一、结论性--------- 通过对文章前面的讨论 ,引出或重申文章的中心思想及观点 . e.g:[1]. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw theconclusion that .....
[2]. In summary/In a word , it is more valuable .......
二、后果性------ 揭示所讨论的问题若不解决, 将产生的严重后果.
e.g:[1]. We must call for an immediate method , because the currentphenomenon of ... , if allowed to proceed, will surely lead to the heavycost of .......
[2]. Obviously , if we ignore/are blind to the problem , there isevery chance that .. will be put in danger .
三、号召性 -------- 呼吁读者行动起来, 采取行动或提请注意.
e.g:[1]. It is time that we urged an immediate end to the undesirabletendcy of ......
[2]. It is essential thar effective measures should be taken tocorrect the tendency .
四、建议性 -------- 对所讨论的问题提出建议性的意见, 包括建议和具体的解决问题的方法. e.g:[1]. While it cannot be solved immediately, still there are ways. Themost popular is .... Another method is ... Still another one is .....
[2]. Awareness/Recognition of the problem is the first step toward thesituation.
五、方向性的结尾方式 ---- 其与建议性的唯一差别就是对问题解决提出总的, 大体的方向或者指明前景.
e.g:[1]. Many solutions are being offered here , all of them make somesense, but none is adequate enough. The problem should be recognized in awide way .
[2]. There is no quick method to the issue of .., but .. might behelpful/benefical.
[3]. The great challenge today is ...... There is much difficulty ,but ........
六、意义性的结尾方式 --------> 文章结尾的时候,从更高的更新的角度指出所讨论的问题的重要性以及其深远的意义!
e.g:[1]. Following these suggestions may not guarantee the success, butthe pay off might be worth the effort . It will not only benefit but alsobenefit .....
[2]. In any case, whether it is posotive or negative, one thing iscertain that it will undoubtedly ..
常用句型
1. there be
(1) There has been a debate about whether private or public school is more beneficial
for the all-around development of students.
(2) There has been a debate about whether old people should be forced to retire from
work at the age of sixty, regardless of their own wishes.
(3) There has been debate about who should be responsible for the deteriorating
situation of natural environment.
(4) There has been growing evidence (indicating) that years of cigarette smoking is
detrimental to people’s health.
(5) Beyond numerous obvious reasons, there lies a more in-depth cause.
(6) With (As a result of) the advent of mass-production and an improvement in
living standards, there has been a greater need for advertising than ever before.
第二篇：托福作文总结
Integrated Writing:
时间：阅读3分钟，写作20分钟
字数：150以上
题型；基本上是三点反驳
Independent Writing:
重点：结构（层进），逻辑（配合句与句，段与段连贯），（词汇句式多样性，不重复） 题型：1 agree or not
2 A or B
(3 开放性问题what when...)
字数：400以上
时间：30分钟
细小东西：1 好东西用在前面较好
2 不需要题目
3 字数不够的补救方法：多打空格拆字，in other words, for example 4 随性写（不拘泥于小节），写个性化内容
*****************************************************************************************************
Integrated Writing具体内容
结构：1 分别表达说话者和文章中的观点，写明他们相悖
2 反驳了什么--- contrast说话者、文章 --- 再说一下他们相悖
常用语：1 contradict, differ from,cast doubt on...
2 indicate, believe, state, contend, claim, show...
3 lecturer, speaker
4 其他在作业里面
P31最佳例文，P42模板，P43主体部分模板，P44、45开头方式（一句话、两句话）
Independent Writing具体内容
一 段落结构
1 开头段：引话题（结构暗示）--- 写中心 --- 联系下文（The reasons for my view go as follows.）
2 主体3段:中心句 --- 解释中心句 --- 例子，数据 --- 解释例子，数据
（3 结尾总结，和首段呼应）
二 几种写法（P65例文，夹带的纸）
1 经典
2 contrast
3 factor and analysis（因素分析）
4 对象细分
三
例子：亲身经历，见闻，听闻 数据：具体时间，机构 （某人言论）