远大前程

《Great Expectations》，作者查尔斯·狄更斯，译作“远大前程”，又名“孤星血泪”。 于我个人而言，“远大前程”这一译名更贴切。

故事讲述的是从小由姐姐养大的匹普，受雇于贵族郝薇香小姐，并对她的养女艾斯黛拉一见钟情。拜倒在高傲美丽的艾斯黛拉的石榴裙下，匹普深感自己的低贱与卑微，深切地渴望着可以变成与她匹配的上等人。一天，一名律师受托于他人，提供了匹普这个机会——他可以继承一笔巨大的遗产，并前往伦敦学习如何成为一名“上等人”。

在好运铸造的豪奢宫殿中，他是被命运女神眷顾的国王——被总多莺莺燕燕争先恐后巴结而成的国王。在“上等人”身份熏陶下，他鄙夷曾经最爱护他的姐夫乔，看不起旧日知己毕蒂，将他们的真心踩在脚下，将他们的逆耳良言当作嫉妒，匹普对此偶有内疚，却很快被“上等人”的优越感与被打回原形的恐惧淹没。

随着遗产提供者身份的真相浮出水面，匹普的好运逐渐走到了尽头。

艾斯黛拉另嫁他人，遗产被充公…..待现实甩了他几个响亮的耳光后，匹普落魄地回到家乡，重拾与亲友的关系，兢兢业业地工作，开启了他真正远大的前程。

比起建立在意外之上的前程，建立在付出之上的前程无疑更牢靠。前者给了匹普一个华丽但荒诞的梦，随着命运的不再眷顾，匹普从梦中惊醒，泪流满面，他只能重新面对生活，从而创造了后者。

匹普不只是书中的一个人物，狄更斯将他写得如此鲜活，好似你我。

去伦敦前的匹普，在姐姐的虐待下虽然懦弱，但也善良质朴，随着命运列车的变轨，他醉心于眼前的荣华富贵，虽不至于大奸大恶，却也渐渐地暴露了人性的丑陋。世界万物，本就不是非黑即白，人心更是如此。匹普厌恶见风使舵、阿谀奉承的小人伍浦赛，殊不知自己也是伍浦赛的同类，伍浦赛奉承匹普为利益，匹普奉承身份为掩盖自己的自卑，他深知乔的善良，却无法控制地去嫌弃他：“虽然我和他情谊深厚，可是听说他要来，我却并不快意；非但不快意，还相当心烦，感到有些羞愧，尤其念念不忘彼此的身份悬殊。要是给他几个钱就能叫他不来，我宁可给钱。”

这是正是匹普所追求的“上等人。”

富人可以堂而皇之地说“不为贫穷感到羞耻”，那是因为他们富裕。匹普做不到坦然地面对贫穷，因为他深知贫穷能把人与人之间的差距拉得多大——就像他初见艾斯黛拉时，他是多么厌恶自己笨重的皮鞋，多么厌恶自己粗糙的双手，多么厌恶自己下等的身份。贫穷本不是一件令人感到羞耻的事，但因贫穷产生的身份区别，却让人感到羞耻。贫富差距正是社会不平等的根源。我们知道，却难以改变，因为人类长期对财富的追求塑造了“虚荣”这一人性，它根深蒂固地存在于我们的性格之中。

我们完全没有必要为此感到害怕。不必为贫穷感到害怕，也不必为因贫穷产生的羞耻感到害怕。虚荣心的存在就好比弱点的存在，它是无法避免的，我们需要做的是去克服，而不是去遏制虚荣的产生。

巴尔扎克说：“小说是一个民族的秘史。” 狄更斯生活在英国由封建社会向资本主义社会过渡时期。资本主义的发展使大批小资产者贫困、破产，无产阶级遭到残酷的剥削而沦为赤贫。历史的发展是必然的，但承担历史的受众却是偶然的。历史铸造了狄更斯，狄更斯借历史创作了一本本小说，而这些小说又不同程度上反映和创造了历史。

《远大前程》耐人寻味，引人深思的地方还有很多，我只是挑了一个方面细说。若能再三细品这本书，或许你也能走上属于你的远大前程。

第二篇：隐喻与狄更斯远大前程中的环境铺垫

BA Dissertation

Environment Bedding and Metonymy in

Dickens’s Great Expectations

BA Candidate Cao Danwei

Supervisor Hu Yuming

West Anhui University

May, 2013

Acknowledgements

Here I avail myself of this opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude to all those who have helped me in the course of writing this paper.

Firstly, I would like to thank my dear supervisor, Mr. Hu Yuming, for his constant encouragement and guidance. He has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this dissertation. He has offered me valuable ideas, suggestions and criticism with the profound knowledge in his research experience. Without his consistent and illuminating instruction, this dissertation would never come to its present form.

Secondly, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all the teachers who educated and cultivated me to be a qualified teacher in the future in the past two years.

Finally, my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.

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Abstract

Charles Dickens (1812 -1870)，generally regarded as the greatest literary author of his time in Victorian England, enjoyed a wider popularity than any other previous authors had done during his whole lifetime. Dickens‘s later work Great Expectations (1861), which was considered as his artistic masterpiece, was the most perfectly constructed of all Dickens‘s novels. This thesis carefully analyzed the relationship between metonymy and the environment bedding in Dickens‘s Great Expectations to achieve a better understanding of this novel. This thesis was componented of four chapters. Chapter one was a brief introduction to this thesis, the life and career of Charles Dickens. Chapter Two discussed the figure of environment bedding in Great Expectation. Chapter Three focused on the figure of metonymy in Great Expectation and the relationship between metonymy and environment bedding in this novel. The last chapter concluded that the author used much metonymy rhetoric to make the environment bedding more vivid. The use of them was well complemented with each other in this novel. It was important for one to pay attention to the importance of using rhetoric and writing techniques in writing.

Key words: Charles Dickens; Great Expectation; environment bedding;

metonymy

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摘要

查尔斯﹒狄更斯（1812 - 1870）, 被认为是维多利亚时代英国最伟大的文学天才。他的受欢迎程度比以往任何作者都高。狄更斯的后期作品《远大的前程》（1861），是他的艺术杰作，是狄更斯所有小说中最完美的。这篇论文分析了在《远大前程》中换喻和环境铺垫的关系，以便更好地理解这部小说。全文包括四大部分。第一章前言，简单的介绍了文本内容，狄更斯的生平和职业生涯。第二章主要是小说的写作手法之一的环境铺垫进行描述分析。第三章重点对修辞手法换喻在《远大前程》中的作用进行分析，以及换喻和环境铺垫在这部小说中的关系。最后一章为结论，狄更斯在小说中换喻的使用让环境铺垫的描写更为生动。换喻和环境铺垫在小说中的使用是对各自很好的补充。因此，在写作中注意对修辞手法和写作技巧的运用是非常重要的。

关键词：查尔斯﹒狄更斯；《远大前程》；环境铺垫; 转喻

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Contents

Acknowledgements………………………………………………….…...i Abstract (English Version)……………………………………………….ii Abstract (Chinese Version)……………………………………………..ⅲ Contents…………………………………………………………………ⅳ Chapter I Introduction……………………………………………………1

1.1 Introduction to Charles Dickens…………………………………..1

1.2 Introduction to Great Expectations..................................................3 Chapter II Environment bedding in Great Expectations…………………6

2.1 Environment foreshadowing in novels………………………….....7

2.2Environment foreshadowing in Great Expectation………………...9

Chapter III Metonymy in Great Expectations…………………………..11

3.1 The definition of metonymy……………………………………...11

3.2 Metonymy in Great Expectations………………………………...12

3.3 The correlation between metonymy and environment bedding….13

Chapter IV Conclusion ………….……………………………………...16 Bibliography ……………………………………………………………17

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Chapter I Introduction

Charles Dickens (1812 -1870)，generally regarded as the greatest literary geniuses of his time in Victorian England, enjoyed a wider popularity than any previous author had done during his lifetime. Dickens‘s later work Great Expectations (1861), which was regarded as his artistic masterpiece, was the most perfectly constructed of among all his novels. He concentrated on bottom people's kindness, warmth and the power of moral influence. Great Expectations reflected four different period‘s interpersonal relationship and the change of the psychological activity of Pip. In order to describe the development of protagonist‘s character, the author incisively and vividly explained how a country inspired a nice young man who then gradually developed into upper class as a gentleman but end with bad habits and disillusion

1.1 Introduction to Charles Dickens

Charles Dickens (1812–1870), was the most popular English novelist of the Victorian period. During his life, his works enjoyed unprecedented fame, and by the twentieth century his literary genius was broadly acknowledged by critics and scholars. His novels and short stories continue to be widely popular (Laurence, 2008: 76). Although he had little formal education, his early impoverishment drove him to succeed. He contributed quite a lot to the development of British Literature. He edited a weekly journal for 20 years, wrote 15 novels, 5 novellas and 1

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hundreds of short stories and non-fiction articles, lectured over his career (Chesterton, 2008: 10-12). Of all his books, Dickens showed his great concern toward the society he lived in. The continuing popularity of his novels and short stories is that they have never gone out of print. The beginning of the novel was set shortly after Dickens‘s birth date (1812) in the country of his childhood--the Kentish countryside by the sea. Dickens wasn‘t an orphan, as Pip was, but he may well have felt like one. His parents were sociable, pleasant people, but when Charles, who was the eldest boy, was nine, Dickens‘s family pulled up roots and moved to London to try to live more cheaply. Charles was appalled by the cramped, grubby house they lived in and even more ashamed when his father was arrested and taken to debtors‘ prison. The rest of the Dickens was allowed to move into prison with their father, but twelve-year-old Charles had to live on his own outside. After his father was released from the prison, Dickens returned to school. He eventually became a law clerk, then a court reporter, and finally a novelist.

Dickens loved the style of the 18th century picaresque novels which he found in abundance on his father's shelves. According to Ackroyd, other than these, perhaps the most important literary influence on him was derived from the fables of The Arabian Nights (Ackroyd, 1990: 44-45). His first novel, the Pickwick Papers, became a huge popular success when Dickens was only twenty-five. Within a few years he had become 2

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an international literary celebrity, famous for his humour, satire, and keen observation of character and society. His novels, most published in monthly or weekly instalments, pioneered the serial publication of narrative fiction, which became the dominant Victorian mode for novel publication (Grossman, 2012: 54). His 1843 novella, A Christmas Carol, was one of the most influential works ever written, and it remained popular and continued to inspire adaptations in every artistic genre. His creative genius had been praised by fellow writers—from Leo Tolstoy to G. K. Chesterton and George Orwell—for its realism, comedy, prose style, unique characterisations, and social criticism. He published his works extensively and was considered a literary celebrity until his death in 1870. Dickens was the most popular novelist of his time, and remained one of the best known and most read of English authors.

1.2 Introduction to Great Expectations

Great Expectations was one of the most mature works of Charles Dickens, which mainly told the hero Pip looking for his great expectation. At the opening of the novel, Pip was a parentless young boy. His parents and siblings had passed away, and he was left to his elder sister. A definitely ragged convict was staring down at him, who played a very important role in Pip‘s life. As Pip grew up, he became the subject of some unknown party‘s very great expectations and was endowed with considerable wealth unexpectedly.

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The themes are often the fundamental and universal ideas explored in a literary work. The moral theme of Great Expectations was quite simple: affection, loyalty, and conscience are more important than social advancement, wealth, and class. Dickens established the theme and showed Pip learning this lesson, largely by exploring ideas of ambition and self-improvement. Pip‘s desire for self-improvement was the main source of the novel‘s title: because he believed in the possibility of advancement in life, he had ―great expectations‖ about his future.

There was no doubt that the way the author described his characters and developed them was fabulous. Each character played an influential role in Pip‘s life. All these roles and the brilliant way in which they were plot-developed were related to Pip showed a feeling of familiarity and nostalgia.

Moreover, the novel was filled with hardships and conflicts for Pip as well. It was clear that Pip had a defining wish to improve himself, but also an intense conscience throughout the novel. At the beginning of the book, Pip eagerly desired to rise himself above surroundings and made the most of himself as possibly as he can, and even more. The desire really began with his introduction to Miss Havisham, a very strange woman who lived in the Satis House uptown. He met not only Miss Havisham but the young adopted girl Estella there, whom was raised by Miss Havisham since early childhood. Pip was almost instantly attracted 4

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by her beauty, yet she scorned him sharply. Pip couldn‘t understand why she treated him like this, and was very embarrassed of himself and his background, hoping his boots weren‘t so thick and his accent not so coarse. He had a strong feeling to improve himself. Pip‘s best friend Joe could not compete with the worldly-wise circle at the Satis House, nor did the wealth and property Pip get.

Dickens, as a very descriptive novelist, had peppered this novel with a great many literary settings, who made full use of symbolism. He was trying to show us, through Pip‘s trials, grieves, and relationships with his life, that one must value himself and appreciate people who love him.

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ChapterⅡEnvironment bedding in Great Expectations

In Great Expectations the protagonist‘s living environment was roughly divided into three stages. In the first part, Pip lived a humble life with his rude elder sister and her strong but kind and friendly husband, Joe Gargery. On a Christmas Eve, Pip helped an escaped prisoner and gived him some food and a file. But later the prisoner was arrested. Unexpectedly, one day Pip got invited to the Miss Havisham‘s house who was a rich old woman and saw her adopted a daughter Estella .Estella was beautiful, and Pip became attached to her, but she treated him uncaringly and scornfully. From that time on, Pip determined become a gentleman to marry Estella.

In the second part, Pip received a large fortune from an unknown source and got a chance to be a lawyer in London. He wore well clothes and met people from upper class. For many years Pip had lived a fairly disorderly life in London, finally he became a selfish and felt ashamed of his relatives.

In the third part, Pip found that he was sponsored by the criminal Magwitch who he had helped in his childhood. However, Pip decided to help him escape to abroad again in moral. But they were captured by police. All of his possessions were cruelly confiscated. Without money and expectations, Pip determined to go to India and got a job in his friend‘s company. Everything was changed, when Pip returned to his 6

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hometown many years later. Pip happened to meet Estella in the ruined garden at Satis House. Finally he found that Estella became a kind woman, and they left the garden hand in hand. Pip believed that they will never part again. In these different stages, Pip‘s character development was along with the change of environment.

2.1 Environment foreshadowing in novels

First, the environment foreshadowing in novels can show the characters status, suggest their social relations. Just like in the novel Great Expectations, at the beginning of the story, with a few words the author clearly stated that the hero lived with his elder sister and was often ill-treated by her. He expected to live a better life. Joe was always telling others that it was she who brought Pip up. However, she never gave Pip any tender care.

―My sister, Mrs. Joe Gargery, was more than twenty years older than I, and had established a great reputation with herself and the neighbours because she had brought me up ?by hand‘.‖(Dickens, 2010: 8)

From these words we knew Pip was often bitten by his sister. After one day Pip got invited to the Miss Havisham‘s house who is a rich old woman and saw her adopted a daughter Estella. Pip became attached to her, but she treated him uncaringly and scornfully. ―I took the opportunity of being alone in the courtyard, to look at my coarse hands and common boots‖ (Dickens, 2010: 63). This told us why Pip wanted to pursue wealth 7

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and luxury life. So when the environment changed, he caught the chance and made up his mind to become a gentleman. Therefore, through the environment foreshadowing, we knew the hero‘s status and the social relations, and knew why the hero finally became to such a character.

Second, the environment foreshadowing in different stages would successfully set off the typical personalities in different stages. So in a certain sense, environment reflected people‘s character, and people‘s character was the product of the environment. Life could shape people‘s character, people also could change environment. The environment description in novels often closely related to the mood of the characters. Environmental factors could exert a subtle influence on the character‘s development. Like in the novel Great Expectations, the social environment changes played an important role in the development of protagonist‘s personality. Because the special environment in Pip‘s childhood, he had a kind, innocent and compassionate personality. After he met Estella, Pip‘s character totally changed. He understood that the gap between the upper class and lower class was very large. He began to look down upon himself. Even the environment, background and the entire thing of his family made him feel inferior. The transformation of social environment led Pip‘s thought changed hugely and finally he became a man who was wild and selfish. These series of the environment evolution restricted the development of the protagonist Pip's character 8

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deeply. Therefore, social environment and the human nature were both

greatly influence the growth of a man.

2.2 Environment foreshadowing in Great Expectations The environment foreshadowing made the description of environments

vividly as a picture in the novel. In Great Expectations, one day the

protagonist Pip had been in the country live in bland blacksmith

apprentice. When one day he accepted large sum of unknown property,

from that time on he became a man on the road to the pursuit of great

expectations. It embodied the life of the protagonist‘s in Dickens‘s novels

was a subjective process unify with the objective life logic. In the novel

the protagonist went to London after he got the money. Even though the

money could change his image in society, for himself he still couldn‘t

become a real gentleman. The period in London was also the time he

gradually lost himself. In the end, he began to turn over a new leaf to go

back to real life and decided to live on his own ability and made great

efforts to change their future. Through the change of protagonist‘s

characters in the gain and loss, we could see that the social environment

influence the formation and change of character. But the men themselves

could decide what to pursue and the hope they want, so people also had

influence on the environment and the transform function. When one

could adapt to the environment and control oneself, he could play his role

well. Therefore, in this respect, we knew that character development is

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not completely the result of the social environment influence. Great Expectations vividly described a suffering orphan who struggled with constant hard fate which made his psychological mature. Facing the change of the environment, finally he became an ordinary people end with shaking hands with the first lover and living a happy life. This paper emphasized on the social environment and the development of the protagonist‘s character. On the one hand, social circumstances and the development of Pip‘s character were closely connected and couldn‘t be separated. On the other hand, the development of Pip‘s character was not totally determined by the social circumstances, but also by Pip himself. Namely the development of personality was closely linked with social environment. But facing the changeable life, one should not be illusion but should be steadfast calm and find true self-worth (Lei Ping, 2005: 7-9).

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ChapterⅢ Metonymy in Great Expectation

3.1 The definition of metonymy

Metonymy is a figure of speech in rhetoric in which one thing or concept is substituted for another by the name of something intimately associated with that thing or concept. Metonymy is derived from two classical Greek words and means ―a change in name.‖ (Alfred, 1893: 222) Metonymy also may refer to the rhetorical strategy of describing something indirectly, by referring to things to it, in either time or space.

Metonymy and metaphor were often compared together in order to get more information to distinguish them. Both of them were involved the substitution of one concept for another. In metaphor, this substitution was based on similarity, while in metonymy the substitution was based on contiguity. Metonymy works correctly because of the association between two concepts, whereas metaphor works because there had similarity between them. When people use metonymy, they do not typically wish to transfer qualities from one referent to another as they do with metaphor (Daniel, 2012: 30-36). Sometimes, metaphor and metonymy may be used in the same figure of speech, or one could interpret a phrase in metaphorical or metonymical. For example, the phrase ―lend me your ear‖ could be analyzed in a number of ways. ―Ear‖ means ―attention‖ in metonymy, but in metaphorical terms may means the speaker wanted the listener to grant the speaker temporary control 11

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over what the listener hears. Thus, metaphor and metonymy, though quite different in their mechanism, may work together contiguous.

3.2 Metonymy in Great Expectations

The author portrayed three main characters in the novel Great Expectations, using metonymy to describe the characters. First we can see it in the description of Pip. In order to articulate Pip‘s living environment, the author used the rhetoric of metonymy. For example, ―At this dismal intelligence－ I twisted the only button on my waistcoat round and round, and looked in great depression at the fire. Tickler was a wax-ended piece of cane, worn smooth by collision with my tickled frame.‖ (Dickens, 2010: 9) The author used cane to convey the meaning that Pip often subjected bad treatment from her sister, also referred to his elder sister‘s grumpy, which provided a good bedding to illustrate the character of Pip. Pip‘s Brother-in-law was a good man. When we saw the iron tools in his smithy, we could reminiscent a kind-hearted and honest image.

Further more, we could know lower labor people‘s living environment and the good honest in their nature. ― In our already-mentioned freemasonry as fellow-suffers, and in his good-natured companionship with me, it was our evening habit to compare the way we bit through out slices, by silently holding them up to each other‘s admiration now and then－which stimulated us to new exertions.‖(Dickens, 2010: 11) From this description we knew the living condition was poor, but Joe was 12

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satisfied. Joe represented the image of the working people who were living in the same class. The metonymy rhetorical could also see in the description of Estella. Her gorgeous dress and decorated reflected the elite luxury life and the class gap between the civilians. Her dress up and decorated reflected the character of insolence and contempt the lower classes, and also pave the way for her sad fate.

Finally, Havisham, her old house and she stopped to go outside let people thought of her always living in the past time. She was a person who had been hurt and lived for revenge. She never saw the sun and the dark room which gave person a surge of pent-up feelings and it also represented her inner world was dark, illustrated her boring life as an upper class person as well. We also could see the three different characters‘ fate and life experiences. They represented the living environment of people who were in different classes of that era and the ethics.

3.3 The correlation between metonymy and environment bedding When the author described the environment, he does not direct describe the social environment of that time and the protagonist‘s family environment. But he used metonymy to express the environment. Because it given the environment indirectly, which would allow readers to have more space to conceive the living environment of the persons in the novel according to their understanding of the historical environment. 13

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Owing to the nature of metonymy rhetorical was indirect, the author could use a few words to represent a complex character. But it could better express the meaning of the author want to convey, as well as better portray the characters. Though using the metonymy rhetorical, the living environment of the characters in the novel become realistic to reader. All of these sources only supported by a short few of words which was the function of metonymy in environment foreshadowing.

In the novel, the description of the mists was used many times as the environment foreshadowing to show something uncertain. The setting almost always represented a theme in Great Expectations and always set a tone that was perfectly matched to the novel‘s dramatic action. The misty marshes near Pip‘s childhood home in Kent, one of the most evocative of the book‘s settings, were used to stand for danger and uncertainty. As a child, Pip brought Magwitch a file and food in these mists. The morning he sent food to Magwitch, ―on every rail and gate, wet lay clammy; and the marsh-mist was so thick‖. (Dickens, 2010: 17) Later, he was kidnapped by Orlick and nearly murdered in them. Whenever Pip went into the mists, something dangerous was likely to happen. Significantly, Pip must go through the mists when he traveled to London shortly after receiving his fortune, alerting the reader that this apparently positive development in his life may have dangerous consequences. At the end of the story, mists disappeared and the weather 14

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became good. ―The June weather was delicious. The sky was blue, the larks were soaring high over the green corn, I thought all that country-side more beautiful and peaceful by far than I had ever known it to be yet.‖(Dickens, 2010: 474) The change of weather represented Pip turn back to honest man depending on his own effort to live. This was also the typical link of metonymy and environment foreshadowing.

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ChapterⅣ Conclusion

Great Expectations was written in first person. The title Great Expectations referred to the ―Great Expectations‖ Pip had of coming into his benefactor‘s property upon his disclosure to him and achieving his intended role as a gentleman at that time. Great Expectations was a bildungsroman, a personal development, in this case, of Pip. ―Surely the characters in Great Expectations are the greatest collection in all of English fiction.‖(Forster, 1874: 20) Keith Love once asserted in the introduction to Great Expectations that Dickens skillfully portrayed all the characters and made all of them impressing and vivid. We could know about every character if we concentrated on the relationship between the development of characters and social circumstances. So the environment was very important in this novel. As we discussed above the author used the metonymy rhetorical in the novel. Through metonymy rhetorical we could make our mind broader and make the novel purify affinage (Hao Zhuanping, 2012: 3). The use of metonymy rhetorical made the environment bedding more vivid. By the way, the success of the environment description could give reader the feeling that they were personally on the scene. So in summary, metonymy rhetorical and environment foreshadowing complemented each other in the novel Great Expectations.

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皖西学院2013届本科毕业论文（设计）

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