展。之所以要跨国发展,首先,万达按照目前速度发展,今年资产将达到2800亿元,收入达到1450亿元,规模已经很大。但如果只在中国发展,即使做得再大,也只是一个国家的企业。要想成为世界范围的著名企业,就一定要走出中国。其次是为了分散风险,不能把鸡蛋都放在一个篮子里。万达今年年初宣布了十年战略规划,计划十年内成为世界一流的跨国企业,

为中国的民营企业争光。现在财富500大中有70多家中国企业,但只有3、4家是民营企业。万达应该用自己的发展来证明,民营企业没有国家特殊优惠政策支持、依然可以发展得很好、很快。

万达跨国发展第一步是并购美国的AMC影院公司,我们也正跟美国的六大电影制片公司洽谈,将来会在内容上进一步加强合作。万达不是为国际化而国际化,并购AMC不是为了做大规模而做大规模,在规模做大的同时,还要追求比较好的利润。两年多的并购谈判,也等于给我们上课,给我们补充知识。我们发现,很多美国大企业由很多小股东或者基金持有,没有真正的主人,都是追求短期回报。这样的企业缺乏长期战略规划,看不到长远发展。所以,只要万达不看短期利益,能忍受短期的亏损,从长远看,在美国、欧洲都是很有机会的。

二、万达快速发展的原因

万达发展这么快,主要有以下原因:

1、商业模式领先

企业创新有很多种,如技术创新、管理创新、文化创新等等,其中很重要的是模式创新,我一直认为商业模式创新的价值远远大于技术创新和管理创新。比如咖啡谁都会卖,但星巴克进行流程再造、商业模式创新,成为一个优秀的企业,麦当劳、肯德基也是这样。我非常反对有些人说,高科技、新能源、新材料才是希望,其他都不行。我认为不管是传统产业、还是新兴产业,只要善于创新商业模式,一样可以获得超额利润,而且生命周期更长。因为既然称为传统产业,就是能延续成百上千年的产业,所谓先进的东西,寿命反而不一定很长。

2、信息化水平高

万达多年前就成立了信息管理中心,从海内外招聘优秀人才,自己研发管理信息系统。万达是中国拥有管理软件国家专利和知识产权最多的企业,去年一年就获得近二十项。管理上,万达善于利用科技手段进行创新,万达最著名的管理模式叫做模块化管理。我们把一个商业地产项目的开发按时间分成300多个节点,每一步每一个相关业务部门做什么,都有严格规定。这些节点分为三级,总裁、副总裁关注一级节点,系统关注二级节点,项目公司关注三级节点。这些规定好后,编成一个模块化管理软件,每年11月,我们把第二年每个单位、每个人、每天的计划事项都录到系统中。这个信息系统会自动考核,如果到时间没有完成进度,会亮黄灯警示;如果规定时间内没有把功课补上,就会亮红灯。一旦

亮红灯,相关责任人就要被扣分,分数会与收入挂钩。所以,尽管万达速度非常快,但是并不忙乱,用一句传统的话来表达就是紧张有序。

万达发展快的另一个重要原因是执行力强,赏罚分明。万达没有公司政治,我个人在公司里没有任何亲戚。正因为各方面的综合作用,万达能实现比较快的发展速度。万达不是唯一能代表高速发展的中国经济的企业。在中国,像万达这样的民营企业还有很多,随着中国经济的发展,中国会诞生一大批优秀的民营企业,这些企业都会走向世界。十年前,世界500大公司,美国有197家,中国只有7家。20xx年,世界500大公司,美国有145家,中国有74家。按照这个速度来推算,十年以后,应该是中国、美国各100家左右,或者说中国略多一点。不管美国人承不承认、不管高不高兴,这就是世界发展的趋势。我相信,中美两国的经济互补和联系性是分不开的,像万达这样的企业,会越来越多到美国发展。


第二篇:朱棣文哈佛演讲


朱棣文20xx年哈佛大学演讲:未来并非在劫难逃

朱棣文哈佛演讲

朱棣文(Steven Chu,19xx年2月28日-),

美国物理学家,生于美国圣路易斯;华人血统,祖籍中国江苏太仓,曾获得诺贝尔物理学奖(19xx年)。现任美国能源部部长。

19xx年,获罗彻斯特大学数学学士和物理学学士。

19xx年,获加州大学伯克利分校物理学博士。

19xx年,任斯坦福大学物理学教授,是该校第一位华裔教授。

19xx年,当选美国国家科学院院士。

19xx年,获诺贝尔物理学奖。

20xx年,任劳伦斯·伯克利国家实验室主任,是首位掌管这个美国能源部下属国家实验室的亚裔人士。

20xx年,出任奥巴马政府能源部长。

【正文】

Madam President Faust, members of the Harvard Corporation and the Board of Overseers, faculty, family, friends, and, most importantly, today's graduates,

尊敬的Faust校长,哈佛集团的各位成员,监管理事会的各位理事,各位老师,各位家长,各位朋友,以及最重要的各位毕业生同学,

Thank you for letting me share this wonderful day with you.

感谢你们,让我有机会同你们一起分享这个美妙的日子。

I am not sure I can live up to the high standards of Harvard Commencement speakers. Last year, J.K. Rowling, the billionaire novelist, who started as a classics student, graced this podium. The year before, Bill Gates, the mega-billionaire philanthropist and computer nerd stood here. Today, sadly, you have me. I am not a billionaire, but at least I am a nerd.

我不太肯定,自己够得上哈佛大学毕业典礼演讲人这样的殊荣。去年登上这个讲台的是,英国亿万身家的小说家J.K. Rowling女士,她最早是一个古典文学的学生。前年站在这里的是比尔?盖茨先生,他是一个超级富翁、一个慈善家和电脑高手。今年很遗憾,你们的演讲人是我,虽然我不是很有钱,但是至少我也算一个高手。

I am grateful to receive an honorary degree from Harvard, an honor that means more to me than you might care to imagine. You see, I was the academic black sheep of my family. My older brother has an M.D./Ph.D. from MIT and Harvard while my younger brother has a law degree from Harvard. When I was awarded a Nobel Prize, I thought my mother would be pleased. Not so. When I called her on the morning of the announcement, she replied, "That's nice, but when are you going to visit me next." Now, as the last brother with a degree from Harvard, maybe, at last, she will be satisfied.

我很感激哈佛大学给我荣誉学位,这对我很重要,也许比你们会想到的还要重要。要知道,在学术上,我是我们家的不肖之子。我的哥哥在麻省理工学院得到医学博士,在哈佛大学得到哲学博士;我的弟弟在哈佛大学得到一个法律学位。我本人得到诺贝尔奖的时候,我想我的妈妈会高兴。但是,我错了。消息公布的那天早上,我给她打电话,她听了只说:"这是好消息,不过我想知道,你下次什么时候来看我?"如今在我们兄弟当中,我最终也拿到了哈佛学位,我想这一次,她会感到满意。

Another difficulty with giving a Harvard commencement address is that some of you may disapprove of the fact that I have borrowed material from previous speeches. I ask that you forgive me for two reasons.

在哈佛大学毕业典礼上发表演讲,还有一个难处,那就是你们中有些人可能有意见,不喜欢我重复前人演讲中说过的话。我要求你们谅解我,因为两个理由。

First, in order to have impact, it is important to deliver the same message more than once. In science, it is important to be the first person to make a discovery, but it is even more important to be the last person to make that discovery.

首先,为了产生影响力,很重要的方法就是重复传递同样的信息。在科学中,第一个发现者是重

要的,但是在得到公认前,最后一个将这个发现重复做出来的人也许更重要。

Second, authors who borrow from others are following in the footsteps of the best. Ralph Waldo Emerson, who graduated from Harvard at the age of 18, noted "All my best thoughts were stolen by the ancients." Picasso declared "Good artists borrow. Great artists steal." Why should commencement speakers be held to a higher standard?

其次,一个借鉴他人的作者,正走在一条前人开辟的最佳道路上。哈佛大学毕业生、诗人爱默生曾经写下:"古人把我最好的一些思想都偷走了。"画家毕加索宣称"优秀的艺术家借鉴,伟大的艺术家偷窃。"那么为什么毕业典礼的演说者,就不适用同样的标准呢?

I also want to point out the irony of speaking to graduates of an institution that would have rejected me, had I the chutzpah to apply. I am married to "Dean Jean," the former dean of admissions at Stanford. She assures me that she would have rejected me, if given the chance. When I showed her a draft of this speech, she objected strongly to my use of the word "rejected." She never rejected applicants; her letters stated that "we are unable to offer you admission." I have difficulty understanding the difference. After all, deans of admissions of highly selective schools are in reality, "deans of rejection." Clearly, I have a lot to learn about marketing.

我还要指出一点,向哈佛毕业生发表演说,对我来说是有讽刺意味的,因为如果当年我斗胆向哈佛大学递交入学申请,一定会被拒绝。我的妻子Jean当过斯坦福大学的招生主任,她向我保证,如果当年我申请斯坦福大学,她会拒绝我。我把这篇演讲的草稿给她过目,她强烈反对我使用"拒绝"这个词,她从来不拒绝任何申请者。在拒绝信中,她总是写:"我们无法提供你入学机会。"我分不清两者到底有何差别。在我看来,那些大热门学校的招生主任与其称为"准许你入学的主任",还不如称为"拒绝你入学的主任"。很显然,我需要好好学学怎么来推销自己。

My address will follow the classical sonata form of commencement addresses. The first movement, just presented, were light-hearted remarks. This next movement consists of unsolicited advice, which is rarely valued, seldom remembered, never followed. As Oscar Wilde said, "The only thing to do with good advice is to pass it on. It is never of any use to oneself." So, here comes the advice. First, every time you celebrate an achievement, be thankful to those who made it possible. Thank your parents and friends who supported you, thank your professors who were inspirational, and especially thank the other professors whose less-than-brilliant lectures forced you to teach yourself. Going forward, the ability to teach yourself is the hallmark of a great liberal arts education and will be the key to your success. To your fellow students who have added immeasurably to your education during those late night discussions, hug

them. Also, of course, thank Harvard. Should you forget, there's an alumni association to remind you. Second, in your future life, cultivate a generous spirit. In all negotiations, don't bargain for the last, little advantage. Leave the change on the table. In your collaborations, always remember that "credit" is not a conserved quantity. In a successful collaboration, everybody gets 90 percent of the credit.

毕业典礼演讲都遵循古典奏鸣曲的结构,我的演讲也不例外。刚才是第一乐章----轻快的闲谈。接下来的第二乐章是送上门的忠告。这样的忠告很少被重视,几乎注定被忘记,永远不会被实践。但是,就像王尔德说的:"对于忠告,你所能做的,就是把它送给别人,因为它对你没有任何用处。"所以,下面就是我的忠告。第一,取得成就的时候,不要忘记前人。要感谢你的父母和支持你的朋友,要感谢那些启发过你的教授,尤其要感谢那些上不好课的教授,因为他们迫使你自学。从长远看,自学能力是优秀的文理教育中必不可少的,将成为你成功的关键。你还要去拥抱你的同学,感谢他们同你进行过的许多次彻夜长谈,这为你的教育带来了无法衡量的价值。当然,你还要感谢哈佛大学。不过即使你忘了这一点,校友会也会来提醒你。第二,在你们未来的人生中,做一个慷慨大方的人。在任何谈判中,都把最后一点点利益留给对方。不要把桌上的钱都拿走。在合作中,要牢记荣誉不是一个守恒的量。成功合作的任何一方,都应获得全部荣誉的90%。

Jimmy Stewart, as Elwood P. Dowd in the movie "Harvey" got it exactly right. He said: "Years ago my mother used to say to me, 'In this world, Elwood, you must be ... she always used to call me Elwood ... in this world, Elwood, you must be oh so smart or oh so pleasant.'" Well, for years I was smart. ... I recommend pleasant. You may quote me on that.

电影《Harvey》中,Jimmy Stewart扮演的角色Elwood P. Dowd,就完全理解这一点。他说:"多年前,母亲曾经对我说,'Elwood,活在这个世界上,你要么做一个聪明人,要么做一个好人。'"我做聪明人,已经做了好多年了。......但是,我推荐你们做好人。你们可以引用我这句话。

My third piece of advice is as follows: As you begin this new stage of your lives, follow your passion. If you don't have a passion, don't be satisfied until you find one. Life is too short to go through it without caring deeply about something. When I was your age, I was incredibly single-minded in my goal to be a physicist. After college, I spent eight years as a graduate student and postdoc at Berkeley, and then nine years at Bell Labs. During that my time, my central focus and professional joy was physics.

我的第三个忠告是,当你开始生活的新阶段时,请跟随你的爱好。如果你没有爱好,就去找,找不到就不罢休。生命太短暂,如果想有所成,你必须对某样东西倾注你的深情。我在你们这个年龄,是超级的一根筋,我的目标就是非成为物理学家不可。本科毕业后,我在加州大学伯克利分校又待了8年,读完了研究生,做完了博士后,然后去贝尔实验室待了9年。在这些年中,我关注的中心和职业上的全部乐趣,

都来自物理学。

Here is my final piece of advice. Pursuing a personal passion is important, but it should not be your only goal. When you are old and gray, and look back on your life, you will want to be proud of what you have done. The source of that pride won't be the things you have acquired or the recognition you have received. It will be the lives you have touched and the difference you have made.

我还有最后一个忠告,就是说兴趣爱好固然重要,但是你不应该只考虑兴趣爱好。当你白发苍苍、垂垂老矣、回首人生时,你需要为自己做过的事感到自豪。你的物质生活和得到的承认,都不会产生自豪。只有那些你出手相助、被你改变过的人和事,才会让你产生自豪。

After nine years at Bell labs, I decided to leave that warm, cozy ivory tower for what I considered to be the "real world," a university. Bell Labs, to quote what was said about Mary Poppins, was "practically perfect in every way," but I wanted to leave behind something more than scientific articles. I wanted to teach and give birth to my own set of scientific children.

在贝尔实验室待了9年后,我决定离开这个温暖舒适的象牙塔,走进我眼中的"真实世界"----大学。我对贝尔实验室的看法,就像别人形容电影Mary Poppins的话,"实际上完美无缺"。但是,我想为世界留下更多的东西,不只是科学论文。我要去教书,培育我自己在科学上的后代。

Ted Geballe, a friend and distinguished colleague of mine at Stanford, who also went from Berkeley to Bell Labs to Stanford years earlier, described our motives best:

我在斯坦福大学有一个好友兼杰出同事Ted Geballe。他也是从伯克利分校去了贝尔实验室,几年前又离开贝尔实验室去了斯坦福大学。他对我们的动机做出了最佳描述:

"The best part of working at a university is the students. They come in fresh, enthusiastic, open to ideas, unscarred by the battles of life. They don't realize it, but they're the recipients of the best our society can offer. If a mind is ever free to be creative, that's the time. They come in believing textbooks are authoritative, but eventually they figure out that textbooks and professors don't know everything, and then they start to think on their own. Then, I begin learning from them."

"在大学工作,最大的优点就是学生。他们生机勃勃,充满热情,思想自由,还没被生活的重压改变。虽然他们自己没有意识到,但是他们是这个社会中你能找到的最佳受众。如果生命中曾经有过思想自由和充满创造力的时期,那么那个时期就是你在读大学。进校时,学生们对课本上的一字一句毫不怀疑,渐渐地,他们发现课本和教授并不是无所不知的,于是他们开始独立思考。从那时起,就是我开始向他们学习了。"

My students, post doctoral fellows, and the young researchers who worked with me at Bell Labs,

Stanford, and Berkeley have been extraordinary. Over 30 former group members are now professors, many at the best research institutions in the world, including Harvard. I have learned much from them. Even now, in rare moments on weekends, the remaining members of my biophysics group meet with me in the ether world of cyberspace.

我教过的学生、带过的博士后、合作过的年轻同事,都非常优秀。他们中有30多人,现在已经是教授了。他们所在的研究机构有不少是全世界第一流的,其中就包括哈佛大学。我从他们身上学到了很多东西。即使现在,我偶尔还会周末上网,向现在还从事生物物理学研究的学生请教。

I began teaching with the idea of giving back; I received more than I gave. This brings me to the final movement of this speech. It begins with a story about an extraordinary scientific discovery and a new dilemma that it poses. It's a call to arms and about making a difference.

我怀着回报社会的想法,开始了教学生涯。我的一生中,得到的多于我付出的,所以我要回报社会。这就引出了这次演讲的最后一个乐章。首先我要讲一个了不起的科学发现,以及由此带来的新挑战。它是一个战斗的号令,到了做出改变的时候了。

In the last several decades, our climate has been changing. Climate change is not new: the Earth went through six ice ages in the past 600,000 years. However, recent measurements show that the climate has begun to change rapidly. The size of the North Polar Ice Cap in the month of September is only half the size it was a mere 50 years ago. The sea level which been rising since direct measurements began in 1870 at a rate that is now five times faster than it was at the beginning of recorded measurements. Here's the remarkable scientific discovery. For the first time in human history, science is now making predictions of how our actions will affect the world 50 and 100 years from now. These changes are due to an increase in carbon dioxide put into the atmosphere since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. The Earth has warmed up by roughly 0.8 degrees Celsius since the beginning of the Revolution. There is already approximately a 1 degree rise built into the system, even if we stop all greenhouse gas emissions today. Why? It will take decades to warm up the deep oceans before the temperature reaches a new equilibrium.

过去几十年中,我们的气候一直在发生变化。气候变化并不是现在才有的,过去60万年中就发生了6次冰河期。但是,现在的测量表明气候变化加速了。北极冰盖在9月份的大小,只相当于50年前的一半。1870年起,人们开始测量海平面上升的速度,现在的速度是那时的5倍。一个重大的科学发现就这样产生了。科学第一次在人类历史上,预测出我们的行为对50~100年后的世界有何影响。这些变化的原因是,从工业革命开始,人类排放到大气中的二氧化碳增加 了。这使得地球的平均气温上升了0.8摄氏度。即使我

们立刻停止所有温室气体的排放,气温仍然将比过去上升大约1度。因为在气温达到均衡前,海水温度的上升将持续几十年。

If the world continues on a business-as-usual path, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that there is a fifty-fifty chance the temperature will exceed 5 degrees by the end of this century. This increase may not sound like much, but let me remind you that during the last ice age, the world was only 6 degrees colder. During this time, most of Canada and the United States down to Ohio and Pennsylvania were covered year round by a glacier. A world 5 degrees warmer will be very different. The change will be so rapid that many species, including Humans, will have a hard time adapting. I've been told for example, that, in a much warmer world, insects were bigger. I wonder if this thing buzzing around is a precursor.

如果全世界保持现在的经济模式不变,联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)预测,本世纪末将有50%的可能,气温至少上升5度。这听起来好像不多,但是让我来提醒你,上一次的冰河期,地球的气温也仅仅只下降了6度。那时,俄亥俄州和宾夕法尼亚州以北的大部分美国和加拿大的土地,都终年被冰川覆盖。气温上升5度的地球,将是一个非常不同的地球。由于变化来得太快,包括人类在内的许多生物,都将很难适应。比如,有人告诉我,在更温暖的环境中,昆虫的个头将变大。我不知道现在身旁嗡嗡叫的这只大苍蝇,是不是就是前兆。

We also face the specter of nonlinear "tipping points" that may cause much more severe changes. An example of a tipping point is the thawing of the permafrost. The permafrost contains immense amounts of frozen organic matter that have been accumulating for millennia. If the soil melts, microbes will spring to life and cause this debris to rot. The difference in biological activity below freezing and above freezing is something we are all familiar with. Frozen food remains edible for a very long time in the freezer, but once thawed, it spoils quickly. How much methane and carbon dioxide might be released from the rotting permafrost? If even a fraction of the carbon is released, it could be greater than all the greenhouse gases we have released to since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Once started, a runaway effect could occur.

我们还面临另一个幽灵,那就是非线性的"气候引爆点",这会带来许多严重得多的变化。"气候引爆点"的一个例子就是永久冻土层的融化。永久冻土层经 过千万年的累积形成,其中包含了巨量的冻僵的有机物。如果冻土融化,微生物就将广泛繁殖,使得冻土层中的有机物快速腐烂。冷冻后的生物和冷冻前的生物,它 们在生物学特性上的差异,我们都很熟悉。在冷库中,冷冻食品在经过长时间保存后,依然可以食用。但是,一旦解冻,食品很快就腐烂了。一个腐烂的永久冻土层,将释放出多少甲烷和二氧化碳?

即使只有一部分的碳被释放出来,可能也比我们从工业革命开始释放出来的所有温室气体还要多。这种事情一旦发生,局势就失控了。

The climate problem is the unintended consequence of our success. We depend on fossil energy to keep our homes warm in the winter, cool in the summer, and lit at night; we use it to travel across town and across continents. Energy is a fundamental reason for the prosperity we enjoy, and we will not surrender this prosperity. The United States has 3 percent of the world population, and yet, we consume 25 percent of the energy. By contrast, there are 1.6 billion people who don't have access to electricity. Hundreds of millions of people still cook with twigs or dung. The life we enjoy may not be within the reach of the developing world, but it is within sight, and they want what we have.

气候问题是我们的经济发展在无意中带来的后果。我们太依赖化石能源,冬天取暖,夏天制冷,夜间照明,长途旅行,环球观光。能源是经济繁荣的基础,我 们不可能放弃经济繁荣。美国人口占全世界的3%,但是我们消耗全世界25%的能源。与此形成对照,全世界还有16亿人没有电,数亿人依靠燃烧树枝和动物粪便来煮饭。发展中国家的人民享受不到我们的生活,但是他们都看在眼里,他们渴望拥有我们拥有的东西。

Here is the dilemma. How much are we willing to invest, as a world society, to mitigate the consequences of climate change that will not be realized for at least 100 years? Deeply rooted in all cultures, is the notion of generational responsibility. Parents work hard so that their children will have a better life. Climate change will affect the entire world, but our natural focus is on the welfare of our immediate families. Can we, as a world society, meet our responsibility to future generations?

这就是新的挑战。全世界作为一个整体,我们到底愿意付出多少,来缓和气候变化?这种付出至少在100年内,都不会有明显效果。代际责任深深植根于所有文化中。家长努力工作,为了让他们的孩子有更好的生活。气候变化将影响整个世界,但是我们的天性使得我们只关心个人家庭的福利。我们能不能把全世界看作一个整体?能不能为未来的人们承担起责任?

While I am worried, I am hopeful we will solve this problem. I became the director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, in part because I wanted to enlist some of the best scientific minds to help battle against climate change. I was there only four and a half years, the shortest serving director in the 78-year history of the Lab, but when I left, a number of very exciting energy institutes at the Berkeley Lab and UC Berkeley had been established.

虽然我忧心忡忡,但是还是对未来抱乐观态度,这个问题将会得到解决。我同意出任劳伦斯-伯克利国家实验室主任,部分原因是我想招募一些世界上最好的科学家,来研究气候变化的对策。我在那里

干了4年半,是这个实验室78年的历史中,任期最短的主任,但是当我离任时,在伯克利实验室和伯克利分校,一些非常激动人心的能源研究机构已经建立起来了。

I am extremely privileged to be part of the Obama administration. If there ever was a time to help steer America and the world towards a path of sustainable energy, now is the time. The message the President is delivering is not one of doom and gloom, but of optimism and opportunity. I share this optimism. The task ahead is daunting, but we can and will succeed.

能够成为奥巴马施政团队的一员,我感到极其荣幸。如果有一个时机,可以引导美国和全世界走上可持续能源的道路,那么这个时机就是现在。总统已经发出 信息,未来并非在劫难逃,而是乐观的,我们依然有机会。我也抱有这种乐观主义。我们面前的任务令人生畏,但是我们能够并且将会成功。

We know some of the answers already. There are immediate and significant savings in energy efficiency and conservation. Energy efficiency is not just low-hanging fruit; it is fruit lying on the ground. For example, we have the potential to make buildings 80 percent more efficient with investments that will pay for themselves in less than 15 years. Buildings consume 40 percent of the energy we use, and a transition to energy efficient buildings will cut our carbon emissions by one-third.

我们已经有了一些答案,可以立竿见影地节约能源和提高能源使用效率。它们不是挂在枝头的水果,而是已经成熟掉在地上了,就看我们愿不愿意捡起来。比 如,我们有办法将楼宇的耗电减少80%,增加的投资在15年内就可以收回来。楼宇的耗电占我们能源消费的40%,节能楼宇的推广将使我们二氧化碳的释放减 少三分之一。

We are revving up the remarkable American innovation machine that will be the basis of a new American prosperity. We will invent much improved methods to harness the sun, the wind, nuclear power, and capture and sequester the carbon dioxide emitted from our power plants. Advanced bio-fuels and the electrification of personal vehicles make us less dependent on foreign oil.

我们正在加速美国这座巨大的创新机器,这将是下一次美国大繁荣的基础。我们将大量投资有效利用太阳能、风能、核能的新方法,大量投资能够捕获和隔离电厂废气中的二氧化碳的方法。先进的生物燃料和电力汽车将使得我们不再那么依赖外国的石油。

In the coming decades, we will almost certainly face higher oil prices and be in a carbon-constrained economy. We have the opportunity to lead in development of a new, industrial revolution. The great hockey player, Wayne Gretzky, when asked, how he positions himself on the ice, he replied," I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it's been." America should do the same.

在未来的几十年中,我们几乎肯定会面对更高的油价和更严厉的二氧化碳限制排放政策。这是一

场新的工业革命,美国有机会充当领导者。伟大的冰上曲棍球选手Wayne Gretzky被问到,他如何在冰上跑位,回答说:"我滑向球下一步的位置,而不是它现在的位置。"美国也应该这样做。

The Obama administration is laying a new foundation for a prosperous and sustainable energy future, but we don't have all of the answers. That's where you come in. In this address, I am asking you, the Harvard graduates, to join us. As our future intellectual leaders, take the time to learn more about what's at stake, and then act on that knowledge. As future scientists and engineers, I ask you to give us better technology solutions. As future economists and political scientists, I ask you to create better policy options. As future business leaders, I ask that you make sustainability an integral part of your business.

奥巴马政府正在为美国的繁荣和可持续能源,打下新的基础。但是我们无法为所有问题都找到答案。这就需要你们的参与。在本次演讲中,我请求在座各位哈佛毕业生加入我们。你们是我们未来的智力领袖,请花时间加深理解目前的危险局势,然后采取相应的行动。你们是未来的科学家和工程师,我要求你们给我们更好的技术方案。你们是未来的经济学家和政治学家,我要求你们创造更好的政策选择。你们是未来的企业家,我要求你们将可持续发展作为你们业务中不可分割的一部分。

Finally, as humanists, I ask that you speak to our common humanity. One of the cruelest ironies about climate change is that the ones who will be hurt the most are the most innocent: the worlds poorest and those yet to be born.

最后,你们是人道主义者,我要求你们为了人道主义说话。气候变化带来的最残酷的讽刺之一,就是最受伤害的人,恰恰就是最无辜的人----那些世界上最穷的人们和那些还没有出生的人。

The coda to this last movement is borrowed from two humanists.

这个最后乐章的完结部是引用两个人道主义者的话。

The first quote is from Martin Luther King. He spoke on ending the war in Vietnam in 1967, but his message seems so fitting for today's climate crisis:

第一段引语来自马丁?路德?金。这是19xx年他对越南战争结束的评论,但是看上去非常适合用来评论今天的气候危机。

"This call for a worldwide fellowship that lifts neighborly concern beyond one's tribe, race, class, and nation is in reality a call for an all-embracing and unconditional love for all mankind. This oft misunderstood, this oft misinterpreted concept, so readily dismissed by the Nietzsches of the world as a weak and cowardly force, has now become an absolute necessity for the survival of man ... We are now faced with the fact, my friends, that tomorrow is today. We are confronted with the fierce urgency of now. In this unfolding conundrum of life and history, there is such a thing as being too late."

"我呼吁全世界的人们团结一心,抛弃种族、肤色、阶级、国籍的隔阂;我呼吁包罗一切、无条件的对全人类的爱。你会因此遭受误解和误读,信奉尼采哲学的世人会认定你是一个软弱和胆怯的懦夫。但是,这是人类存在下去的绝对必需。......我的朋友,眼前的事实就是,明天就是今天。此刻,我们面临最紧急的情况。在变幻莫测的生活和历史之中,有一样东西叫做悔之晚矣。"

The final message is from William Faulkner. On December 10th, 1950, his Nobel Prize banquet speech was about the role of humanists in a world facing potential nuclear holocaust.

第二段引语来自威廉?福克纳。19xx年12月10月,他在诺贝尔奖获奖晚宴上发表演说,谈到了世界在核战争的阴影之下,人道主义者应该扮演什么样的角色。

"I believe that man will not merely endure: he will prevail. He is immortal, not because he alone among creatures has an inexhaustible voice, but because he has a soul, a spirit capable of compassion and sacrifice and endurance. The poet's, the writer's, duty is to write about these things. It is his privilege to help man endure by lifting his heart, by reminding him of the courage and honor and hope and pride and compassion and pity and sacrifice which have been the glory of his past."

"我相信人类不仅能忍耐,而且会获胜。人类是不朽的,这不是因为万物当中仅仅他会无穷尽的呼喊,而是因为他有一个灵魂,有同情心、牺牲精神和忍耐力。诗人和作家的责任就是写这些东西。他们的特权正是通过鼓舞人类,唤起人类原有的荣耀----勇气、荣誉、希望、自尊、怜悯之心和牺牲精神,去帮助人类学会忍耐。"

Graduates, you have an extraordinary role to play in our future. As you pursue your private passions, I hope you will also develop a passion and a voice to help the world in ways both large and small. Nothing will give you greater satisfaction.

各位毕业生同学,你们在我们的未来中扮演举足轻重的角色。当你们追求个人的志向时,我希望你们也会发扬奉献精神,积极发声,在大大小小各个方面帮助改进这个世界。这会给你们带来最大的满足感。

Please accept my warmest congratulations. May you prosper, may you help preserve and save our planet for your children, and all future children of the world.

最后,请接受我最热烈的祝贺。希望你们成功,也希望你们保护和拯救我们这个星球,为了你们的孩子,以及未来所有的孩子。

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