人教新目标九年级英语Unit 1--15知识点归纳
Unit 1 How do you study for a test?
词和短语
1. make/use flashcards 制作/使用抽认卡
2. make a vocabulary list 制作词汇表
3. listen to tapes 听磁带
listen to the teacher carefully 认真听课
4. ask sb. for help 寻求帮助 He is asking for help. 他正在求救。 ask sb to do sth. 叫某人做某事 tell sb about sth 告诉某人某事
5. study for a text 为一次测试学习
6. work with sb 与某人一起工作
7. watch English news 看英语新闻
8. practice conversations with sb 与某人练习对话
9. read/speak aloud=read loudly 大声说
10. improve my listening/speaking skills 提高听力/口语技巧
11. too hard to understand the voices 太难了而听不懂(说的内容)
too?to 太??而不能 常用的句型 too+adj./adv. + to do sth.
如：I’m too tired to say anything. 我太累了，什么都不想说。
12. the best way to learn English 学英语的最好方法
13. specific advice/suggestions 详细而精确的建议
14. feel differently 觉得不同
15. frustrate sb = make sb frustrated 使某人沮丧
find sth frustrating 发现某事沮丧
16. read English magazines 看英语杂志
17. help a lot/a little 帮助很多/很少
18. join an English club 参加英语俱乐部
19. not at all 根本不
20. end up doing sth 最后做某事
21. spoken/oral English 英语口语
22. make mistakes in sth 在某方面出错
make mistakes 犯错 如：I often make mistakes. 我经常犯错。
make a mistake 犯一个错误 如： I have made a mistake. 我已经犯了一个错误。
23. first of all
24. to begin with 以??开始
25. later on 随后
26. be afraid to do sth 害怕做某事
be afraid of sth/sb 害怕??
27. laugh at sb 嘲笑某人 如：Don’t laugh at me! 不要取笑我!
28. make complete sentences 造完整的句子
29. take notes=write down the notes 做笔记
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30. have trouble/difficulty(in)doing sth做某事有困难
31. look up the words in a dictionary用字典查阅单词
32. make up conversations 组成对话
33. deal with=do with 处理
34. be angry with 对??感到生气
35. stay angry 持续生气
36. go by （时间）过去、消逝 Time goes by. 时间流逝。
37. decide to do 决定做某事
如： Li Lei has decided to go to Beijing . 李雷已经决定去北京。
decide not to do 决定不做某事
38. last for a long time 持续很长时间
39. talk to each other 互相谈话
40. on duty 值日
It’s one’s duty to do sth 做某事是某人的职责
It’s our duty to distribute to the society.
41. regard sth as a challenge 把某事视为挑战
42. too much + n. 太多?
much too + adj. 太
43. change problems/troubles/difficulty into challenge 把困难变成挑战
44. try one’s best to do sth 尽力做某事
45. with the help of sb 在某人帮助下 = with one’s help 如：with the help of Li Lei = with Li Lei’s help 在李雷的帮助下 help sb (to) do sth = help sb with sth 帮助某人做某事
46. compare A to B 把A与B进行对比
47. physical problems 生理缺陷
四. 重点、难点、考点及疑点讲解
1. by asking the teacher for help（P2）通过向老师寻求帮助
(1)“ask+ sb+ for+名词”意为“向某人请求??”;“向某人要求??”。 They asked me for help.他们向我求助。
We asked our PE teacher for a football.我们请求体育老师给我们一个足球。
(2)by作介词时，后接动词-ing形式，这是中考的重点，大家可不要忘记啊！ ◎“通过??的方式”。
Mr Green makes a living by teaching.格林先生以教书为生。
◎“经过（某人/某物）”。
He went by the supermarket on his way to school.
在去上学的路上，他经过那家超市。
◎“在??旁边，在??附近”。
Li Lei sits by my side in the classroom.在教室里，李雷坐在我的旁边。 ◎“在??之前，不迟于??”。
I can finish doing my homework by six o’clock. 我能在6点之前做完作业。 2
◎表示交通方式，意为“乘??”。
I usually go to school by bike. 我通常骑自行车去上学。
特别提示
by作副词时，相当于near，意为“靠近”。
The thief stole the money when no one was by.当旁边无人的时候，小偷偷走了钱。 短语链接
◎by and by “不久”,“一会儿”。
It’s 12 o’clock now and we will go home by and by.
现在12点了，过一会儿我们就要回家了。
◎by the way “顺便说一下”。
By the way, I forgot to tell you the news. 哦，对了，我忘记告诉你那个消息了。
2. He’s been learning English for six years and really loves it. (P4)他已经学了六年的英语，而且的确很喜欢它。
He’s是He has的缩写。这是一个现在完成进行时态的句子，由“助动词have/has+been+现在分词”构成，用来表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要延续下去。请看：
Mr Green has been lying in bed for two weeks. 格林先生已经卧床两个星期了。
We have been teaching in this school for eight and a half years.
我们在这所学校教书已经8年半了。
3. She added that having conversations with friends was not helpful at all. (P4)她补充说，和朋友交谈一点帮助都没有。
（1）add的常见意思为“增加，添上，加上”。在本句中表示在说完上面的话语后又添加一些话语，是“又说，补充说”的意思。
It will add to your troubles. 这将会给你们增添麻烦的。
Mr Smith added that he would be back soon.
史密斯先生补充说他很快就会回来。
（2）at all与not, no, nothing, nobody, nowhere等表示否定意义的词连用，用来加强否定意义，表示“完全不，一点儿都不，丝毫不”的意思。
He doesn’t like swimming at all.他一点儿都不喜欢游泳。
There is nothing in the room at all.房间里面什么东西都没有。
◎not at all单独使用时，用来回答对方的感谢或道歉，相当于That’s all right, You’re welcome等。但是,You’re welcome主要用于美国英语中，而英国人则多用Not at all。 —Thank you very much for your help.非常感谢你的帮助！
—Not at all./That’s all right./You’re welcome.别客气。
4. We get excited about something and then end up speaking in Chinese. (P4) 有些话题让我们兴奋不已 ，最后干脆说起汉语来。
（1）be/get excited about意思是“对??感到兴奋”，其中about后可接名词、代词或动词-ing形式。
She got excited about it as soon as she heard the good news.
她一听到那个好消息，就变得很兴奋。
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Are you excited about going to Shanghai? 你对去上海感到兴奋吗？
类似短语
be/get worried about “对??感到担心”，be amazed at“对??感到惊讶”，be pleased with“对??感到满意”。
(2)excited表示某人对某物或某事“感到兴奋，激动”，主语常为人。
We were excited when we saw our team was winning.
看到自己的球队要赢了，我们都十分激动。
特别提示
exciting作“令人激动的”，“令人兴奋的”解时，常用来修饰物或事。
The football match we watched was very exciting.
我们观看的那场足球赛非常激动人心。
（3）end up意为“达到某状态或采取某行动，以??结束或告终”，后面接动词-ing形式。 He ended up running a firm. 他最终经营了一家公司。
类似短语
finish up“完成”, eat up“吃光”, burn up“烧光”。
5. Maybe you should join an English language club. (P5)也许你应该参加某个英语俱乐部。
(1)maybe和may be虽然写法相似，意思也相似，但是用法区别很大。maybe是副词，意为“也许，可能”，用作状语；may be意为“也许是，可能是”，may是情态动词，与be一起作谓语。
Maybe you put it there. 也许你把它放在那里了。
But I’m afraid I may be a little late. 但恐怕我可能是晚了一点。
(2)join意为“参加，加入”，主要指参加、加入某党派、团体，成为一员，后面也可跟us, them, the young people等表示一群人的词或词组；而 take part in也意为“参加，加入”，指参加群众性的活动、会议、考试、竞赛等。
My brother joined the League two years ago. 我的哥哥两年前就入团了。
We are getting ready to take part in the speech contest.
我们正准备参加这次演讲比赛。
6. First of all, it wasn’t easy for me to understand the teacher when she talked to the class. (P6)刚开始，当老师和全班学生说话的时候，她的话对我来说很难听懂。
短语first of all意为“首先，第一”，在句中作状语，强调首要的事情是什么，不一定用于列举，常用于first of all..., then..., at last...，使说明的层次更清楚。
First of all, I must finish my work. 首先，我必须完成我的工作。
First of all, I want to say that thank you for coming.
首先，我想说的是感谢你们的到来。
7. To begin with, she spoke too quickly, and I couldn’t understand every word. (P6)刚开始，她讲得太快，我不能每个词都听懂。
本句中的to begin with意为“首先,第一点（理由）”。
We can’t go. To begin with, it’s too cold. Besides, we’ve no money. 我们不能去。首先是天气太冷了；再者，我们没有钱了。
◎begin with意为“以??开始”，其后接动词时应用动词-ing形式。
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The book begins with a story. 这本书是以一个故事开头。
The party began with dancing. 晚会是以舞蹈开头的。
8. Later on, I realized that it doesn’t matter if you don’t understand every word. (P6)后来，我意识到即使不理解每个单词也没有关系。
later on是由later与on构成的固定词组，但在意思和用法上与later既有相同之处，也有区别的地方。
特别提示
later与later on的用法
◎later作副词用，意为“后来”，“以后”，往往以以前或现在的时间或事情为基准，因此，常用于一般过去时或一般将来时。
Later he learned how to repair television sets.后来他学会了修电视机。
The radio says the sun will come out later.广播说太阳过些时候就会出来。
◎later常和一个表示时间的名词连用，构成“时间段+later”结构。
He came back a week later.一星期后他回来了。
魔力纠错
两天后我再来拜访。
误：I shall call again two days later.
正：I shall call again in two days.
魔力解析
“时间段+later”不可用于从现在算起的若干时间以后。说“从（现在起）??之后”，应该用“in+时间段”。
◎later on作副词短语使用，也是“后来”，“以后”的意思，有时可与later互换。 That happened later on/later.后来那件事发生了。
◎later on只可单独使用，不能用于“时间段+later on”结构。
9. It helped a lot. (P6)它很有帮助。
在本句中a lot用作副词，表示“非常，相当”，等于very much。
Thanks a lot. = Thanks very much.多谢。
He is feeling a lot better today.他今天感觉好多了。
◎a lot还可作“经常，常常”解，相当于often。
They use the recorder a lot in English class.在英语课上，他们常用录音机。
◎a lot of=lots of，修饰可数名词或不可数名词，意为“许多”，相当于many或much。 There is a lot of(=lots of) homework to do.有许多作业要做。
魔力纠错
她在穿上没有花很多钱。
误：She doesn’t spend a lot of money on dresses.
正：She doesn’t spend much money on dresses.
10. I think that doing lots of listening practice is one of the secrets of becoming a good language learner. (P6) 我认为做大量的听力练习是成为一个好的语言学习者的秘诀之一。
(1)该句是由that引导的宾语从句，当主句用一般现在时态时，从句可以用任意时态；当主句用过去时态时，从句则要用相应的过去时态。
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I hear that Mr Brown has been to Shanghai. 我听说布朗先生去过上海。
He said these answers were right. 他说这些答案是正确的。
(2)one of意为“(??中的)一个”，其后接名词的复数形式，如有形容词修饰名词时，形容词要用最高级。
Mr Wang is one of the most popular teachers in our school.
王老师是我们学校最受欢迎的老师之一。
11. How do we deal with our problems? (P8)我们怎样处理我们的问题？
本句中的deal with意为“处理，解决”，相当于do with，其主语通常是人或物。 I have many problems to deal with. 我有许多问题要解决。
◎ deal with作“与??打交道”，“与??做买卖”解时，主语通常是人、公司、商店等。 My elder brother will deal with you later on. 我哥哥以后会来收拾你的。
特别提示
deal in有时也可以表示“与??做买卖”，但后面跟具体的商品。
This shop deals in computers. 这家商店做电脑买卖。
12. Most of us have probably been angry with our friends, parents or teachers. (P8)我们中的大部分人可能都生过我们的朋友、父母或老师的气。
本句中的be angry with意为“对某人生气”，后面常跟人作宾语；当表示生气的原因时，可以加上for doing sth。
He was angry with me for not having done anything.
我什么也没有做，他为此很生气。
特别提示
be angry at表示“因某事生气”，后面接表示言行的名词、代词或V.-ing形式或从句作宾语。
He was rather angry at missing the bus.他因没有赶上公共汽车而相当生气。
He was angry at what I said. 他对我所说的感到生气。
13. Time goes by, and good friendships may be lost. (P8)时间流逝，良好的友谊可能也就随之逝去了。
(1)go by是不及物动词短语，意为“走过”，“（时间）消逝，流逝”。
Two weeks went by. 两周过去了。
(2)lost是lose的过去分词。lose意为“丢失，失去”时，语气较强，一般指失去不易找回。 The man lost a leg in the war. 那个人在战争中失去了一条腿。
知识拓展
miss意为“丢失，失去”时，指东西或人丢失了，但有找到的希望。
She missed her child in the street. 她在街上把孩子丢了。
◎miss可以表示“想念”的意思，而lose则不能。
We shall all miss you when you are away. 你不在时我们都会想念你的。
特别提示
作定语或表语时，lose用过去分词形式，miss用现在分词形式。
Who has found my lost pen? 谁找到了我丢失的钢笔？
They set out to look for the missing girl at once.
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五. 语法
1. 提建议的句子：
2. aloud, loud与loudly的用法
三个词都与“大声”或“响亮”有关。
①aloud是副词,重点在出声能让人听见,但声音不一定很大,
常用在读书或说话上。通常放在动词之后。aloud没有比较级
形式。如: He read the story aloud to his son.
他朗读那篇故事给他儿子听。
②loud可作形容词或副词。用作副词时,常与speak, talk,
laugh等动词连用,多用于比较级,须放在动词之后。如:
She told us to speak a little louder. 她让我们说大声一点。
③loudly是副词,与loud同义,有时两者可替换使用,但往往
含有令人讨厌或打扰别人的意思,可位于动词之前或之后。如:
He does not talk loudly or laugh loudly in public. 他不当众大声说笑。
4. one of +(the+ 形容词比较级)+名词复数形式 ??其中之一
如：She is one of the most popular teachers.
她是最受欢迎的教师之一。
5. It’s +形容词+(for sb. ) to do sth. (对于某人来说)做某事?
如：It’s difficult (for me ) to study English.
对于我来说学习英语太难了。
句中的it 是形式主语，真正的主语是to study English
6. unless 假如不，除非 引导条件状语从句
如：You will fail unless you work hard. 假如你不努力你会失败。
I won’t write unless he writes first. 除非他先写要不我不写。
如：Last summer I went to Beijing. This year I’m going to Shanghai instead.去年夏天我去北京, 今年我将要去上海。
I will go instead of you. 我将代替你去。
He stayed at home instead of going swimming. 他呆在家里而不是去游泳。
【典型例题】
中考聚焦
考点1. by +v-ing 结构
---_ do you study English?（2006福建宁德)
---By listening to tapes.
A. How B. Where C. When D. Why
【要点简析】通过答语By listening to tapes“通过听磁带”，可知问句是对方式或方法提问，用疑问副词 how。选 A。
考点2. enjoy doing sth.
Sam enjoys stamps. And now he has 226 of them.（2006北京）
A. to collect B. collected C. collects D. collecting
【要点简析】enjoy 后面接V.-ing形式作宾语，表示“喜欢做某事”。选D。
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考点3. sb. find + sth. +形容词/sb. find + that 从句
Did you find very interesting to play yo-yo? （2006甘肃兰州）
A. this B. it’s C. that D. it
【要点简析】it用作形式宾语，动词不定式to play yo-yo作真正的宾语，放在后面。选D。用find + that 从句时主句和从句都用过去时，保持时态一致：Did you find it was very interesting to play yo-yo?
考点4. 疑问词+动词不定式结构
--- Are you going to buy a camera?
--- Yes. But there are so many kinds that I can’t decide ______ to buy.（2006湖北武汉）
A. what B. which C. how D. where
【要点简析】根据句意“有这么多种（照相机），以至于我无法决定买哪一种”，应该用疑问词which表示“哪一种”；不定式结构which to buy作动词的宾语。选B。
考点5. unless
The sports meet will continue it rains this afternoon. （2005天津）
A. if B. since C. as soon as D. unless
【要点简析】 unless“如果不??；除非??”，引导条件状语从句。选D。
考点6. laugh at
We are often told at people in trouble. （2005天津）
A. not to smile B. to smile C. not to laugh D. to laugh
【要点简析】laugh at是固定搭配，意思是“嘲笑??”，不定式的否定形式是not to do。选C。
考点7. look up
You’d better her number in the phone book.（2006广东汕头）
A. look into B. look for C. look up
【要点简析】 look up sth. in sth.“在??中查找??”，在本句中表示“在电话簿中查找电话号码”。选C。
考点8. realize
Last Thursday when I got to the airport, I I had left my ticket at home.（2005辽宁大连）
A. forgot B. realized C. believed D. seemed
【要点简析】句子意思是：上周四我到达机场时，才意识到(realize)把机票落在家里了。选B。
Unit 2 I used to be afraid of dark.
短语used to 的用法
重点词和短语
1. used to 过去常常
2. be afraid of＝be terrified of 害怕
3. a couple of days 两天
4. look different 看起来不同
look the same 看起来一样
5. wear glasses/contact lenses 戴眼镜/隐型眼镜
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6. have a great memory 记性很 好
7. have long/straight/curly hair 留着??发型
8. be interested in ＝take an interest in 对??感兴趣
9. on the swim team 在游泳队 10. People sure change. 人是会变的。 11. be/live alone 独处/单独居住
feel lonely 觉得孤独 12. speak in front of a group 在众人面前讲话
13. go to sleep with the light on 开着灯睡觉
14. worry about sth./ sb.＝be worried about sth./sb. 担心
15. study all the time 一直学习 16. go right home 直接回家
17. spend time （in）doing sth. 花时间做某事
18. no longer＝not. . . any longer 不再（延续性）
no more＝not?any more 不再（短暂性）
19. chat with sb. 与??聊天
20. take sb. to a concert 带某人去音乐会
21. hardly ever 几乎不 22. miss the old days 怀念/想念过去的那些日子
23. in the last few years 近几年 24. daily life 日常生活
25. make sb. stressed out 使某人精疲To my surprise, a phone call changed his life. 39. feel good about himself 很有自信 40. head teacher 班主任 41. It’s necessary to do sth. 必须做某事 42. even though＝even if （＋让步状语从句） 即使
力尽
26. a fifteen-year-old boy 一个15岁的男孩
27. problem child 问题少年 28. afford sth./to do sth. 负担得起
He couldn’t afford to pay for his child’s education.
29. as?as 与??一样 as well as? 与??一样好，也 as well as she could 尽她全力
30. get into trouble with the police 与警察发生冲突
31. be patient with sb. 对??有耐心
32. in the end 最后
33. make a decision on sth./doing sth. 决定做某事
＝make up one’s mind to do sth.＝decide to do sth.
34. send sb. to＋地点 送某人去某地
35. cause a lot of trouble （for sb. ） 引起很多麻烦
36. leave the school 退学
37. waste one’s time 浪费时间 38. to one’s surprise 使某人吃惊
be surprised at sth. 吃惊于??
Even though he is eighty, he looks young and healthy.
43. take pride in＝feel/be proud of 为??而自豪
I take pride in being a Chinese.
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I am/feel proud of being a Chinese.
44. give up 放弃
四. 重点、难点、考点及疑点注释： Don’t give up. 不要放弃。
1. Over here! Don’t you remember me? （P11）过来！你不记得我了吗？
（1）over here相当于come over here，意为“过来”。
（2）remember的反义词是forget，两者用法相同，后面可跟名词，动名词或动词不定式。 ◎remember/forget doing sth.表示“记得/忘记做过某事”，强调事情已经做了。 I remember posting your letter. 我记得替你寄过信了。
They forget locking the door. 他们忘记锁过门了。
◎remember/forget to do sth.表示“记得/忘记去做某事”，强调事情还未做。
I remember to post your letter. 我记得替你寄信。
They forget to lock the door. 他们忘了锁门。
2. Wow! People sure change. （P11）哇！人确实是会变的。
句中的sure用作副词，意为“确实”，“无疑”。sure一词更常见于以下用法和句型：
◎表示“可以”，“当然”，“没问题”，常用来答应他人的请求，相当于 Yes. / OK. /Great. /Certainly. /Of course.
—Did you have a good trip?旅途愉快吗？
—Sure. /Of course. 当然。
—Would you like to go with us?愿意和我们一起去吗？
—Sure. /Certainly. 好啊。
◎be sure about/of意为“确信，对??有把握”，后接名词，代词或v-ing形式，表示对客观事物有肯定的认识和判断，主语必须是人。
I’m sure of passing the examination. 我相信我会通过考试。
He lives in this building but I’m not sure about the room number.
他住在这栋楼里，但是房间号码我不太清楚。
◎be sure to意为“一定”，“肯定”，后接不定式，往往表示局外人的推测、评论，主语不一定是人。
It’s sure to rain tomorrow. 明天一定会下雨。
She is sure to understand much more than before. 她一定比以前懂得更多了。
试比较下面两句：
The old woman is sure to live to more than ninety.
这位老太太肯定可以活到九十多岁。
The old woman is sure of living to more than ninety.
这位老太太相信自己可以活到九十多岁。
◎be sure to 用于祈使句时，是“务必”，“一定”的意思。
Be sure to review the text after class. 课后务必复习课文。
Be sure to come tomorrow，everyone. 大家明天一定要来。
◎be sure接that从句时，意为“认为??一定会”，主语必须是人，连词that可以省略。be sure后面还可以接由whether, where, when或who等引导的名词性从句，这时主句通常是否定形式。
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I’m not sure whether I can come tomorrow. 我明天是否能来还说不准。
I’m sure that I can run faster than you. 我确信我比你跑得快。
3. I’m terrified of the dark. （P12）我十分怕黑。
terrified为形容词，意为“受惊吓的，恐惧的”，表示“害怕??, 恐惧??”，固定用法be terrified of相当于be afraid of。
I’m terrified of being at home by myself. 我很害怕独自呆在家里。
特别提示
terrified的动词形式为terrify，表示“使害怕”，“使恐惧”。
There are several persons terrifying the little boy.
有几个人正在恐吓那个小男孩。
4. I go to sleep with my bedroom light on. 我开着卧室的灯睡觉。
（1）with my bedroom light on为介词短语，在句中用作状语，表示伴随情况。 He walked out of the room with his coat on. 他穿着外套走出了房间。
知识拓展
“with＋名词＋介词短语”结构也可用作状语，表示伴随情况。
The teacher came in with a book under his arm.
老师腋下夹着一本书走进教室。
The poor woman walked through the street with a baby on her back.
那可怜的妇女背着一个婴儿，穿过了街道。
（2）on在此处是形容词，意为“开着的，接通的”，常见的结构有：be/turn on。 —Is the light on in the room? 屋里的灯开着吗？
—No. It’s off. 不，关着呢。
Turn on the radio, please. I’ll listen to the weather report.
请打开收音机，我要听天气预报。
5. Before I started high school, I used to spend a lot of time playing games with my friends, but I just don’t have the time anymore. （P14）在上高中之前，我常常花费大量时间和朋友们一起做游戏，但是如今我再也没有这样的时间了。
（1）high school相当于middle school,意为“中学”，常指高中。
（2）本句中的spend意为“花费”，常用来说明某人买某物花了多少钱或某人花了多少时间做某事，主语通常为人，常见的句子结构有两种：
◎sb. spends some money/time on sth.
She spends a lot of money on books. 她花很多钱买书。
◎sb. spends some money/time in doing sth.，其中介词in可以省略。
They spent two hours （in）looking for the cat. 他们花了两个小时找那只猫。
知识链接
take, pay与cost也可以表示“花费”：
◎take意为“花费”，常用形式主语it，真正的主语是动词不定式，常见的句子结构有： “It takes （took）＋时间/金钱＋动词不定式”（表示“做某事花费了多少时间/金钱”）和“It takes＋sb.＋时间/金钱＋动词不定式”（“做某事花费了某人多少时间/金钱”）。 It’ll take only ten minutes to walk to the supermarket.
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只要十分钟，就可以走到那家超市。
It took Yang Liwei about 21 hours to circle the earth in his spaceship.
乘宇宙飞船环绕地球大约花费了杨利伟21个小时。
◎pay的基本意思是“支付”，主语是表示人的名词或代词，常与for连用。
How much did you pay for all these books? 这些书你是花多少钱买的？
◎cost也可作“花费”解，其主语是“物”或“事”，常用于sth. costs （sb.）some money结构。
The dictionary cost me 40 yuan. 这本字典花了我40元钱。
（3）not. . . any more意为“不再??”，相当于no more，一般用来表示动作或行为的不再发生或重复。
They don’t use animals to do farm work any more.
他们不再使用牲畜做农活了。
6. These days, I hardly ever have time for concerts. （P14）现在，我根本没有时间去听音乐会。
（1）本句中的these days意为“现在，目前，如今”，相当于nowadays, at present。 We are not poor any longer these days. 如今我们不再贫穷了。
They still remember that old saying these days. 现在他们仍然记得那句古谚语。
（2）hardly用作副词，意为“几乎不”，相当于almost not，本身含有否定之意，修饰名词时，常和a或any连用。
I’m so tired that I can hardly walk any farther. 我太累了，简直不能再走下去了。 There was hardly a cloud in the sky. 天空几乎没有一丝云彩。
魔力纠错
他简直不知道说什么好，是吗？
误：He hardly knows what to say, doesn’t he?
正：He hardly knows what to say, does he?
魔力解析
hardly本身含有否定意义，构成反意疑问句时，后半部分要用肯定形式。类似的词有few, little, never, none, nobody, nothing等。
特别提示
hardly不是hard的副词形式，两者是完全不相关的两个词。
7. Now, I don’t mind them. （P14）现在我不介意它们了。
动词mind的基本含义是“介意，反对”，后面接名词或动名词。
He doesn’t mind closing the window. 他不介意关上窗户。
知识拓展
Would you mind doing. . . ?句型常用来向别人提出请求，对方如果表示介意，就说“Yes”；如果表示不介意、不反对，应说“No, not at all. /No, of course not. ”。
— Would you mind telling me how to remember English words?
你介意告诉我如何记英语单词吗？
—No, not at all. 不，不介意。
特别提示
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mind还可用作名词，表示“思想，主意”。
What do you make up your mind to be when you grow up?
你长大以后立志要做什么？
短语链接
never mind不要紧，不介意；keep in mind记住；make up one’s mind下决心，下决定；set up one’s mind to do sth.立志做某事; change one’s mind改变主意。
8. I really miss the old days.
①miss在这里为“怀念”的意思。
How he misses his mother while she is away in London!
他妈妈在伦敦期间，他多么想念她啊！
②此外miss还有“缺”的意思。
I’m afraid that Jim will miss a lot of his lessons.
恐怕Jim会缺很多课。
③错过
I missed catching the 2：15 train.
我未赶上2点15分的火车。
④missing 失去的，缺少的，不在的，失踪的。
They are looking for the missing child.
他们在寻找失踪的孩子。
9. It seems that Yu Mei has changed a lot. （P15）俞梅似乎变化很大。
动词seem是“看起来像”，“似乎”的意思，其常用的句型有：
◎It seems＋that 从句
It seems that he would never be able to work out the question.
看来他好像永远无法解决那个问题。
◎seem＋形容词
Your father seems quite happy. 你的父亲看起来很高兴。
◎seem＋动词不定式
Li Fang seems to know everything. 李芳好像什么都知道。
特别提示
“It seems＋that 从句”通常可以转化成“名词/代词＋seems＋动词不定式短语”这一简单句型，如果动词不定式短语是“to be＋形容词”，to be可以被省略。
It seems that his temperature is all right.
＝His temperature seems （to be）all right. 他的体温似乎很正常。
It seems that she doesn’t get on well with her classmates.
＝She doesn’t seem to get on well with her classmates. 她似乎与同学们相处得不好。
10. However, after his father’s death a few years ago, Martin’s life became much more difficult. （P16）然而，几年以前，在他父亲死后，马丁的生活变得更困难了。
下列句中的dead意为“死的”，是形容词，表示“死的，无生命的”，常与be动词连用，指死的状态。
He is dead, but his name will live in our hearts forever.
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他虽然死了，但他的名字将永远留在我们心中。
Her grandfather has been dead for more than two years. 她的爷爷去世两年多了。
特别提示
die, dying, death也可以表示“死”。
◎die意为“死亡，断气”，是终止性动词，指生命的结束，强调动作。
His mother died two years ago. 他的母亲两年前去世了。
◎dying是die的现在分词，通常作形容词使用，是“要死的”，“垂危的”，“濒临死亡的”的意思。
This dog is dying. 这条狗快要死了。
◎death是die的名词，意为“死亡”。
It makes me very sad when I think of my little dog’s death.
当我想起我小狗的死亡时，我很难过。
11. . . . but to his surprise, this phone call changed his life. （P16）??但是，令他惊奇的是，这次通话改变了他的人生。
本句中的to one’s surprise意为“令某人惊奇的是”，常常置于句首。其中to是“致使”的意思，后面接表示情感的名词，指一个事件使某人心中产生了某种情感。
To my surprise, he failed in the examination. 使我奇怪的是，他考试不及格。
To everyone’s surprise, Mr King refused. 使每个人感到惊奇的是，金先生拒绝了。 类似短语
to one’s joy/horror/satisfaction“使人高兴／惊恐／满意的是”。
特别提示
in surprise意为“惊奇地”。
The two men looked at each other in surprise. 那两个人惊奇地互相看着。
“How did you come to know it?” I asked in surprise.
“你是怎么知道这件事的？”我吃惊地问。
12. She also told me that even though my father was no longer with us, he was watching me, and would always take pride in everything good I do. （P16）她也告诉我，尽管我父亲不再和我们在一起了，他还是在关注着我们，并对我所做的一切好的事情感到骄傲。
（1）even though意为“即使，纵然，尽管”，用来引导让步状语从句，可以与even if替换。
He won’t tell me about it even though （even if）he knows the news.
即使他知道这个消息，他也不会告诉我。
Even though （Even if）you aren’t lifting anything, your muscle gets tired.
即使没有举着什么东西，你的肌肉也会感到疲劳。
（2）本句中的no longer可以与not. . . any longer替换，主要用来表示时间或距离的“不再”，意在对现在的情况和过去的情况加以比较，故多用于现在时。
You are no longer a child. （＝You aren’t a child any longer. ）
你已不再是个孩子了。
特别提示
◎no longer一般修饰延续性动词，表示某个动作或状态不再延续下去。
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He no longer lives here. （＝He doesn’t live here any longer. ）
他不再住在这里了。
◎no more相当于not. . . any more，主要用来表示数量和程度，常常修饰短暂性动词，表示某动作不再重复发生。
The baby no more cried. （＝The baby didn’t cry any more. ）
这个小孩不再哭了。
He is no more a student. （＝He isn’t a student any more. ）
他不再是个学生了。
（3）take pride in意为“对??感到自豪”，往往强调一时的行为，动作性较强。其中in是介词，后面接名词、代词或动词的-ing形式作宾语。
The young man took pride in his work. 这年轻人以他的工作而自豪。
特别提示
该短语中的pride是抽象名词，意为“骄傲，自豪”。
13. and didn’t give up trying to help him （P17）没有放弃努力帮他
本句中的give up意为“放弃，停止”，相当于stop doing sth.,其后可接名词或动词的-ing形式。
Don’t give up halfway. 不要半途而废。
You mustn’t give up studying foreign languages for even a day.
你一定不能放弃学习外语，哪怕是一天也不行。
◎give up还可以表示“认输，投降”。
I give up. Tell me the answer. 我认输了。告诉我答案吧。
魔力纠错
吸烟对你的健康有害，所以你必须戒烟。
误：Smoking is bad for your health, so you must give up it.
正：Smoking is bad for your health, so you must give it up.
五、语法：本单元语法重点内容是used to这个句型。
1. “主语＋used to＋动词原形＋其它”。在这个句型结构中used to的含义为“过去常常”。表示过去的习惯，暗示现在已无此习惯，请看图：
Dave在过去几年中一直在factory中工作，但现在他在supermarket中工作，所以Dave used to work in a factory. 隐含的意思是：Dave worked in a factory before but he doesn’t work there now.
2. 我们可以说I used to work?/She used to have?/They used to be?等等，也就是说used这个词没有人称的变化，to后面接动词原形。
请看例句：
When I was a child, I used to like chocolate.
I used to read a lot of books but I don’t read much these days.
Liz has got short hair now but it used to be very long.
Liz现在梳短发，但以前她是长发。
Ann used to have a piano, but she sold it a few years ago.
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Ann过去有一架钢琴，但几年前她把钢琴卖了。
used to的否定形式是I didn’t use to?.
When I was a child, I didn’t use to like tomatoes.
当我还是个孩子时，我不喜欢西红柿。
问句形式是Did you use to??
Where did you use to live before you came here?
在你来这儿之前你住哪儿？
3. used to这个词组只用于讲述过去，我们不能用use to来讲述现在
I used to play tennis. These days I play golf. （不说 I use to play golf. ）
We usually get up early. （不说We use to get up early.）
词语辨析
used to do、be used to doing 、be used to do 和 be used for sth./doing .
①be used to （ doing ）sth.是“习惯于做某事”，to是介词，后面接名词或动名词，可用于现在、过去、将来的多种时态。如：
I am used to the weather here. 我已经习惯这里的天气了。
He is used to hard work. 他习惯于艰苦的工作。
He will be used to getting up early. 他将会习惯于早起。
②get（或become）used to指的是从不习惯到习惯这一过程的转变，另外，它往往包含着克服困难去适应的意思。如：
You will soon get used to the weather here. 你会习惯这里的天气的。
In the end, I got used to doing the hard work. 最后，我终于习惯干苦活了。
③ be used to do sth. “被用于做某事”，不定式表示目的。
Wood is used to make paper. 木材被用来造纸。
④ be used for ＋ n. / v-ing 意思是“用于，用作??”，介词for表示用处。 The pen is used for writing. 钢笔是用来写字的。
【操练广场】
I. “used to” 句型转换
1. I used to be really shy. （改为一般疑问句，并作肯定回答）
, .
2. My mother used to hate cooking meals. （对划线部分提问）
your mother to hate?
3. I used to go outside on Sundays. （改为否定句）
I go outside on Sundays.
4. Did you use to enjoy shopping on weekends? （改为肯定句）
I shopping on weekends.
5. My little brother used to be afraid of the dark. （完成反意疑问句）
My little brother used to be afraid of the dark, ?
II. “used to ” 中考真题
1. Mike afraid of dogs, but now he can play with them. （2006黑龙江佳木斯）
A. is used to being B. used to being C. used to be
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2. Dennis really quiet, but now he is very outgoing. （2006内蒙古呼和浩特）
A. used to be B. was used to be C. is used to be D. used to being
3. ---My aunt goes to climb Mount Gu every Sunday.
---Oh? But she hate climbing mountains. （2006福建福州）
A. used to B. use to C. uses to D. is used to
4. Look, that’s our new school building. There be old and low houses. （2006福建厦门）
A. is going to B. had C. used to
III. 用used to, be used to, be/get used to 或be used for 的适当形式填空。
1. Alice be a doctor.
2. This room keeping all the junk.
3. My mother drinking coffee after dinner.
4. Tom the cold weather after having lived here for two years.
5. Cookers cook by cooks.
答案：
I. 1. Did; use to be; Yes; I did 2. What did; use 3. didn’t use to / used not to 4. used to enjoy
5. didn’t he / usedn’t he
II. 1-4 CAAC
III. 1. used to 2. is used for 3. is used to 4. has got used to 5. are used to
［中考聚焦］
考点1. used to
Maria shy, but now she is quite outgoing. She has made lots of friends. （2006宁夏）
A. was used to be B. used to be C. was used to being D. is used to be
【要点简析】used to 是情态动词，其后接动词原形，表示过去的习惯或经常发生的动作。注意：be/get used to 是“习惯于”之意，used是形容词，to是介词，其后接名词或v-ing形式。选B。
考点2. spend, cost, take, pay
His parents were worried that he too much time chatting on line. （2006北京）
A. spent B. cost C. paid D. had
【要点简析】spend表示“花费金钱、精力等”。常用的结构为：spend some time / money on sth. / （in ）doing sth. 选A。
考点3. hardly
After a long walk, the man was so tired that he could walk any farther. （2006福建漳州）
A. suddenly B. luckily C. hardly D. mostly
【要点简析】hardly （＝ almost not ）意为“几乎不”，表示否定。选C。
考点4. seem
It that it is going to rain. （2005江苏扬州）
A. seem B. seems C. seemed D. is seemed
【要点简析】句中的seem是个不及物动词，没有被动语态，且主句时态与从句时态保持
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一致。选B。
考点5. give up ＋ n. / v-ing
We shouldn’t the chance to study. （2006山西临汾）
A. look for B. give up C. wait for
【要点简析】give up“放弃”，后接名词或v-ing 形式。选B。 Unit 3 Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes 含有情态动词（should）的被动语态
. 重点词和短语：
1. choose one’s own sth. 选择某人自己的东西
2. should do sth. 应该做
shouldn’t do sth. 不应该做
3. a fifteen-year-old student 一个15岁的学生
fifteen-year-olds 15岁的学生/孩子（复数）
4. allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事
allow doing sth. 允许做某事
5. get one’s driver’s license 获得某人的驾驶执照
6. have/get/find/look for a part-time job找/有/得到一个兼职
7. get one’s ears pierced=pierce one’s ears 钉耳洞
have/get sth.done 使??被做
have/get one’s hair cut = cut one’s hair 理发
have/get the shoes repaired = repair the shoes 补鞋
8. be sure （of/ about sth.） 确信某事
be sure that+从句 确信
9. too wild= not serious enough太鲁莽,不够冷静
too young = not old enough 太年轻,不够老
too silly/foolish =not smart/clever enough太愚蠢,不够聪明 enough 足够的+ n. /sth.
too...to = not + adj.+ enough to = so...that... 太??而不能
10. stop wearing that silly earring停止戴那个愚蠢的耳环
11. seem to do. 似乎
12. look cool/clean/smart 看起来酷/干净/聪明
13. need to do sth 需要做某事
14. instead of 代替、而不是
15. kind of 有点儿
16. So do we . 我们也是。
17. stay up 熬夜
18. get to class late = be late for class 上学迟到
19. finish a test early 很早完成考试
take the test 参加考试
pass the test 考试过关
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fail a test 考试不及格 20. be strict with sb. 对某人要求严格 be strict in sth 对某事要求严格 21. the other day 几天前 22. would like to do 想要做 23. concentrate on 全神贯注 concentrate energies on studying 把力量贯注于学习
24. feel comfortable 感觉舒适 25. be good for 对??有益 26. a good way to do sth. 一个做??的好方法
27. keep + n. + adj. 保持??怎么样
28. learn a lot from sb./each other 从??学习了许多
29. at present 目前
30. have an opportunity to do 有个机会做??
have a chance to do
31. go back to school 回校 32. be a good/great experience for sb. 对某人来说是一个很棒的经历
33. They both look good on me. 两件我穿都好看。
34. at least 至少
35. eight hours’ sleep a night 一晚8小时睡眠
36. perform a play 表演
37. take time to do things 花时间做某事 38. more often 经常
39. write for a newspaper 为报社撰稿 40. volunteer at the newspaper office 在报社做志愿活动
五. 重点、难点、考点及疑点注释
1. I don’t think sixteen-year-olds should be allowed to get their ears pierced.我认为不应该允许16岁的孩子穿耳孔。（Section A, 1b）
（1）当主句的主语是第一人称I或we，谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, guess等词时，其后的从句不能是含有not的否定句；若要否定，须将not提到主句。在翻译时，按汉语习惯译作否定从句。例如：“我想他不会给你打电话的。”应译为I don’t think he will give
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41. help teach young students 帮助教小
学生
42. a long week of classes 上一周的长课
43. have Friday afternoons off 星期五下午休息
44. reply to sb. = answer the letter 给某人回信
45. get in the way of sth./doing sth. 妨碍某事
46. as much as sb. wants 尽某人想要
as much as one would like to 尽某人想要做??
47. a running star 一个田径队员
48. on his school running team 在他学校的田径队
49. achieve one’s dream 实现某人理想
50. We have nothing against running! 我们没有理由反对跑步。
51. make decisions for sb./oneself 为某人做决定
52. be serious about sth 对??热衷、渴望
53. care about 关心，在乎，介意 54. a chance of achieving one’s dream实现梦想的一个机会
you a call而不是I think he won’t give
you a call。
特别提示
若把此类句式变成反意疑问句，其助动词及主语要根据从句确定，而肯定/否定则要根据主句来确定。
We think you can help him, can’t you? 我们认为你能帮助他，不是吗？
I don’t think he is a good student, is he? 我认为他不是个好学生，对吗？
（2）本句中的 sixteen-year-olds相当于 sixteen-year-old teenagers，意为“16岁的孩子/年轻人”。
知识拓展
数词和一个相应的名词单数用“-”连接起来，可以构成一个合成形容词。常见的还有： two-month holiday 两个月的假期 a sixty-pound stone 一块60磅的石头
（3）get their ears pierced属于“get+名词/代词+动词的过去分词”结构，表示“使??被做”，“请人做??”。
Go and get your hair cut! 你去理理发吧。
Why haven’t you got the work done yet? 你为什么还不叫人把活干了呢？
2. I disagree. 我不同意。 I agree. 我同意。（Grammar Focus）
（1）agree意为“赞成，同意”，用来表示同意某人的意见、观点等；可以单独使用，也可以接由with, to, on等引导的介词短语或接从句。
—Shall we go to the zoo tomorrow? 我们明天去动物园，好吗？
—I agree. 我同意。
I quite agree with you. 我完全赞成你的意见。
Do you agree on this plan? 你同意这个计划吗？
知识拓展
agree with, agree to和agree on都表示“同意”，但用法不同。
◎agree with表示“同意”，后面接表示人的名词或代词，也可以接表示“意见，看法”的名词。
We all agree with him. 我们都同意他的意见。
Do you agree with my ideas? 你同意我的观点吗？
特别提示
agree with也可以表示“某人适应（食物、气候等）”。
The weather doesn’t agree with me. 我不适应这种天气。
◎agree to表示“同意”，后面接表示“计划，建议，安排”等的名词，接动词原形时构成动词不定式结构。
He agreed to our plan at last. 最后他同意了我们的计划。
They agreed to come on Monday. 他们同意星期一来。
◎agree on表示“（两人以上）就??取得一致意见，在??方面意见一致”，其主语多为复数形式，宾语是表示事、计划等的名词，而不是表示人的名词或代词。
They agreed on the plan.
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（2）disagree是agree的反义词，相当于not agree。
3. They talk instead of doing homework. 他们说话而不做作业。（Grammar Focus）
本句中的instead of是复合介词，意思是“代替”，后面往往接名词、代词、动名词或介词短语, of后面的内容是被否定的。
I want that book instead of this one. 我要那本书而不是这本。
We went to swim instead of playing basketball.
我们没有去打篮球，而是去游泳了。
特别提示
副词instead和instead of意思相同，但用法却不同。instead意为“代替，顶替”，常位于句首或句末，可不译。
I didn’t go to cinema. Instead, I went to go shopping.
我没有去看电影，我去购物了。
The water here is not good, so I drink coffee instead.
这里的水不好，所以我改喝咖啡。
4. ---We have a lot of rules at my house. 我们家有很多规定。
---So do we. 我们家也是。 （Section A, 3a）
So do we.是倒装句。“so + 助动词/系动词/情态动词 + 主语”倒装句型表示前者所述的情况同样适用于后者，意思是“??也是如此”。注意在时态上和前面一句保持一致。如： I like swimming, and so does he. 我喜欢游泳，他也喜欢游泳。
She can speak Russian. So can her sister. 她会讲俄语，她姐姐也会。
【拓展】
①当前面一句是否定句时，用“neither/nor + 助动词/系动词/情态动词 + 主语”，表示后者同前者一样，意为“??也不??”。如：
I don’t have a computer. Neither does she. 我没有电脑。她也没有。
We have never been to Tokyo before. Neither have they. 我们以前没去过东京。他们也没去过。
②“so + 主语+ 助动词/系动词/情态动词”句型，用来加强语气，表示赞同。意思是“的确如此”。如：
---It’s too hot today. 今天太热了。
---So it is. 的确如此。
5. We think young people should look smart and so we would like to wear our own clothes. 我们想年轻人应该看起来漂亮潇洒，因此我们想穿自己的衣服。（Section B,3a）
（1）形容词smart意为“聪明的，机敏的，精明的”，相当于clever。
The dolphin is a smart animal. 海豚是聪明的动物。
He looks very smart in his suit. 他穿上他的西装看起来很帅气。
（2）would like意为“想要”，相当于want，后面接名词或动词不定式。
I would like a cup of coffee. 我想要杯咖啡。
I didn’t want to go to the cinema. I would like to stay at home.
我不想去看电影，我想呆在家里。
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◎ would like sb. to do sth.表示“想要某人做某事”。
I’d like you to help me with my homework. 我想要你帮助我做家庭作业。
特别提示
feel like也可以译为“想要”，有时可以与would like替换；其后接名词或动词的-ing形式。 She feels like a good meal. 她想美美地吃一顿。
I feel like seeing a film tonight. 我今晚想去看电影。
6. Our teachers believe that if we did that, we would concentrate more on our clothes than our studies. 我们老师相信，如果我们那样做了，我们就会将注意力更多地集中在服装上，而不是学习上。（Section B,3a）
（1）believe是及物动词，意为“相信”，其后可跟名词或从句。
I don’t believe his story. 我不相信他的故事。
I believe he told us the truth. 我认为他告诉我们的是真的。
◎believe in表示“信任”（即trust）。
She doesn’t believe in God. 她不信奉上帝。
（2）在that if...句中，that放在believe后面用来引导一个宾语从句，而if则在宾语从句中引导一个条件状语从句，we would...则是条件状语从句中的主句。
We are sure that if they come on time, they won’t be in the rain.
我们都确信，如果他们准时到的话，就不会被雨淋了。
（3）动词concentrate常常构成concentrate（...）on sth，表示“专心致志（于某件事），精神集中，全神贯注（做某事）”。
I can’t concentrate on my work when I’m hungry. 我饿了就无法集中精力工作。 We must concentrate our attention on efficiency. 我们必须把注意力集中在效率上。
7. That would be a good way to keep both teachers and students happy. 那将是让老师和同学们都感到满意的方法。（Section B,3a）
①句中的to keep ? happy是动词不定式短语作定语，修饰前面的名词way。如： I have some shores to do this morning. 今天上午我有一些家务要做。
②keep的用法：keep sb./sth + adj. 表示“使??保持??”。句中both teachers and students 是to keep 的宾语，形容词happy为其宾语补足语。如：
Take my coat. It will keep you warm. 拿上我的大衣，它会使你暖和些。
【拓展】
keep 后面还可以加介词短语、副词、v. -ing 形式、过去分词作宾语补足语，意思是“使??保持某种状态”。
The work kept him in the office for a whole week. 他因工作在办公室呆了整整一个星期。 I’ll try not to keep you waiting.我会尽量不让你久等。
We’ll keep you informed as soon as possible. 我们会尽快让你们了解情况的。
8. I know we get noisy sometimes, but we learn a lot from each other. 我知道我们有时很吵，但是我们相互之间可以学到很多东西。（Section B,3a）
（1）本句中的learn...from意为“向??学习”。
We used to learn English from Da Shan. 我们以前常常跟大山学英语。
He never learns from his mistakes. 他从来不从错误中吸取教训。
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◎learn to do sth“学习，学会做某事”。
I’m learning to keep rabbits. 我正学着养兔子。
How did Bill Gates learn to work out a software programme?
比尔?盖茨是怎样学会设计软件程序的？
（2）each other意为“互相”，通常指两者之间，在句中用作宾语、定语等。
You and I understand each other perfectly. 你我彼此很了解。
The two girls often help each other in their lessons. 这两个女孩经常在功课上互相帮助。
9. Last summer I had an opportunity to volunteer at the local hospital. 去年夏天，我有机会在一家当地医院做志愿者。（Section B,3a）
（1）本句中的volunteer是动词，表示“自愿做某事，当志愿者”等意思。
Thousands of men volunteered when the war broke out.
战争爆发时，成千上万的人当了志愿兵。
We volunteered to raise the money. 我们志愿募捐。
特别提示
volunteer作名词时表示“自愿做工或无偿做工的人，志愿者”。
This work costs us nothing. It’s all done by volunteers.
这项工作我们没有花一点钱，全是由志愿人员完成的。
（2）local是形容词，意为“本地的，地方的”，在句中用作定语。
Following the national news we have the local news and weather.
国内新闻之后是本地新闻和天气预报。
She’s a local girl. 她是本地姑娘。
特别提示
local用作名词时，通常用复数形式，意思是“本地人，当地人”。
The locals like to visit friends on weekends. 当地人喜欢周末访友。
10. I would like to reply to the article “Helping and Learning” in your last newsletter.我想回答你们上期简讯上“帮与学”这篇文章中的问题。（Self Check 2）
句中的reply意为“回答，应答”，一般只用作不及物动词，后面与to连用，表示“回答别人的问题、话语、信件等”。
He didn’t reply to my letter. 他没有给我回信。
How can you reply to my questions? 你如何回答我的问题呢？
11. “I know my parents care about me, ”he says.“我知道父母关心我，”他说。（Reading） 句中的care about为及物动词短语，意为“关心，在乎，介意”，其后接名词或代词。 The girl never cares about others. 那个女孩从不关心别人。
She didn’t care about anything people might say. 人们说什么她都不在乎。
12. Only then will I have a chance of achieving my dream. 只有那时，我才有机会实现我的梦想。（Reading）
这是一个倒装句。“Only + 状语（或从句）”位于句首时，句子应用倒装语序，其语序是：Only + 状语（或从句）+ 助动词/系动词/情态动词 + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其它。再如： Only then did I realize how dangerous the situation was. 只有那时，我才意识到情况有多么危险。
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六. 语法：被动语态
1. “语态”表示主语和谓语动词之间的关系。英语中有“两态”的说法，即主动语态和被动语态，本单元中反复出现的should be allowed 就是一个含有情态动词（should）的被动语态。
先看几个基本概念：
主语是动作的发出者为主动语态
主语是动作的接受者为被动语态
只有及物动词才有被动语态。
2. 被动语态的构成
（1）请大家看图
The office is cleaned every day .
The office was cleaned yesterday.
Compare active and passive：
动作的接受者the office成了句子的主语，就应该用被动语态。从上面的例句我们可以总结：
一般现在时的被动语态为：主＋am / is / are （not）＋过去分词
一般过去时的被动语态为：主＋was / were ＋过去分词
如：English is spoken in the world.
This house was built 100 years ago.
如果要特别强调动作或行为的执行者，句子后面需接by ~ ，译为“被（由）??” 如：We were woken up by a loud noise . 我们被嘈杂的声音吵醒。
（2）请看图
从上面的例子中我们可以看出，现在进行时被动语态的构成为：
主语＋is / am / are + being ＋过去分词
再如：My car is being repaired now.
Some new houses are being built near the park.
含有情态动词的被动语态： 情态动词＋be＋过去分词
Teenagers should be allowed to wear their own clothes.
The flowers should be watered every day.
Water can be changed into ice by us.
The English homework must be handed in this afternoon.
这里我们列举了几个主要时态，那么其它时态呢？
一般将来时 主语＋will ＋be ＋过去分词
现在完成时 主语＋have / has ＋been ＋过去分词
过去将来时 主语＋would / should + be ＋过去分词
过去进行时 主语＋was / were + being ＋过去分词
过去完成时 主语＋had + been +过去分词
3. 被动语态的用法：
（1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁，不用“by＋动作执行者”的短语 Such books are written for children. 这些书是为儿童写的。
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I haven’t been told about it . 没有人告诉我这件事。
（2）强调动作的承受者，这时应用by短语。
The cup was broken by David.
（3）作客观说明时，常采用一种被动语态句型
It’s / was said / believed / reported / + that …
It’s reported that about three hundred people were killed in this earthquake.
据报道，这次地震中大约有三百人死亡。
4. 主动语态变为被动语态
把主动语态的句子变为被动语态的方法是：
（1）把原句中的宾语变为主语
（2）动词改为被动形式，即be+过去分词
（3）原来的主语，如果需要的话，放在by后面，如果没必要，可省略。
5. 被动语态的几种类型
（1）有两个宾语的句子的被动语态（直接宾语，间接宾语）
常见的接双宾语的动词有
①间接宾语改为被动语态的主语，直接宾语保留原位。
②直接宾语改为被动语态的主语，间接宾语前加介词to /for。
He gave the boy an apple.
→The boy was given an apple.
→ An apple was given to the boy.
Her father bought her a present.
→She was bought a present by her father.
→A present was bought for her by her father.
（2）不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的主动语态改为被动语态时，省略的to要加上。 常考的动词有make, let, have, see, watch, notice, hear→sb be made/ let/ had/ seen/ watched/ notice/ heard/ to do sth
They heard the children sing that morning.
→ The children were heard to sing that morning.
The teacher made the little boy stand in the classroom.
→ The little boy was made to stand in the classroom by the teacher.
（3）含有短语的主动语态变被动语态
不及物动词没有宾语，因此没有被动语态。但有的不及物动词后面加上介词及其他一些词类构成短语动词之后，其作用相当于及物动词，可以接宾语，因而也可以变为被动语态。在变成被动语态时，不能去掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。
They take good care of my child. → My child is taken good care of .
I turned off the radio. →The radio was turned off （by me）.
（4）带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语，宾语补足语在被动语态中作主语补足语。
We call him Xiao Wang. → He is called Xiao Wang.
They told him to help me. → He was told to help me.
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6. 被动语态的几种特殊情况。
（1）不及物动词不能用于被动语态。常考查的不及物动词有happen, take place, come out,appear 等。
（2）sell, write, wear, wash, open, close 等与副词well, easily 等连用，主动表示被动。若无well, easily等修饰，则用主动语态。
These books sell well.
This kind of cloth washes well
The door opens （closes）easily.
These books are sold in the bookshop.
（3）look, feel, sound, taste, smell, seem等连系动词后加形容词作表语，主动形式表被动。
The fish tastes nice.
The paper feels soft.
（4）need
The bike needs repairing.
The bike needs to be repaired.
【典型例题】
被动语态专项练习
Ⅰ单项选择
1. Good books _ ___ again and again.
A. be read B. should be read C. must read D. should read
2. The children __ __ by the nurse.
A. were looked B. looked after C. were looked after D. looked
3. When__ __ the accident ___ __ ?
A. was, happen B. did, happen C. is, happen D. was, happened
4. The lab ___ _ about five years ago.
A. was build B. was built C. builds D. has been built
5. The picture______ in October, 1996.
A. was taking B. had been taken C. was taken D. had taken
6. They ______day and night.
A. are made work B. are made to work
C. made to be worked D. are making to work
7. This English song _____ often _____ by the children.
A. is, singing B. is, sung C. will, sing D. was, sung
8. Mary’s radio ______ by my brother just now.
A. will be mended B. has mended C. was mended D. mended
9. Your exercise books _____ after class.
A. will hand in B. must hand in C. handed in D. must be handed in
10. Some trees may ______ at other times of the year.
A. be planted B. plant C. are planted D. will be planted
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II. 句型转换
11. Sixteen-year-olds should be allowed to drive.（改为一般疑问句）
sixteen-year-olds to drive?
12. Teenagers should be allowed to wear that earring.（改为否定句）
Teenagers allowed to wear that earring.
13. I think the work should be done at once. （改为否定句）
I think the work be done at once.
14. We shouldn’t allow the students to stay up until midnight.（改为被动句）
The students to stay up until midnight.
15. The English homework must be handed in this afternoon. （改为主动句）
We the English homework this afternoon.
答案：1~5 BCBBC 6~10BBCDA
11. Should; be allowed 12. shouldn’t be 13. don’t; should 14. shouldn’t be allowed
15. must hand in
中考聚焦
考点1. allow
People are not （allow）to smoke in some public places.（2006福建福州）
I don’t think students should be （允许）to bring mobile phones to school.（2006宁夏）
【要点简析】allow“允许；准许”，短语有 allow sb. to do sth. （= let sb. do sth.）/ allow doing sth. 。被动句中用be allowed to do? 应分别填写allowed。
考点2. so 句型
People in England rest two days a week. .（2006云南昆明）
A. So Chinese are B. So are Chinese C. So do Chinese D. So Chinese do
【要点简析】“so + 助动词/系动词/情态动词 + 主语”，表示前者所述的情况同样适用于后者，在时态上和前面一句保持一致。选C。
考点3. instead of 与instead
I’d like to listen to music watching a bad TV program. （2006福建福州）
【要点简析】instead of是短语介词。instead 是副词，单独用于句末。应填写instead of。 考点4. agree with
I think physics is very difficult to learn. Do you me?（2006山西）
A. deal with B. get along with C. agree with
【要点简析】agree with“同意”， 后面常跟sb., idea, suggestion等作宾语。deal with“处理；应付”，get along with“与??相处”。选C。
考点5. eight hours’ sleep
My school isn’t far from here. It’s only walk. （2006黑龙江哈尔滨）
A. fifteen minutes B. fifteen minutes’ C. fifteen minute’s
【要点简析】以-s结尾的复数名词的所有格在其后加“’”。 选B。
Unit 4 What would you do?
掌握与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句
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重点词和短语 1. give it to charity 构
2. medical research 3. watch it grow 涨增值
把它给慈善机
医学研究 看着它上
很多的
19. get along with 相处
21. rather than
与??相处
20. be easy to get along with 容易交往/
胜于
4. wear a shirt and tie 穿衬衣打领带
5. what if 如果??将会怎么样 6. get pimples
得了小脓疱
在公共场合说
7. speak in public
A rather than B A胜于B
would rather do A than do B 宁愿做A也不愿做B
22. English speech contest 比赛
23. represent the class 代表班级 24. come top 名列前茅 25. let sb. down 使某人失望 26. come up with 针对问题提出想法 27. the rest of 剩余的?? 28. first-aid book 急救书 29. have a lot of experience doing sth. 做某事有很多经验 30. do with=deal with 处理 31. come out 32. by accident 地
出版，发表 偶然地；意外用某物盖住某被??覆盖
用力挤压
英语演讲
话
8. give / make a speech 演讲 9. in front of 在??前面 in the front of
在??前部
10. be in a movie 拍电影 11. without permission 未经允许 12. introduce sb. to sb. 把某人介绍给某人 13. pretty/fairly confident 相当自信 14. social situations 社会情况 15. bother sb.
打扰某人
16. not?.in the slightest 根本不，一点也不 not?at all 根本不，一点也不 17. annoy sb. 气
使某人生
33. cover sth. with sth. 物
be covered with sth. 34. press sth. hard
get/be annoyed at sb. 对某人生气
18. plenty of 足够的，35. hurry to do sth. 快速做某事 36. get the medical help 取得医护帮助 37. the burned area
受伤的地方 (冰)自来水
38. (cold) running water
39. offer sb. sth. 提供某人某物 40. talk to sb. about sth. 与某人谈论某事
41. be dangerous of/doing sth. 做某事危险 42. internet friend 网友 五、重点、难点、考点及疑点注释
1. If I were you, I’d wear a shirt and tie. 如果我是你，我就穿衬衫打领带。(Section A, 2a) tie在这里是名词，意为“领带，带子”等。 He wore a blue tie. 他打着蓝色的领带。 知识拓展
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tie也可用作动词，表示“系”，“捆绑”，常与介词to连用，表示“把??系在??上”。特别注意tie的现在分词为tying。
He tied his dog to the fence. 他把狗拴在了栅栏上。
2. If I were you, I’d be a little late. 如果我是你，我就晚点到。(Section A, 2a)
a little可以作状语修饰动词、形容词、副词以及形容词和副词的比较级等，相当于a bit。 Try to help your mother a little. 设法帮你妈妈一点忙。
I feel a little better. 我感觉好一点了。
特别提示
a little意为“一点，稍微”，既可作形容词，又可作名词。用作形容词时，表达肯定含义，后面接不可数名词。
Please give me a little water. 请给我一点水。（形容词）
I know a little about that man. 那个人的情况我知道一点。（名词）
魔力解析
not a little和not a bit两者意义不同，前者意为“很多”，“不少”（=much），后者意为“一点也不”，“一点也没有”（=not at all）。
3. What if everyone else brings a present? 要是其他人都带了礼物该怎么办呢？(Section A, 2c)
(1) everyone else中的else用来修饰everyone，表示“其他的，别的”，它常放在疑问词或不定代词的后面。
Is there anything else? 有别的东西吗？
What else can you see? 你能看见别的什么东西吗？
知识拓展
else还常与or连用，意思是“否则，要不然”。
You must pay ＄100 or else go to prison. 你必须付一百美元，否则就得去坐牢。
(2) what if 表示“要是??又怎么样？”的意思，其结构相当于what would happen if...。 What if it rains when we can’t get under shelter?
假若下起雨来，我们又没处避雨可怎么办？
4. Well, dogs can be a lot of trouble. 噢，狗可能带来许多麻烦。(SectionA, 4)
名词trouble在这里意为“麻烦，烦恼，困难”。
I have some trouble in reading his handwriting. 我认他的笔迹有点难。
I am sorry to put you to so much trouble. 很抱歉这样麻烦你。
短语链接
be in trouble “处于困境中”。
He is in trouble. Let’s help him. 他现在处于困境中，我们帮帮他吧。
5. If you answered c for most questions, then you are probably pretty confident.如果你大部分问题的答案都是c，那么你可能相当自信。(SectionB,3a)
(1) answer ...for questions 意为“把问题回答成??”。
(2) probably 表示“很可能，或许”，语气较强，是有几分根据的推测或判断，含有可能性较大的意味，常位于行为动词前，情态动词、助动词或be动词后，有时也位于句首。 He can probably tell us the truth. 他很可能会告诉我们实情。
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(3) confident是形容词，其名词为confidence，常用句型：have confidence in sb. 表示“信任/信赖某人”。
I have complete confidence in him. 我完全信任他。
(4) pretty在这里作副词用，相当于very，可用来修饰形容词或副词，意为“相当地”，表示程度。如：pretty beautiful很美；pretty well相当好。
I’m pretty sure he will come on time. 我很确信他会准时来。
The homework you did yesterday is pretty poor, you’d better do it once more. 你昨天的作业做得相当糟，你最好重做。
6. You have plenty of friends and you enjoy the company of other people. 你有很多朋友，而且还喜欢同他人在一起。(SectionB,3a)
◎plenty与of构成固定词组，意为“很多的”，“大量的”，既可以修饰可数名词的复数形式，也可以修饰不可数名词。“plenty of+名词”在句中作主语时，谓语动词的数由plenty of后面的名词的数决定。
There are plenty of books on the desk. 桌上有许多书。
Don’t worry. There is plenty of time. 别着急，时间很充裕。
◎plenty还可用作名词，意为“充足”，“大量”。
—Have you enough money for the ticket? 你买票的钱够吗？
—Yes, I have plenty. 够，我的钱足够了。
7. Your friends would probably say that you are easy to get along with. 你的朋友或许说你很容易相处。(SectionB, 3a)
get on/along with sb. 都可表示“与某人相处”，在with前可以加副词，表示“相处得如何”。如：当表示“和某人相处融洽”时可用get on/along well with sb.
The new comer can get along well with his workmates.
特别提示
get on/along with sth. 后面接事或物时，表示“（某事）进展，进行”之意。
—How are you getting on with your studies? 你的功课学得怎样？
—I’m getting along very well with my studies. 我功课学得很好。
8. You like talking to one or two people rather than to a group. You would also rather stay at home and read a good book than go to a party. 你喜欢跟一两个人说话,而不喜欢跟一群人说话。你宁愿呆在家里读一本好书，而不愿去参加聚会。(SectionB,3a)
①第一个句子中的rather than相当于instead of，有“代替；而不是”之意，连接两个并列的句子成分：to one or two people 和to a group。又如：
I think I’ll have a cold drink rather than coffee.
我想要一杯冷饮而不是咖啡。
He ran rather than walked to school. 他跑步去上学而不是步行。
②第二个句子中would rather (not ) do sth. than do sth. 结构，表示“宁愿（不）做??而不愿做??”。又如：
The soldier would rather die than give in. 这个士兵宁死不屈。
The shy girl would rather work at home than go to a party.
这个腼腆的女孩宁愿在家干活，也不愿去参加晚会。
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特别提示
rather than还可以用在“prefer+动词不定式”的后面，后接另一动词不定式（to要省略）。 I prefer to read rather than do nothing.
我宁愿看书也不愿无所事事。
魔力纠错
我喜欢苹果，而不喜欢梨。
误：I prefer apples to rather than pears.
正：I prefer apples to pears.
魔力解析
“prefer+名词/动名词+to+名词/动名词”结构本身就含有比较之意，所以不能使用rather than短语。
9. ...but you always come up with good solutions to people’s problems ??但是你总能想出好方法来解决人们的问题。(Section B)
come up with在本句中是“提出，想出”的意思，相当于find or produce (an answer)。 The teacher asked a difficult question, but finally Jim came up with a good answer. 老师提问了一个难题，但是最后吉姆想出了一个好方法。
He couldn’t come up with an answer when I asked him why he was late.
当我问他为什么迟到的时候，他想不出一个理由来。
短语链接
catch up with意为“赶上，追上”。
We shall have to work hard to catch up with them.
我们要努力工作，赶上他们。
10. It gives advice on what to do in lots of different situations. 它就不同情况下应采取什么样的措施提出了建议。(Reading)
advice是不可数名词，意思是“建议”。后面与介词on连用，表示“某方面的建议”；表示“给某人提建议”，用短语give sb. advice 或give advice to sb.。
Our teacher often gives us some useful advice on our study. 我们老师经常给我们提出有关学习方面的一些有用的建议。
11. His new book What Would You Do If...? came out last month. 他的新书《如果??你该怎么办?》上个月出版了。(Reading)
本句中的come out意为“出版，发表”，其中out是副词。
When will Shui Mu Nian Hua’s new recording come out?
水木年华的新唱片什么时候发行？
The new textbooks will come out at the end of this month. We need to wait. 新课本这个月底就要出版了。我们需要等一等。
◎come out还可以表示“出来”；“（花）开放”之意。
The sun is coming out. 太阳就要出来了。
The flowers begin to come out in spring. 春天花儿开始开放。
六、语法：虚拟语气
1. 语气就是我们常说的说话人说话的口气。
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在汉语中，语气是由说话人说话的语调、情节等等表现出来的，动词没有任何变化。而在英语中，除了语调之外，最主要的是动词发生变化而表示不同的语气。
在英语中语气分为三类：陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气。
2. 虚拟语气：如果我们所说的不是事实，也不是要求、命令、劝告等，而只是一种假设、愿望、建议或是一种实现不了的空想就用虚拟语气。
3. 虚拟语气常用在条件句中。
注意：条件句分两种，真实条件句和虚拟条件句。只有在虚拟（非真实）条件句中，才用虚拟语气，而在真实条件句中，要用陈述语气。
请比较：
（1）If it is sunny tomorrow , we’ll go to the park.
如果明天天气好，我们将会去公园。在这句话中，明天天气好是完全有可能实现的，并非虚拟、幻想，因此是真实条件句。在本句中，适用“主将从现”。
（2）If I were you , I would go at once.
如果我是你的话，我立刻就走。在这句话中，条件句“如果我是你”，但事实上，我不可能成为你，这只是假设的情况，没有实现的可能。当条件实现的可能性很小，甚至可以说没有实现的可能性时，就需要用虚拟语气来表示，动词发生了变化。
4. 在这一单元中，我们只要求初步接触虚拟语气的用法及结构，学习表示与现在事实相反的情况下如何体现虚拟语气。
请看例句：
If I were you , I would take a small present.
如果我是你的话，我就带上一个小礼物。
（注：在“If I were you”中，一定用were，而不能用was。）
这句话中，If条件句与现在的事实相反，“如果我是你的话。”事实上，我不可能成为你，也就根本没有实现的可能。
请同学们注意主句与条件从句中动词时态的变化：
从句（用过去时） 主句（用过去将来时）
If ＋主语＋行为动词的过去式（be动词用were） 主语＋should /would /could /might +动词原形
又如：
If I won a million dollars , I’d give it to charities.
如果我赢了一百万英镑，我要捐给慈善机构。
（在此句中，If条件句中，动词用过去式won，主句则用should / would 加动词原形。现实情况是我没赢一百万；虚拟的情况是假如我赢了一百万，这种虚拟是不可能变成现实的，因此用虚拟语气。）
5. 虚拟语气的疑问式，除了动词相应的变化外，其他变化与陈述语气相同。
如：
（1）What would you do if you were in the lion’s cage ? 如果你在狮子笼里，你会怎么做？ （疑问词在句首，主句中助动词提前，从句跟在主句后面。）
If I were in the lion’s cage , I’d call for help.
如果我在狮子笼里，我会大呼救命。
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If I were in the lion’s cage . I’d get out fast.
如果我在狮子笼里，我会迅速出来。
（2）What would you do if you won the lottery ?
如果你赢得了彩票，你会做什么？
I’d give it to medical research.
我会用于医学研究。
Or I’d put it in the bank.
我会存到银行。
Or if I were a millionaire , I would buy a big house in the country.
如果我是百万富翁，我就在乡村买座大房子。
虚拟语气练兵
用虚拟语气完成下列句子。
1. 如果我是一只小鸟，我会飞到月球上去。
If I a bird, I to the moon.
2. 要不是杰克想出这个好主意，我们就赶不上这班飞机了。
If Jack the good idea, we this plane.
3. 如果她和我们在一起，我们会更早完成任务。
If she us, we the task earlier.
4. 如果有人给我钱的话，我明天就去买辆车。
If someone me money, I a car tomorrow.
5. I’ll travel around the world if I have a lot of money.（改为虚拟语气的句子）
I around the world if I a lot of money.
答案：1. were; would fly
2. didn’t come up with; wouldn’t catch / would miss
3. were with; would finish
4. gave; would buy
5. would travel; had
小提示：对于初中学生来说，只要掌握表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气的用法，记住主句和从句谓语部分的结构就可以了。
中考聚焦
考点1. 虚拟语气
—Come and join us, Jimmy!
—I’m sorry, but I’m really busy now. If I time, I would certainly go.（2006河南）
A. will have B. have had C. had D. have
【要点简析】本题考查虚拟语气的用法。表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，谓语动词表现形式是：主句用 would / should / could / might +动词原形，从句用动词过去式（be的过去式一般用were）。选C。
考点2. “疑问词+动词不定式”
① After the discussion, the students asked their teacher next. （2006四川成都）
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A. which to do B. what to do C. how to do
② Can you tell me when I should water the flowers?（改为简单句）（2006上海） Can you tell me water the flowers?
【要点简析】“疑问词+动词不定式”结构，要注意疑问词的选择。①题中没有提供几件事去选择，故不能选which to do；do是及物动词，how to do 后需跟宾语，也不能选，故选B；②题填写：when to。 注意：只有当主句主语或宾语与从句主语一致的复合句才能改为含有“疑问词+动词不定式”的简单句。
考点3. get along / on (well) with sb.
I find Tom easy to get along . So I’d like him to come to my birthday party.（2006山西太原）
A. to B. for C. with
【要点简析】 get along / on with ?“与??相处”，选C。表示“与??相处融洽”用短语get along / on well with?
考点4. come up with
She is planning on driving. Let’s help her some good ideas.（2006四川资阳）
A. come out B. come up C. catch up with D. come up with
【要点简析】固定短语 come up with ( = think up / find / produce)表示“想出；提出（答案、主意、解决方法等）”。选D。
考点5. confident
When Andy nearly reached the end of the 10,000-meter race, he felt because all the other runners were far behind him.（2005山东临沂）
A. unhappy B. nervous C. confident D. unlucky
【要点简析】confident意为“自信的；有把握的”。根据语境选C。
考点6. if
—Let’s go fishing if it this weekend.
—But nobody knows if it .（2006江苏扬州）
A. is fine, will rain B. will be fine, rains
C. is fine, rains D. will be fine, will rain
【要点简析】if 是连词，意为“如果；是否”。作“如果”讲时，引导条件状语从句。主句是一般现在时，从句应用一般现在时表示将来；作“是否”讲时（相当于whether），引导宾语从句，可根据实际情况选用不同时态。答句意为“没有人知道是否会下雨”，所以从句应用一般将来时。选A。
Unit 5 It must belong to Carla.
情态动词表示推测
三、重点词和短语
1. hair band 发带
2. belong to (sb.) = must be sb.’s 属于某人的
3. have a picnic=go on a picnic=at a picnic 野餐
4. They both play soccer.
They are both going to the concert.
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5. much too 太多 too much 太
6. play the guitar 弹吉他
7. at an optometrist appointment 与配镜师有约
have an appointment with sb. 与某人有约 8. make up 30% of the final exam 在期末考占30%
9. be/get/feel anxious about sth. 对??忧虑
10. because of +n. /doing sth. 因为??
because +从句
11. What’s going on? 发生了什么事？ 12. chase sb. = run after sb. to catch him/her 追赶某人
13. make noise（不可数） 制造噪音 be noisy(adj.) 吵闹的 14. strange noise 奇怪的声音 strange people 陌生人 strange event 奇怪的事
15. in our neighborhood 在我们的附近
in the neighborhood (of?) 在??附近 next door neighbor 邻居 16. extremely worried 非常担心 17. local school teacher 当地学校的老师
local newspaper 当地报纸
These books belong to me.=These books are mine.这些书属于我。
2. He was the only little kid at the picnic.他是野餐中惟一的小孩。（Section A, 1b） 副词only一般放在它所修饰的词之前。它在句中的位置不同，句意也不同，大家千万要留意啊！
Only Tom drives the new car on Sunday. 只有汤姆在星期日开新车。（强调“只有汤姆而没有其他人”。） Tom only drives the new car on Sunday. 汤姆在星期日只是开新车。（强调“只是开车而不干其他事”。） Tom drives only the new car on Sunday. 汤姆在星期日只开新车。（强调“只开新车而不开旧车”。） Tom drives the new car only on Sunday.
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18. have one’s own idea 有某人自己
的主意
19. get in the window 从窗户进来 20. the director of? 主管
21. escape from +地点 从??逃跑 22. in an ocean of paper 在数不尽的纸堆里
23. be careful of 小心??；提防?? 24. get on / get off 上/下（车）
25. be/get/feel worried about=worry about 担心
26. be less of a problem to do sth. 做某事不成问题
It is less of a problem to help her.
27. pretend to do sth. 假装做某事 pretend to be doing sth. 假装正在做某事
28. use up 用完
四、重点、难点、考点及疑点注释 1. It must belong to Carla.它肯定是卡拉的。（标题）
belong to是“属于”的意思，后面常接人，这时句子的主语习惯上用表示物的名词或代词来充当。
This cell phone belongs to me. 这个手机是我的。
◎belong to常与物主代词进行句型替换。
汤姆仅在星期日开新车。（强调“只在星期日而不在其他日子”。）
3. I dropped it during the concert so it might still be in the symphony hall.音乐会期间我把它弄丢了，因此，它可能还在交响乐大厅里。(Section A, 3a)
drop在此处用作及物动词，是“使落下”的意思，表示无意或故意掉下某一物体。 The Class Two runner dropped his stick on the ground.
二班的运动员把接力棒掉在了地上。
He dropped the letter into the mailbox. 他把信投入信箱。
◎drop还可用作不及物动词，后面不接宾语，表示“掉下，落下”之意。
The apple dropped from the tree to the ground. 苹果从树上掉到地上。
The kite dropped into a very tall tree. 风筝落在了一棵大树上。
◎drop作动词时，还有“放弃，不再干”的意思，与give up同义。
Don’t drop English. It’s very useful. 不要放弃英语，它非常有用。
Let’s drop that subject and discuss something else.
让我们放弃这个题目，谈点别的吧。
特别提示
drop作名词时，是“滴，少量”；“下降，下落”的意思。
—Would you like some more tea? 想再喝点茶吗？
—Just a drop, please. 请给一点。
There was a sudden drop in the temperature. 气温突然下降。
4. I tried to call you but your mom said you were still at your optometrist appointment. 我设法给你打电话，可你的妈妈说你还在如约验光配眼镜呢。(Section A, 3a)
（1）appointment是“约会；指定”的意思，其中-ment是名词后缀。
move移动—movement移动 agree同意—agreement同意
achieve完成—achievement成绩，成就 improve改善—improvement改进
（2）try to do sth. 表示“设法/努力/企图做某事”。
I tried to get there at seven, but I was late.
我设法7点到达那里，但还是迟到了。
People are trying to solve the problem of water shortage.
人们正设法解决缺水的问题。
◎try doing sth.表示“试着做某事”。
Try knocking at the back door if nobody hears you at the front door.
如果前门没有人听到，你就试试敲后门。
Why not try doing the maths problem in other ways?
为什么不试试用别的办法做这道数学题呢？
5. I’m really anxious, because I can’t find my backpack.我真的很着急，因为我找不到我的背包了。(Section A, 3a)
anxious在句中作表语，意思是“着急的、忧虑的、担忧的”。
I am very anxious about my mom’s health. 我非常担心我妈妈的健康。
【拓展】anxious可用在以下短语中：
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be anxious for sth. 渴望??、希望??
We are anxious for their safety. 我们希望他们平安无事。
be anxious to do sth. 渴望做某事
We are anxious to meet you soon. 我们希望能尽快见到你。
be anxious that ? 渴望??、盼望??
They were anxious that aid should be sent soon. 他们盼望着援救物品尽快送到。
6. The earrings might be a present for his mother. (P36)耳环可能是他给他妈妈的礼物。 介词for在这里表示“为”，“给”。 (Section A, 4)
Can I do something for you? 我能为你做些什么吗？
知识拓展
下面我们再看看for的其他用法：
◎表示“当作”，“作为”。
I’d like some bread and milk for breakfast. 早饭我想要些面包、牛奶。
◎表示动作的对象或接受者，意为“就??而言”，“对??来说”。
It’s important for us to learn English well. 学好英语对我们来说很重要。
◎表示理由或原因，意为“因为”,“由于”。
Thank you for teaching us so well. 谢谢你把我们教得这么好。
◎表示去向、目标，意为“向，往；取；买”等。
I came here for my schoolbag. 我来这儿取我的书包。
◎表示时间、距离，意为“计，达”。
She has been an English teacher for seven years.她当一名英文老师有七年了。
◎表示与具体条件作比较，意为“比起来”，“就??来看”。
It’s rather hot for May. 对于五月来说，这已相当热了。
7. He might be running to catch a bus. 他可能正跑着去赶公共汽车呢。(Section B, 2c)
（1）might be running属于“情态动词+行为动词的进行式（即情态动词+be+v.-ing形式）”结构，表示推测某动作现在是否正在进行。
He might be sleeping at home now. 他现在可能在家里睡觉呢。
（2）catch a bus“赶班车”，其中的catch含有“匆忙”的意思，可以用take替换。 Please hurry up, or we can’t catch the first bus.
请快点，否则我们赶不上早班车了。
8. However, these days, strange things are happening in our neighborhood and everyone is unhappy.但是这些天，我们街坊发生了一些奇怪的事情，这使得每个人都不开心。(Section B, 3a)
happen是不及物动词，意为“发生”，其主语一般为事，而不能是人，且不能用于被动语态。
This accident happened at the corner. 事故发生在拐角处。
◎表示“??发生了什么事”应用sth. happens/happened to+名词/代词。
Something has happened to the train. 火车出事故了。
知识拓展
happen表示“碰巧”之意时，其主语可以是人，后面常跟动词不定式。
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Last Sunday I happened to meet one of my old friends in the street.
上星期天我在街上碰巧遇到了我的一个老朋友。
I happened to be there when the fire started.大火发生时我碰巧在那儿。
◎happen表示“碰巧”时，还可用于It happens/happened that...结构，这种结构可与上述结构互换。
It happened that the famous actor was her brother.
=The famous actor happened to be her brother.
那个著名的演员碰巧是她哥哥。
特别提示
take place意为“发生”时，常指有计划安排的事情的发生与进行，不含偶然的意味。 When will the wedding take place? 婚礼什么时候举行？
9. ...but they can’t find anything strange. ??但他们找不到任何奇怪的东西。(Section B, 3a) something, anything, nothing等不定代词用形容词修饰时，要把形容词放在代词后面，这与形容词放在名词前作定语的汉语规则正好相反。
I gave my sister a new bike for her birthday.
我送给我妹妹一辆新自行车作生日礼物。
There is nothing new in the newspaper. 报纸上没有新消息。
10. I don’t think so!我认为不是这样。(Section B, 3a)
这句话常用于表示不同意对方的意见或观点等，其肯定形式是“I think so.”（我认为是这样的。）表示肯定对方的意见。
— Look at the cloud, it will be rainy soon. 看天上的云彩，很快就要下雨了。
— I don’t think so. I think it will be sunny soon. 我看不会的，我想很快就会天晴的。 —Whose pen is this? Is it Li Ming’s? 这是谁的钢笔？是李明的吗？
—I think so. 我想是的。
类似句型
I hope so. 我希望是这样的。/I hope not. 我希望不是这样。
I’m afraid so. 恐怕如此。/I’m afraid not. 恐怕不行。
11. There must be something visiting the homes in our neighborhood, ?肯定有什么东西在光顾我们的街坊邻居了，??。(Section B, 3a)
在there be 结构中，动词be可以与情态动词连用，表示“可能有??，一定有??”，be有时态的变化。
There might be water if you wait a bit. 如果你等一会儿，可能会有水的。
【拓展】“There be +主语 + v.-ing 形式”结构中，v.-ing形式用作定语，修饰前面的主语，相当于一个定语从句。如：
There are many people waiting for the bus. = There are many people who are waiting for the bus.有许多人在等公共汽车。
12. Maybe it means you’re afraid of too much homework!也许那意味着你害怕有太多的家庭作业！(Section B, 4)
本句中的too much是形容词词组，用来修饰不可数名词homework，意为“太多”，其中心词是much，
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副词too修饰much，以加强语气。
I don’t like winter because there’s too much snow and ice.
我不喜欢冬天，因为有太多冰雪。
People don’t need to spend too much money.人们不需要花太多的钱。
特别提示
much too的含义是“（实在）太??”，它常用作副词，用来修饰形容词或副词，much用来加强语气，修饰too，表示“太”，“过于”。
This job is much too heavy for so young a boy.
这项工作对这么小的男孩来说实在太重了。
He spent too much time on computer games. 他玩电脑游戏的时间太多了。
13. Don’t let yesterday use up too much of today. 不要让昨天占去了今天太多的时间 (昨天的事昨天做,今天还有今天事)。(Self Check)
use up是“消耗，用尽”的意思。
We used up the money and could not go back home.
我们把钱用完了，回不了家了。
The ink has been used up. 墨水用完了。
五、语法：情态动词表示推测
情态动词可以表示说话的语气。本单元主要学习情态动词表示推测的用法。
请先读下面四组对话：
1. —Whose notebook is this?
—It must be Ning’s. It has her name on it.
2. —Whose French book is this?
—It could be Ali’s. She studies French.
3. —Whose guitar is this?
—It might belong to Alice. She plays the guitar.
4. —Whose T-shirt is this?
—It can’t be John’s. It’s much too small for him.
句中的情态动词must, could, might和can’t分别表示不同程度的推测。现归纳如下： must用于肯定句中，表示说话人对事物的推测把握最大，意思是“一定；准是”。 如：
(1) The photo must be Mary’s. Those are her parents.
(2) Alice has been in China for several years. She must be a big girl now.
◎may / might / could这三个词都可以表示说话人对事物的推测，但可能性较小，意思是“有可能；也许”。其中might / could比may较为委婉客气和更加不肯定。如：
(1) My friend has lost his watch. This one may / might / could be his, but I’m not sure.
(2) —Where is mom now?
—I’m not sure. She may / might / could be in the kitchen.
◎can表示推测主要用于否定句和疑问句。can’t表示有把握的否定推测，意思是“不可能”。 如：
(1) The hair band can’t be Jack’s. He is a boy.
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(2) —Look! Mr Hu is on the other side of the street.
—It can’t be him. He has gone to Beijing.
◎must / may / could / might + be + doing sth. 表示“一定 / 可能正在做某事”，can’t / may not / could not / might not + be + doing sth.表示“一定不 / 不可能正在做某事”。must / may / could / might + have done sth.表示对过去或已经完成的事情的推测。如：
(1) Peter must / may / might be playing football on the playground.
(2) Maria must / may / might have gone to the movie.
【热身训练】
1. —Where is Tom? He hasn’t come to school today.
—I think he _____be ill.
A. would B. can C. can’t D. might
2. —There is somebody at the door. Who _____it be? Is it the postman ?
—No, it ____ be him. It’s just seven o’clock. It’s too early.
A. can; can’t B. will; won’t C. may; mustn’t D. must; may not
3. Have a glass of water, please. You be thirsty after running.
A. must
A. can’t B. should B. mustn’t C. can C. needn’t D. have to D. may not 4. Tina be in Paris, for I saw her here only half an hour ago.
5. —Excuse me, is this the right way to No. 1 Middle School?
—Sorry, I’m not sure. But it be.
A. can B. need C. must D. may
6. I haven’t seen Alice for several years. She be a big girl now.
7. The brown wallet be Tom’s or Bill’s. They both like brown.
8. —Who is the man over there? Is it Mr Li?
—No, it be him. Mr Li is much taller.
9. 这张照片一定是 Hop 的。
The photo_________ _________Hop’s.
10. 听！一定有人在隔壁唱歌跳舞。
Listen! There some people and dancing next door.
答案：
1—5 DAAAD 6. must 7. might / could 8. can’t 9. must be 10. must be; singing ［中考聚焦］
★much too 与too much
【解密】much too (= very ) 意为“（简直）太；非常”，修饰形容词或副词的原级；too much 意为“太多”，修饰不可数名词。
1. —Do you enjoy traveling by air?
—No. It’s expensive. （2005辽宁）
A. too much B. more much C. much D. much too
2. Health is very important to us. We should eat more vegetables and fruit instead of rich food. （2006黑龙江哈尔滨）
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A. too much B. much too
答案：1—2 DA
★voice, sound与 noise C. very much
【解密】voice 一般指“人的嗓音”，又可引申为“声音；意见”，还可指“像人发出的声音”。 sound 指“自然界的声音”。noise指“噪音；喧闹声；嘈杂声”。形容词noisy表示“嘈杂的；喧闹的；噪声大的”。
1. At the foot of the hill you could hear nothing but the of the running water. (2006天津)
A. shout B. noise C. voice D. sound
2. Beth has a beautiful . Listen! She is singing very well.（2006浙江杭州）
A. voice B. look C. sound D. smell
3. The little boys are standing there (noisy). （2005甘肃兰州）
答案：1—2 DA 3. noisily
★both 与all, neither 与none
【解密】both意为“两者都”， all意为“全；都”，指三者或三者以上的人或物。neither意为“两者都不”。 none指三者或三者以上的人或物全不。
1. Liu Xiang and Yao Ming are world-famous sports stars. of them are the pride of China. （2006浙江舟山）
A. Both B. Neither C. All D. None
2. —Jim, I wonder why your parents didn’t come to our talent show.
—Well, of them was free yesterday afternoon. (2006山西太原)
A. none B. either C. neither
3. Xiao Li is the right person to show the foreigners around, for of us can speak English.（2006河南）
A. all B. each C. both
4. —How many of these books have you read?
— of them. Every one. （2005江西南昌）
A. Many B. Some
答案：1—4 ACDC C. All D. none D. None
Unit 6 I like music that I can dance to.
学习目标：
1. 学会表达自己对某人或某物的喜爱和理由。
2. 能对自己看过的书和电影，听过的CD进行评述。
. 重点难点：
由关系代词引导的定语从句
一些重点词和短语的用法
四. 重点词和短语：
1. prefer 更喜欢
【即学即用】
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①My grandma likes country life better than city life.（改为同义句）
My grandma country life city life.
②While he was in the office, he preferred doing something to do nothing.（改错） ③我弟弟更喜欢乘火车旅行。（翻译句子）
2. dance to. 随着??跳舞
3. sing along with 跟唱
along with 伴随??；同??一道
4. have great lyrics 歌词优美
5. kind of ＋名词 种类
different kinds of 不同种类
some / several / many / all kinds of 多种
6. on display 展览；陈列
on show
7. write one’s own music / songs / lyrics 写自己的歌/自己作词
8. take sth./ sb. to＋sp. 带某物/某人去某地
9. remind sb of sth 使某人想起某物
10. dislike 不喜欢
11. be important to sb. 对某人重要
be important for sb. to do sth. 做某事对某人很重要
12. latest movie /book 最近的电影/书
13. over the years 多年来
14. look for entertainments 寻找乐趣
15. have a few good features 有一些优点
16. be sure to do sth. 确定做某事
17. the best known ＝ the most famous 最杰出的
18. photos of people and of the countryside 人物和乡村照片
19. interest sb. 动词 “使某人感兴趣 ”
interest 名词 “兴趣”
take an interest in ＝ be interested in对??感兴趣
interested 形容词 “感兴趣的” 主语是人
interesting 形容词 “令人感兴趣的”主语是物
【即学即用】
用interest的适当形式填空
①What Ben is all the history of these places.
②Harry Potter is a very book. Children are all
20. a world class sb / photographer 世界级人物/摄影大师
21. pretty strange 十分奇怪
a pretty girl 一个漂亮的女孩
22. come and go 潮起潮落/兴盛衰败
23. go on a vacation 去度假
42 in it.
24. a great place to visit 一个参观的好地方
25. lucky to be here 很幸运能在这儿
26. six-month English course 六个月的英语课程
27. so much to see and do 许多可看可做的事
28. suit sb（fine） 适合
29. taste good/delicious/bad/sweet 尝起来美味/难吃/甜
30. a group of young people 一群年青人
31. get together 聚在一起
32. keep healthy＝ stay healthy 保持健康
33. to be honest 老实说；说实在的
34. be bad for 对??有害
be good for 对??有好处
be good at＝do well in 擅长于??
35. take care of 照顾
36. stay away from 与??保持距离
37. be in agreement 意见一致的
38. actually＝in fact 实际上
39. increase the risk of cancer 增大致癌机率
40. even if 即使
41. eat a balanced diet 饮食均衡
五. 重点、难点、考点及疑点注释
1. I prefer music that has great lyrics.我更喜欢有好歌词的音乐。（Section A, 1a） prefer是及物动词，意为“宁愿，更喜欢”，相当于like better。
Which do you prefer（＝like better）, rice or bread?
你比较喜欢哪一样，米饭还是面包？
句型拓展
◎prefer sb to do sth 表示“宁愿某人做某事”。
They preferred their son to go to the countryside.他们宁可让儿子去农村。
◎prefer＋（doing）sth＋to（doing）sth表示“宁愿??而不愿??”。
I prefer pears to any other fruit. 我喜欢梨胜过其他的水果。
My grandma prefers taking a walk to sitting in front of the TV.
我奶奶宁愿去散步而不愿看电视。
◎prefer to do sth rather than do sth表示“宁愿做??而不愿做??”。
My brother preferred to do his homework rather than go to the zoo.
我的弟弟宁愿做作业而不愿去动物园。
2. What about you? 你呢？（Section A, 1c）
What about?? 是口语中常用的句型，通常用于征求对方意见或询问情况等情景。类似的表达还有How about?? 其中介词about后面接名词、代词或v-ing形式等。如： I’m hungry. What about you? 我饿了。你呢？（询问情况）
My mother is a doctor. How about your mother? 我母亲是一名医生。那你母亲呢？（询问情
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况）
---What do you do after school? 你放学后干什么？
---How about playing football? 踢足球怎么样？（提出建议）
---Where can we have our lunch? 我们能到哪儿去吃午饭呢？
---What about at McDonald’s? 在麦当劳吃怎么样？（征求对方意见）
3. What do you think of it? 你认为它怎么样？（Section A, 3b）
think of和what连用，表示“觉得??怎样”，“认为??如何”，常用来询问对方对某人或某一事物的看法、感受、印象如何，相当于How do you like...? 回答时应讲出自己对该事物的意见、看法等。
What do you think of the story? ＝How do you like the story?
你觉得这个故事怎么样？
---What do you think of the movie? 你认为这部电影怎么样？
---It’s boring.没劲。
知识拓展
当自己提出一个想法或建议，然后询问对方的意见时，常用“What do you think? ”的句型。
I think we can walk there. What do you think? 我想我们可以步行去那儿。你觉得呢？ Tom says we can’t do it. What do you think? 汤姆说这事我们干不了。你怎么看？ 短语链接
◎think highly of... “对??评价高”。
We think highly of their research in the field.我们对他们在这领域里的研究评价很高。
4. It does have a few good features, though.可是，它的确有一些好的特色。（Section B, 3a） ?助动词does在本句中表示强调，意为“真的，的确”。这是强调谓语动词的方式。在一般现在时中用do或does，在一般过去时中用did。仅限于这两种时态。does要重读，后面接动词原形。
You do look nice today. 你今天看起来真漂亮。
She does talk a lot, doesn’t she? 她的确爱说话，不是吗？
知识拓展
◎助动词does可用在肯定句中，避免重复前面已经用过的某个动词。
She said she’d help me and she did. 她说她将帮助我，她也是这样做的。
◎祈使句中用do可以使邀请的口气更加客气、热情或友好。
Do sit down! 请坐！
?though 在此处为副词，意思是“尽管如此，然而”。常用于口语中，放在句尾。如： He said he would come, he didn’t , though.他说他会来，可是并没有来。
I’ve a bit of cold. It’s nothing much, though.我有点感冒，不过并不严重。
◎though也可用作连词，意为“虽然，尽管”，放在句首或句中，不能与but连用。如： Though it was very late, he went on working.虽然很晚了，他还继续工作。
Mr. Smith, though he was young, did it very well. 史密斯先生虽然年轻，却做得很好。
5. Whatever you do, don’t miss this exhibition.无论如何都别错过这次展览。（Section B, 3a） whatever在这里是连接代词，意为“任何的事物”、“无论什么”、“无论什么样的”等，是44
由“疑问词＋ever”构成的。
Whatever has a beginning also has an end. 凡事有始必有终。
Whatever you do, you should always do carefully.不管做什么，你都应该认真。
知识拓展
◎类似的词还有whenever, wherever, however, whoever，分别是“无论什么时候”、“无论在哪里”、“无论以什么方式”、“无论谁”的意思。
Whenever I meet him, he says hello to me with a smile.
无论什么时候我遇到他，他都微笑着和我打招呼。
The little boy went wherever his mother went.
不论他妈妈去哪儿，这个小男孩都跟着。
In my own house, I can do whatever I wish.
在自己家中，我可以随心所欲。
Uncle Tom told his story to whoever wanted to listen.
谁爱听，汤姆叔叔就把他的故事讲给谁听。
◎no matter 表示“无论，不管”，后面常接who, what, which, where, when, how等，引导让步状语从句，相当于 whoever, whatever, whichever, wherever, whenever, however。如： No matter what you say, I won’t let you go.无论你说什么，我都不会放你走。
No matter who comes, let him wait.不管谁来，都让他等着。
6. ...I’m lucky to be here for my six-month English course. ??我很幸运在这里上了6个月的英语课。（Self Check 2）
six-month是由数词加名词构成的复合形容词，中间用连字符连接起来作定语修饰后面的名词。
a two-month holiday＝two months’ holiday ＝a holiday of two months两个月的假期 a twenty-floor building ＝a building of twenty floors一幢二十层的楼
魔力纠错
房间里有两个18岁大的男孩。
误：There are two 18-years-old boys in the room.
正：There are two 18-year-old boys in the room.
魔力解析
注意：连字符后紧跟的名词必须用单数。
7. I prefer quiet, traditional music so the concert suited me just fine.（Self Check 2）我更愿意听安静的传统的音乐，因此音乐会更适合我的胃口。
（1）quiet 表示“平静的，宁静的”，是一个常用词。
This is a quiet street. 这是一条宁静的街道。
（2）suit 作动词表示“适合，合适，相称”，后面既可以接宾语，也可以不接宾语。既可指衣服颜色、款式“合适”，也可指时间、食物等适合。
The dress suits well. 这衣服很合身。
The dress suits me well. 这衣服很合我身。
I’m afraid Sunday suits me better. 我想星期日对我更合适。
另外suit也可作名词，意为“一套衣服”。
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He is wearing a suit. 他穿着一套西装。
?fit作动词也表示“适合”，常指衣服鞋帽的大小、尺寸合适。
The shoes don’t fit me. Can you give me a larger pair? 这双鞋我穿着不合脚。你能给我一双大点的吗？
8. I’m not sure what to expect because I’ve never seen an Indian film before.（Self Check 2）我没有抱多大的指望，因为我从未看过印度电影。
expect是及物动词，意为“期待，盼望”，其后面常跟动词不定式、从句等。
She expects to come back on Sunday. 她预计星期天回来。
I expect that I’ll finish my homework in 10 minutes.
我预计10分钟后就能做完作业。
特别提示
expect的后面还可以跟复合宾语。
What do you expect me to say to the teacher? 你希望我和老师说些什么？
9. Oh! And I stay away from sugar. 噢！我不吃糖。
stay away from在此表示“不吃（某类食品）”。如：
The doctor advised him to stay away from fattening food. 医生劝他不要吃含脂肪的食品。 ◎stay away from 还有“不去（某处），不上（学，班），不要靠近，走开，避开”等意。 Stay away from me, I’ve got a bad cold. 不要靠近我，我得了感冒。
Why did you stay away from school? 你为什么不上学？
六. 语法：
解决疑点，走近“定语从句”
定语从句在英语阅读材料里处处可见。它是初中阶段的重要语法内容，也是学好英语的难点。
我们先来了解一下定语：
一本有趣的书 an interesting book 形容词interesting做定语修饰名词book
一位漂亮的女孩a beautiful girl 形容词beautiful做定语修饰名词 girl
定语就是在句子中修饰名词或代词的词。
我们还可以说成 ：
a book that is interesting that is interesting这个句子做定语修饰名词book
a girl who is beautiful who is beautiful这个句子做定语修饰名词girl
interesting 和that is interesting作用是相同的,都是用作定语来修饰名词book, 我们把这种在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。
【疑点之一】下面句子中划线的部分作何句子成分？
She prefers friends who are outgoing.
【答疑解难】划线部分是定语从句，作定语。
首先了解定语从句的概念：
在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
学好定语从句，还应了解定语从句的相关术语：
先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。如上句中的friends。
关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, 46
which, who, whom, whose, 关系副词有where, when, why等。如上句中的who就是关系代词。在本单元，我们重点学习由关系代词引导的定语从句。
图表分析：
I like music that / which I can dance to.
【疑点之二】如何选用关系代词呢？关系代词在定语从句中又作何成分呢？
【答疑解难】看了表格，你就明白了。
关系代词
which
whom
whose 在从句中的作用 指人或物 指人或物 指物（可与that互换） 指人 指人或物 that 作主语或宾语 作主语或宾语 who 作主语（在口语或非正式文体中也常用作宾语） 指人（可与that互换） 是who的宾格，作宾语 是who的所有格，作后面名词的定语
当先行词指人时用who，whom在从句中作宾语；当先行词指物时用which；that既指人又指物。这些关系代词在定语从句中作主语和宾语，作主语时关系代词不可省略，作宾语时可以省略。例如：
①I like music（先行词）that / which（关系代词）I can dance to.
②I love singers（先行词）who / that（关系代词）write their own songs.
③The girl（先行词）whom（关系代词）you met days ago moved to another city. 在①句中，关系代词that / which在从句中作宾语，可以省略。
在②句中，关系代词who / that 在从句中作主语，不可以省略。
在③句中，关系代词whom 在从句中作宾语，可以省略。（注意：在口语中常用who代替whom）
【疑点之三】定语从句中谓语动词的单复数如何确定？
【答疑解难】关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词在人称和数上须和先行词保持一致。如：
①That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookstore.
②The old woman who is wearing a pair of glasses is my grandma.
【疑点之四】The city（ that / which ）she lives in is very far away. ＝ The city in which she lives is very far away. 定语从句中介词的位置是怎样的？
【答疑解难】关系代词做介词的宾语时，介词不能放在that, who的前面，只能放在从句中有关动词的后面。但可以放在which, whom的前面。再如：
The man you just talked to is Mr Zhang. ＝ The man to whom you just talked is Mr Zhang.
【典型例题】
I. 根据句意，用关系代词that, who, whom, whose或which填空。
1. Those have finished the work can leave.
2. The book he bought yesterday is very interesting.
3. The doctor I spoke to told me not to worry.
4. The houses are built in this district are rather expensive.
5. The child mother has left him is crying loudly.
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II. 选择正确答案。
1. My parents usually buy me some simple clothes can last a long time.
A. who B. that C. whom D. whose
2. Do you know the man is sitting behind Nancy?
A. what B. which C. who D. whom
3. I’m looking at the photograph you sent me with your letter.
A. who B. whom C. which D. it
4. Your parents are the persons you should write.
A. that B. whom C. who D. to whom
5. The young lady we met yesterday is our new math teacher.
A. what B. whose C. whom D. which
答案：
I. 1. who 2.（that / which） 3.（whom / who / that） 4. that / which 5. whose
II. 1~5 BCCDC
［中考聚焦］
考点1. 关系代词引导的定语从句
?Miss Green is the only person can help you with your English.（2005浙江杭州）
A. she B. whom C. which D. who
?I like to live in a house is big and bright.（2005北京市）
A. that B. who C. how D. why
要点简析：当先行词指人时用who，whom在从句中作宾语；当先行词指物时用which；that既指人又指物。句?选D，句?选A。
考点2. prefer
?---Do you prefer grapes bananas? （2005陕西）
---I prefer grapes bananas.
A. to, or B. or, to C. than, to D. or, than
?When people want to relax themselves, they prefer TV or listen to music rather than newspaper. （2006山东临沂）
A. watching; read B. watching; to read C. to watch; read D. to watch; reading
要点简析：prefer sth.“更喜欢??”，与like better同义。后面可以加名词、代词、v-ing作宾语。它的现在分词、过去式、过去分词，字母r应双写，即：preferring, preferred, preferred。 prefer有多种用法：①prefer to do / doing sth. “宁愿做某事”②prefer sth. to sth. “喜欢??胜过??”③prefer doing（sth.）to doing（sth.）“比起??更愿意做??” ④prefer to ? rather than（to）do?“比起??宁意做??”。句?选B，句?选C。
考点3. 疑问词＋ever
We’ll never give up our plan happens.（2004辽宁大连）
A. however B. whatever C. whenever D. wherever
要点简析：由“疑问词＋ever”构成的词有whatever, whenever, wherever, however, whichever, whoever等。根据句意“无论发生什么事，我们也不放弃我们的计划。”可知选B。
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考点4. on display
There are all kinds of cars on display in the World Trade Center.（词语释义）
A. on the way B. are played C. on show D. are shown （2004湖北黄冈） 要点简析：on display ＝ on show 表示“展览；陈列”。A. on the way 表示“在??的路上”。B 和D 都表示被动语态，不合题意。选C。
考点5. remind sb. of sth./sb.
Action movies me of Jackie Chan.（2006云南昆明）
A. remind B. think C. hear D. miss
要点简析：remind sb. of sth./sb. 表示“使某人想起某事或某人”，是一固定搭配。B. think of “想起??” C. hear of“听说过??”D. miss “思念、想念”。 故选A。 Unit 7 Where would you like to visit?
学习目标
1. 熟悉一些与旅游相关的词汇。
2. 学会表达想去某地或不想去某地。
3. 学会谈论去一个自己想去的地方。
教学重点难点：
would like 的用法；由关系副词where引导的定语从句；本模块中的一些重点短语 重点词和短语
1. would like 想要
2. go on vacation 去度假
3. trek through the jungle 徒步穿过热带雨林
go / walk through the park 穿过公园
go trekking 徒步旅行
【即学即用】
?They walked the street.
?The river runs the city.
?Be careful when you the busy street.
4. take it easy 从容,轻松
5. hope to do 希望
hope + that 从句
6. some day （将来）有一天
one day （将来）有一天/（过去）一天
7. consider doing sth 考虑做某事
consider sb. to be sth. 把??视为??
consider sb as 认为??
【即学即用】
?I’m considering my hotel, I will come and leave my new address in a few days.
A. to change B. changed C. change D. changing ?This book is considered a great help to students of English.
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A. to be B. being C. is
8. the capital of sp ??的首都 / 省会
9. one of the liveliest cities in Europe 欧洲最有活力的城市之一
10. fantastic sights 奇妙的景色
11. in general 通常
12. quite an expensive place 一个高消费的地方
13. translate things for sb 为某人翻译事情
14. unless 除非
【即学即用】
?除非天气很冷，我爸爸通常开着窗户睡觉。 D. was one of the most famous churches in the world 世界上最著名的教堂之一
My father usually sleeps the window open it’s very cold. ?The party won’t begin if Mary doesn’t come.（改为同义句） The party won’t begin Mary .
15. take a trip = have a trip 去郊游
16. provide sth for sb
= provide sb with sth 提供??给??
17. outdoor activities 户外活动
18. give me some suggestions for vacation spots 给我一些旅游景点的好提议
19. be away 离开
20. go out for half an hour 出去半小时
21. answer the phone 接电话
22. take messages 捎个信儿
23. call sb back 回电
24. get some information 得到一些信息
25. find out 弄明白
26. vacation packages 旅行指南
27. go on a nature tour 去亲近大自然的旅行
28. have a great whale watch tour举行一次大型的亲近鲸的旅游
29. depend on 取决于
30. advertisement for vacations 假日广告
31. sail across the Pacific 横渡太平洋
32. dream about things = dream of doing sth 梦想做某事
33. hopes and dreams 希望与梦想
34. different answers to the question 问题的几种不同的回答
35. as soon as possible=as soon as you can 尽快地
36. so that 以便
37. continue doing = go on doing 继续做某事
38. according to the survey 根据调查
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39. the most popular choice of job 选择最流行的工作
40. all kinds of dreams 各种梦想
41. be willing to do 愿意做某事
42. achieve one’s dreams 实现梦想
43. hold on 坚持
44. come true 实现
五. 重点、难点、考点及疑点注释
1. I hope to see Niagara Falls some day. 我希望有一天能去看尼亚加拉大瀑布。
I hope to visit Hawaii one day. 我希望有一天能去夏威夷。（Section A, 2a）
? hope 用作动词时，后面接不定式或that 从句，但不能接“宾语 + 不定式”。例如： We hope to see you again. = We hope we can see you again.我们希望再次见到你。 I hope you can help me with my math.希望你能帮我学数学。
相关链接：hope与wish的区别：
①hope与wish均可表示“想，希望”，宾语用不定式。例如：
I hope (wish) to visit the Great Wall. 我希望去参观长城。
②wish后接“宾语+不定式”，其意相当于“想要，希望”（= would like或want），不定式作宾语补足语，而hope无此用法。例如：
His parents wish him to become a doctor while he hopes to be a teacher. 他父母希望他当医生而他却想当老师。
③hope 和wish 都可以跟that从句，但hope加that从句表示“希望”或可以实现的愿望；而wish加that从句表示“愿望”，通常指某种强烈而又难以实现的“愿望”，因此从句用虚拟语气。例如：
I hope you’ll be better soon. 我希望你能很快好起来。
I wish I could fly like a bird. 但愿我能像鸟一样飞。
④wish 可以表示良好的“祝愿”，后面接“宾语+宾补（形容词或名词）”，而hope不能这样用。例如：
I wish you happy. 我祝你幸福。
⑤在简单句中，如要表示希望某事不会发生时，应说I hope not，不可用I don’t hope so；表示希望某事会发生时，说I hope so。而wish无此用法。
?one day 既可以指过去某一天，也可以指将来某一天。表示将来某一天还可用some day，有“总有一天”之意。例如：
One day, he walked out of the house with a small bag and never came back.
一天，他带了个小提包走出家门，再也没有回来。
You’ll be sorry for this one day.总有一天你会因此事而致歉的。
We will meet again some day, I believe.我相信总有一天我们会再见面的。
【即学即用】
?I hope a good job in a foreign company after I graduate school.
A. to find; from B. finding; from C. to find; at
?I everyone good luck in the coming new year.
A. hope
D. finding; at D. wish 51 B. want C. suppose
?I I were a butterfly now.
A. hope B. wish
?I hope I can be an engineer . C. think D. guess
D. some day A. every day B. each day C. the other day
? last year I dropped in and found her badly ill.
A. A day B. One day
2. v-ing型形容词和v-ed型形容词
后面加上-ing或-ed，可以变成形容词。 C. That day D. The day 本单元出现了大量v-ing型形容词，那么大家对它的用法熟悉吗？在英语中，某些动词的
v-ing型形容词具有主动或进行的含义，是人或物本身所具有的品质。常见的词有： surprise—surprising 令人惊奇的 excite—exciting令人兴奋的
bore—boring 令人讨厌的 interest—interesting 有趣的
develop—developing 发展中的 move—moving 感人的
inspire—inspiring 鼓舞人心的
v-ed型形容词具有被动或已完成的含义，是由于受到某种影响而产生的结果。常见的词有： surprise—surprised感到惊奇的 bore—bored 感到厌恶的
excite—excited 感到兴奋的 interest—interested感兴趣的
develop—developed 发达的 move—moved 受感动的
inspire—inspired受到鼓舞的 please—pleased 高兴的
3. For your next vacation, why not consider visiting Paris? 下一次假期为什么不考虑去巴黎呢？（Section A, 3a）
(1)Why not+动词原形相当于Why don’t you+动词原形，表示“为什么不??？”，常用来向别人提建议。
Why not study hard? 为什么不努力学习？
Why don’t you ask the policeman for help? 怎么不向那个警察寻求帮助呢？
知识链接
表示建议的句型还有：
Shall we do sth? 我们去做??，好吗？
Let’s do sth! 咱们去做??吧！
You’d better do sth. 你最好??
What / How about doing ?? ??怎么样？
(2)consider 表示“考虑，细想”，相当于think about，后面接动词时，应用动词的-ing形式。
I first considered writing to him, but then decided to see him.
我开始想写信给他，但后来决定去见他。
4. Isn’t it supposed to be very hot? 难道天气不应该是很热的吗？（Section A, 3b）
(1)这是一个否定形式的一般疑问句，用来表示说话人提出自己的建议或看法，并希望得到对方肯定的答复。有时也表示惊讶、不相信、挖苦、批评等意义。
Isn’t he a League member? 难道他不是团员吗？
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Haven’t you known him yet? I saw you having dinner with him just now.
你难道还不认识他吗？刚才我还见你和他一起吃饭了呢。
(2)be supposed to 的意思与should近似，意为“被期望或被要求做某事”。
Am I supposed to clean all the rooms or the single one?
我是应该打扫所有房间还是这个单间？
You’re supposed to start work at 8:30 every morning.
你应该每天早晨八点半开始工作。
5. My family and I want to take a trip this summer somewhere in eastern China. 我和我的家人想在今年夏天去中国东部的某个地方旅游。（Section B, 3a）
?take a trip “去旅行”。trip为名词。如：
He took a trip in Shanghai last summer. 他去年夏天去了上海旅游。
?介词in在这里表示“位于”，表示在某范围之内；to表示在某范围之外；on表示“接壤”。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
Japan lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国的东面。
Liaoning Province is on the west of Jilin Province. 辽宁省在吉林省的西面。
6. I hope you can provide me with some information about the kinds of vacations that your firm can offer.我希望你能给我提供一些贵公司能提供的各种假期旅游的信息。（Section B, 3a） ?provide 作动词，表示“提供，供给”，常与介词with连用构成：provide sb. with sth. 意为“供给某人某物”，也可用于：provide sth. for sb. 意为“为某人提供某物”。 They provide us with pure water. 他们供给我们纯净水。
We provided food for those children. 我们为那些孩子提供食物。
?firm表示“公司，商号，商行”等意思，常指商行，不用于商号名称。
He is thinking of starting another firm in Paris.
他正在考虑在巴黎另开一家公司。
特别提示
offer可作动词，意为“提供，给予”，常用于offer sb. sth中，意为“给某人提供??”；当表示主动提出做某事，后接不定式。
He offered me a glass of wine. 他给了我一杯酒。
The driver offered to drive us to the station.
那位司机主动提出送我们去火车站。
【即学即用】
?His parents are dead. So his uncle him the money for his study.
A. offer; to B. provide; to C. offer; with D. provide; with ?He ______to lend me his new bike but I refused, for I didn’t want to trouble him.
A. failed B. offered C. considered D. insisted
?Our teacher offered us many chances to practise English.（选择能替换划线部分的选项）
A. showed B. lent C. gave D. bring
7. It would be nice if we could get a room with a kitchen so we could save money by cooking our own meals.如果房间带有厨房那就太好了，这样我们可以自己做饭来省些钱。（Section
53
B, 3a）
?with a kitchen是介词短语，在句中作定语修饰room。with在这里意为“具有，带有”，由其连接的介词短语在句中作定语修饰名词，常用以说明人或物的特征；作状语时，表示一个伴随状态。
Mrs Smith is a woman with big eyes and long hair.
史密斯太太是一位大眼睛、长头发的妇女。
Our math teacher came in with a book in his hand.
我们数学老师拿着一本书进来了。
?动词save 在本句中是“节省”的意思。
If you want to save time, you’d better make a list before you go shopping.
如果你想节省时间，去买东西之前，先列一张购物清单。
知识拓展
save还有“拯救”，“抢救”，“搭救”；“储存”，“保存”等多种意思。
A lot of land has been saved by the Great Green Wall.
绿色长城拯救了许多土地。
My father saved a lot of money in the bank.
我父亲在银行里存了许多钱。
8. The room needs to be big enough for three people . 房间大得够住下三个人。（Section B, 3a）
?for 相当于to hold。
?“形容词或副词+enough (for sb ) to do sth. ”意为“足以??”。
It’s late enough for us to stop work. 已经够晚了，我们可以收工了。
The man is strong enough for the heavy box. (for = to lift)
那个男人足够强壮能抬起这只重箱子。
?“not +形容词/副词+ enough +不定式”结构中，意为“不够??以至于不能??”。如： The boy is not old enough to go to school.
= The boy is too young to go to school.
= The boy is so young that he can’t go to school. 这个男孩年龄不够大以至于不能上学。
【即学即用】
Mom, I think I’m to get back to school.
A. so well B. so good C. well enough D. good enough
9. You need to pack warm clothes if you go there. 如果你去的话，得带上暖和的衣服。（Self Check 1, 4）
?pack 作动词，意为“把??打包，把??装箱”。如：
I haven’t packed my things and clothes.我还没有把衣服和东西装箱。
?need to do sth 意为“需要去做某事”。need作及物动词，意为“需要”，后常跟名词、代词、不定式或v-ing形式。如：
They certainly need your help.他们肯定需要你的帮助。
Our farm needs helping in autumn.秋天我们农场需要有人帮忙。
【注意】最后一句的宾语虽是形式，但是含有被动的意思，意即“我们农场需要被人帮助”54
而不是“帮助别人”，此句可以用不定式的被动式来表示。即：Our farm needs to be helped in autumn. 又如：
The vegetable garden needs watering.
= The vegetable garden needs to be watered. 菜园需要浇水。
?need 还可作情态动词，常用于否定句或疑问句中。
You needn’t be so polite to him. 你没有必要对他如此客气。
—Need we come? 我们必须来吗？
—No, you needn’t. 不必了。
【即学即用】
?You need to the meeting. It’s important for us.
A. to come B. coming C. came D. come
?Your handwriting is really too hard to read. Do you think it needs ?
A. to practice B. write C. not seeing D. improving
10. Here are some of the findings of a survey about hopes and dreams, in which thousands of students across China took part.下面是有关希望与梦想的一次调查中的一些发现，中国有成千上万个学生参加了这次调查。（Reading）
?句中in which修饰一个非限制性定语从句。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词只能用which，而本句句首有介词，是因为从句中谓语是一个短语动词，书面语中通常将其短语中的介词置于从句句首，而口语中则把介词放在后面。如：
We visited that factory, of which I was speaking many times.
我们参观了那家工厂。我多次谈到过那家工厂。
?across China 中的across指“在??处，遍及”。相当于all over。
The song is very popular across England. 这首歌在英国很流行。
六. 语法：
◎would like 的用法：
? ’d是would的缩略形式，后面接名词或代词或带to的动词不定式，不接动词原形。 例： I’d like some bread. 我想要些面包。
I’d like to see a film with you tonight. 今晚我想跟你一起去看电影。
We’d like something to drink. 我们想要点喝的。
I’d like Tom to go with me. 我想要汤姆和我一起去。
?would like to do句式的疑问式将would提到主语前。在回答时，可省略to后面相同的部分。
—Would you like to go with me? 你愿意和我一起去吗？
—I’d like / love to. 我愿意。
—Would you like to join us? 加入我们好吗？
—I’d like / love to, but I have no time. 我想（加入你们），但我没时间。
?Would you like +名词？表示“征求”意见，一般疑问句的答语：肯定回答用Yes, please；否定回答用No, thanks。
①—Would you like a cup of tea? 来杯茶好吗？
—Yes, please. 好的。
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②—Would you like something to eat? 来点吃的好吗？
—No, thanks. 不用了，谢谢。
?Would you like?? 和Do you want ??的区别：
如果想表示礼貌，就应使用Would you like?? Would you like a cup of tea?
而Do you want?用于好朋友之间和家庭成员之间。Do you want a cup of tea?
◎再会“定语从句”
本单元我们重点学习由关系副词where引导的定语从句。
请翻译下面三个句子，体会划线部分的含义及功用。
例1. I know a place where we can have a wonderful time.
例2. I don’t know any place where you can find a better job.
例3. That is the house in which he lived ten years ago.
【解析】
关系副词在定语从句中只能作状语，且不可省略，常见的关系副词有where, when, why等。 ★where引导定语从句时，在从句中作地点状语，其先行词是表示“地点”的名词，如place, room, village, town, home等。
例1. 我知道一个可以玩得很开心的地方。
例2. 我不知道你还能在什么地方找到一份更好的工作。
★where引导定语从句，可替换为“介词+ 关系代词（which）”。
例3. 那就是他十年前住过的房子。
介词也可以放在后面：That is the house which he lived in ten years ago.
【趁热打铁】
I. “would like”句型转换
1. Do you want to have some water? （改为同义句）
you some water?
2. We’d like to buy some oranges. （改为一般疑问句）
you like to buy oranges?
3. I’d like to go to the Great Wall this weekend. （对划线部分提问）
you to go this weekend?
4. Would you like to go out for a walk with me?（作肯定回答）
Yes, .
5. I’d like you to help Xiao Nan with his math. （对划线部分提问）
you to help Xiao Nan with his math?
II. 按要求改写句子。
1. The weather is always warm at these places. I like them.（合并为一句）
I like these places the weather always warm.
2. The hotel where we stayed on holiday is a five-star one. （同义句）
The hotel we stayed on holiday is a five-star one.
3. What’s the place where you’d like to visit this winter?（改错）
［参考答案］
I. 1. Would; like to have 2. Would; some 3. Where would; like 4. I’d like to 5. Who would; like 56
II. 1. where; are 2. in which 3. where→ which
［中考聚焦］
考点1. where 定语从句
①—Which city is the one there is a large man-made lake?
—Liaocheng. （2007山东聊城）
A. that B. which C. where D. what
②This is the place the old man lived last year. （2006贵州贵阳）
A. when B. where C. that
【要点简析】题中先行词分别是the one ；the place ，后面的定语从句中都缺少地点状语，故应选择表示地点的关系副词。①选C；②选B。
考点2. Why not do ??
— come and join us in the game?
— . But I must meet my uncle at the airport. （2006内蒙古呼和浩特）
A. Why not to; I think so B. Why not; I hope so
C. Why don’t you; I’m very tired D. Why not you; I like it
【要点简析】选B。 Why not do?? 意为“为什么不??？”，常和句型Why don’t you do.. ?相互转化。
考点3. somewhere + adj.
Do you hope to go ? （2007甘肃兰州）
A. warm somewhere B. anywhere warm C. warm anywhere D. somewhere warm
【要点简析】选D。somewhere“在某处；到某处”，修饰词形容词放在其后。 考点4. consider doing sth
— Mum, why not having hamburgers instead of dumplings?
—Good idea. I’ll get for you. （2006辽宁沈阳）
A. practice B. remember C. forget D. consider
【要点简析】consider doing sth. 意为“考虑做某事”。选D。
考点5. provide sb. with sth. / provide sth. for sb.
①根据句意及汉语提示，写出单词的正确形式。
It’s generous of Julia to （提供）books and stationery for the schools in the west of China.（2007江苏镇江）
②选词填空：请根据所给句子的内容，从方框内选出适当的词填在相应的横线上。
differently, experience, provide, singer, ever, although, argue, between, alone, whose, either, since
We hope you can us with some information about the 2008 Olympic Games. （2006广西南宁）
【要点简析】provide sb. with sth. = provide sth. for sb. 意为“供应 / 提供给某人某物”。分别填写：①provide； ②provide。
Unit 8 I’ll clean up the city parks.
学习目标
1. 学会提供帮助（用I will, I’d like等）。
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2. 学会用I will... 作规划。
3. 掌握多种动词词组的用法。
. 教学重点难点：
常见的一些短语动词的用法
重点词和短语
1. clean up 打扫干净
2. help homeless people 帮助无家可归的人
后缀：less(表否定)—ful(表肯定)
nameless匿名的 useless无用的
careless粗心的 careful细心的?
3. give/hand out sth. 分发某物
【即学即用】
?At the beginning of a new term, new textbooks are to students.
A. give out B. give off C. given out D. given off
?The company has handed a lot of advertisements to introduce their products.
A. out B. in
4. cheer up sb. 使某人振奋
5. help sb. with sth. 帮助某人某事
6. set up 建立
set up a food bank 建立一个食物储蓄站
【即学即用】
The primary school in that village A. was set up B. was put up C. was found D. was made
7. think up sth 想出
come up with a plan 提出一个计划
【即学即用】
The computer is much too expensive. I’ll it.
A. talk about B. think of C. think about
8. put off sth/making a plan 推迟某事/制定计划
9. Clean-up Day 清洁日
10. write down sth 写下某事
11. put up = put sth on the wall 张贴
put up sth/advertisements 张贴广告
【即学即用】
Li Hong wrote the notice and I .
A. set it up B. put it up
12. call sb up 打电话给某人
【即学即用】
If you have any trouble, be sure to .
58 C. to D. away help (sb.) do / to do sth. 帮助（某人）做某事 D. say about C. set up it D. put up it
A. call up me B. call me up C. rang me up D. B and C
13. be home to 成为??家园，（某地）20. start a club 开办一个俱乐部
是（某人的）家 21. use up sth/run out of sth 用完某物
14. volunteer to do sth 志愿做某事
15. a major/great commitment 一个重大
的奉献
16. put sth to use 把??投入使用
17. plan to do sth 计划做某事
18. not only ?but also? 不仅??而
且??
19. coach a football team for sb 为某人训
练一支足球队
【即学即用】
On Sundays I always at the net bar with my classmate.
A. spend B. take C. hang out
29. make a pen pal website 建立一个笔友网站
30. be able/unable to do sth 能/不能做某事
31. help disabled people 帮助残疾人
32. face the challenge 面对挑战
33. use ?well 自如地使用??
34. normal things 平常事
35. a friend of mine(双重所有格)
=one of my friends 我的一个朋友
36. help sb. out 帮助某人解决困难
37. train to do sth 训练做某事
38. understand different instructions 明白不同的指示
39. at once 立刻，马上
40. a photo of sb 某人的一张照片
五. 重点、难点、考点及疑点注释
1. This volunteer work takes each of them several hours a week, so it is a major commitment.这份义工的工作每周花了他们每个人好几个小时的时间，所以这是一个重大的贡献。(Section A, 3a)
each of them是指“他们中的每一个”。如果作主语，则谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。 知识拓展：
each与every的用法
◎each指一个整体中的每一个，强调个体；every着重于全体的总和，强调整体。试比较： Each has a different book. （强调各有不同。）
Here every child at the age of six can go to school. （侧重整体，无一例外。）
◎each可作形容词及代词，而every只能作形容词，但可与-one，-body，-thing等构成复合代词。
59 22. take after/be similar to sb =look like sb 与??相像 23. fix up=repair sth 修理 24. give away sth to sb 赠送某人某物 25. be always doing 总是/一直做某事 26. be proud of 为??而感到自豪 27. work out fine 结局很好 28. hang out 消磨（时间） D. hand out
◎each用在代词或复数名词前要用介词of连接，如each of them, each of the boys; every不能直接跟of连接，如不可以说every of them，而要说every one of them或each of them。 ◎every还可以表示“每隔”，后接基数词加名词，如every four weeks, every three months等，此种结构中的every不能用each代替。
She had a rest every five minutes. 她每隔5分钟就休息一会儿。
魔力纠错：
街道两旁有许多商店。
误：There are many shops on every side of the street.
正：There are many shops on each side of the street.
魔力解析：
each可以用来指两个或两个以上的人或物，但是every却总是指三个或三个以上的人或物，不能指两者。
2. Not only do I feel good about helping other people, but I get to spend time doing what I love to do.我不仅对帮助别人感到很满足，而且我还渐渐地花时间做自己喜爱做的事情。(Section A, 3a)
(1)not only ... but also (also可省略) 意为“不但??而且??”，是一组并列连词，可以连接相同的句子成分或并列分句。如：
I know not only him but also his parents.
我不但认识他，而且还认识他的父母。（连接宾语）
Tom can not only sing but also dance.
汤姆不仅会唱歌，而且能跳舞。（连接谓语动词）
◎由于这个词组所强调的是后者，因此连接主语时，谓语的数随后一个主语变化。 Not only you but also he knows the answer. 不仅你知道答案，而且他也知道答案。
?当置于句首时，not only后面的主谓要倒装，但but （also）后面的主谓不用倒装。 Not only has he been to Canada, but (also) he knows some Canadians.
他不仅去过加拿大，而且还认识许多加拿大人。
Not only did he teach at school, but (also) he wrote novels.
他不仅在学校里教书，而且还写小说。
【即学即用】
?—Will the foreigners have any problems talking with Chinese in Qingdao in 2008?
—I don’t think so. Now the young the old are learning to speak English.
A. only; except B. either; or
C. neither; nor D. not only; but also
?Not only polluted but crowded.
A. was the city; were the streets B. the city was; were the streets
C. was the city; the streets were D. the city was; the streets were
3. “Don’t put it off,” says Huiping. “Become a volunteer today!”“别犹豫”，慧萍说，“今天就来当一名志愿者吧！”(Section A, 3a)
?put off 意思是“推迟，拖延”。
Never put off till tomorrow what may be done today. 今日事今日毕。
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They put off the soccer game because of the rain. 因为下雨，他们把球赛推迟了。 You should not put off going to see the doctor. 你不应该拖延，去看医生吧。
?become是系动词，表示“变成，成为”，后面接名词、形容词、过去分词等。 She became famous in her city. 她成为她所在城市的名人了。
特别提示
系动词get, turn , grow和become都可表示“变得，感到”，其区别是：
◎get用于日常用语，后面常跟比较级。
The weather gets colder, and the days get shorter. 天气变冷了，白天变短了。
◎turn指在颜色和性质等方面变得与原来不同。
His face turned red. 他的脸变红了。
◎grow着重变化过程。
It’s growing dark. 天渐渐地变黑了。
◎become是指身份、职位的变化，作瞬间动词时，指状态的变化。
He became an artist. 他成为了一名艺术家。
4. Jimmy has run out of money.吉米把钱花光了。(Section B, 2b)
run out of意为“用完”，其主语通常是人，表示主动含义，后面跟宾语。
He has run out of ink.他用完了墨水。
I’m afraid we’re run out of petrol.我们的汽油怕是已用完了。
特别提示
run out也是“用完”的意思，其主语通常是被使用的事物，如时间、金钱、食物等，但不用于被动语态，同时其后也不能跟宾语。
His money soon ran out. 他的钱很快就花完了。
Have you nearly finished? Time is running out. 你快做完了吗？时间快到了。
5. I fix up bikes and give them away.我修理好自行车，然后捐赠出去。(Section B, 2c)
(1)fix up相当于 repair，表示“修理，修补，整理”,其后跟物件名词作宾语。 My watch sometimes gains and sometimes loses. Can you fix it up for me?
我的表有时快，有时慢，你能帮我修修吗？
My mother is too old to live on her own, so we’re fixing up the spare room for her. 我母亲年龄太大了，不能自己生活，所以我们正收拾这个多出的房间让她住。
(2)give sth away 意思是“捐赠，赠送”。
The rich man gave away most of his money to charity.
那个富人把他的大部分钱都捐给了慈善事业。
知识拓展
◎give away还可以表示“分发或赠与某物，由于大意而未利用或抓住（时机，机会等）”。 The headmaster gave away the prizes at the school sports day.
校长在学校运动会上颁发了奖品。
◎give away还可以表示“有意或无意地泄露某事情或出卖某人”。
The woman gave away state secrets to the enemy.
那个妇女把国家机密泄露给了敌人。
6. The strategies that he came up with worked out fine.他想到的那些办法获得了成功。
61
(Section B, 3a)
(1)这是一个由that引导的定语从句，先行词是前面的strategies。动词短语worked out在这里作主语the strategies的谓语，意为“产生结果，发展为，结果是??”，后面不可接宾语，主语也不用“人”来充当。
I wonder how their ideas worked out in practice.
我很想知道他们的想法在实践中取得了什么结果。
We didn’t plan it like that but it worked out very well.
我们原不是那样计划的，但结果却很好。
短语链接
◎work on意为“从事”。
Professor Green is working on a new book. 格林教授正在写一本新书。
He is working on a maths problem. 他正在算一道数学难题。
◎work on后面无宾语时，表示继续工作。
It’s very late, but they were still working on.
时间很晚了，但他们仍然在继续工作。
(2)fine在这里是副词，可与well替换，意思是“好，顺利”。
The machine works fine. 这台机器运行得很好。
Sam is doing fine in his new business.
萨姆在他的新业务中一切进展顺利。
7. ...Who has filled my life with pleasure.??使我生活充满快乐的人。(Reading)
(1)本句中的fill...with...表示一个动作，意为“用??装满??”，其主语通常是人。 He filled the bag with books. 他在书包里装满了书。
Please fill the bottle with milk. 请将瓶子装满牛奶。
知识拓展
be filled with表示一个状态，意为“装满了??”，相当于be full of，其主语通常是人或物。 The room was filled with smoke. 房间里浓烟弥漫。
Her eyes were filled with tears. 她眼睛里充满了泪水。
(2)pleasure意为“高兴，快乐”，是不可数名词；表示“乐趣，高兴的事”时是可数名词。 Reading gives me great pleasure. 读书给了我很多快乐。
It is one of my greatest pleasures. 它是我最大的乐趣之一。
◎在口语中It’s a pleasure. 是回答感谢的客套语。
—Thank you for your help. 感谢你的帮助。
—It’s a pleasure. 不用谢。
特别提示
◎pleased是形容词，意为“自己感到高兴的，欣喜的，满意的”，指以任何方式表现出来或未表现出来的满足与快乐，在句中常用作表语，其主语为人。
The two friends were very pleased to see each other again.
这两个朋友非常高兴再次见面。
I was pleased that the manager had decided not to be angry with me.
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使我高兴的是经理已经不再生我的气了。
◎pleasant也是形容词，表示“使人感到愉快／满意”，一般用作定语，如主语是物，也可以用作表语。
It’s pleasant weather today. 今天的天气令人愉快。
It’s very pleasant to sit down after standing for hours.
站了几小时后坐下来很舒服。
◎please是动词，表示“（使）高兴，满意，愉快”。
Does the cloth please you? 这布料合你的意吗？
8. Because I can’t use my arms or legs well, normal things like answering the telephone, opening and shutting doors, or carrying things have always been difficult for me. 因为我不能灵活地使用我的手和脚，像接电话、开关门、拿东西这样的事情对于我来说都很难。(Reading)
(1)本句中的shut意为“关”，在许多情况下可以与close互换，只是后者语气较弱，如close the door关门（也可能指半开半闭），shut the door关门（指把门关紧）。
That shop shuts at eight pm. 那家商店八点钟关门。
He closed his speech with a funny joke. 他用一个有趣的笑话结束了演说。
◎当表示“关闭公路，铁路或交通工具”或作“结束”讲时，只用close。
They have closed the road for thick fog. 由于大雾，那条公路被关闭。
特别提示
turn off用来表示“关闭”有开关的东西，如收音机、电视机、煤气、水龙头等。 Please turn off the light when you leave the lab.
在你离开实验室前关掉灯。
Make sure the gas is turned off before you go to bed.
确保上床前把煤气关掉。
(2)本句中的carry意为“搬运，携带”，不表示带到什么地方，而携带的方式可以是提、扛、背、抱、抬等。
She carried a baby in her arms. 她怀里抱了一个孩子。
He was carrying a wooden box on his shoulder.他扛着一个木箱。
特别提示
在后面 “Lucky! Fetch my book.”一句中出现的fetch相当于go and bring back，意为“取来，接来”，表示一往一返。
Let’s fetch some water. 咱们去打点水来。
People had to walk many kilometers in order to fetch wood.
为了取木料，人们不得不走许多公里路。
【即学即用】
选用bring, take, fetch, carry 填空。
?Can I the bag for you?
? me the book tomorrow, please.
?Please it away.
?Quick! Go and a doctor.
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六. 语法：短语动词
一些动词与介词或副词等连用在一起可构成固定短语，其作用相当于一个实义动词，这就是短语动词。
短语动词的特点是动词与副词或介词已成为一体，而且另有一个或多个意义。如：send for=ask sb. to come（去叫某人来），call on= visit（拜访）/ask sb. to do sth.（号召）等。 一般情况下，短语动词在结构上主要有四种：动词+介词；动词+副词；动词+名词+介词；动词+副词+介词。
（一）动词+介词
此类结构相当于一个及物动词，其后面要接宾语，宾语必须放在介词的后面。如： I called on my uncle yesterday.昨天我去拜访我的叔叔了。
Tom is looking for his dog. 汤姆正在寻找他的狗。
（二）动词+副词
在此类短语动词中，有的短语动词作不及物动词，有的作及物动词，如果作及物动词，副词可以和后面的宾语进行位置上的互换，但如果宾语是代词时，则只能用在动词和副词之间。如：
Look out! Mind your head. 小心！当心你的头。
He puts on his coat. = He puts his coat on .他穿上他的外套。
These words are very important. Please write them down.这些话很重要，请把它们记下来。
（三）动词+名词+介词
此类短语动词用作及物动词，短语动词中的名词前可以有形容词修饰。如：
She takes pride in her work.她为自己的工作感到骄傲。
The nurse takes good care of these babies.护士细心地照料这些婴儿。
四）动词+副词+介词
此类短语动词也用作及物动词，此类结构要求宾语放在介词的后面。如:
He is trying to catch up with us .他极力想赶上我们。
I have run out of my money. Could I borrow some from you? 我的钱花光了，我可以向你借一些吗？
【学会应用】
1. Could you please tell me something more about Paris? I’m _______going there for a holiday soon.
A. looking up B. thinking about C. trying out D. finding out
2. Her little sister’s kite is broken. Let’s _____ and cheer ______.
A. mend up it; her up B. fix up it; up her
C. fix it up; up her D. fix it up; her up
3. He couldn’t _____ an answer when I asked him why he was late.
A. come up with B. come with up
C. come out of D. come up about
4. Be quiet, and _____ my words.
A. take attention to
C. take part in
64 B. pay attention to D. draw attention from
5. “_______! ” called Mr Black when he heard the knock at the door.
A. Come on B. Come back C. Come in D. Come out
答案：1-5 BDABC
［中考聚焦］
短语动词牵手中考真题
1. We have to our sports meeting till next week because of the heavy rain.
A. put off B. put on
（2006辽宁锦州） C. put up D. put down
2. It’s cold outside. You’d better your warm clothes, Lucy.
A. put on B. put away C. put up
（2006山东济南课改区） D. put off
3. —Great changes have taken place in this city.
—Right. Many modern tall buildings have been these days.
A. turned up B. put up
（2007湖北武汉）
4. —What are you doing, Cathy?
—I’m my cat. I can’t find it.
A. looking for B. looking at C. looking up
（2007北京）
5. The music is too loud. Would you mind .
A. turn it down B. turning it down C. turning down it
（2007四川内江）
6. Don’t worry! I’m sure you’ll your classmates if you are kind and friendly to them.
A. catch up with
C. get on well with
（2007山东济南）
7. Though their parents work in faraway cities to make money, those “stay-home children” can themselves.
A. look out of B. come up with C. take care of D. catch up with
（2007浙江台州）
8. 根据中文提示，用词组的适当形式填空。每空一词。（2007福建福州）
①The physics problem is so difficult that I can’t it （算出）.
②One of my classmates is going to be a policeman when he （长大）.
答案：1~5 AABAB 6~7 CC 8. ①work; out ②grows up B. agree with D. make friends with D. looking after C. shown up D. fixed up
Unit 9 When was it invented?
学习目标：
1. 动脑筋，找规律，弄清主动语态与被动语态之间的差异，通过练习和运用加以巩固。
2. 学会使用含有被动语态的不同句型结构来谈论各种发明物的历史。
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3. 通过熟悉我们周围经常使用的发明物的历史来开阔眼界，丰富自己的阅历，使自己养成勤于思考善于总结的好习惯。
教学重点难点：
一般过去时的被动语态及本模块中的一些重点短语
四. 重点词和短语
1. be used for doing＝be used to do sth. 用来做某事
2. hand-held calculators 手提计算器
3. battery-operated slippers 用电池操作的拖鞋
4. in the dark 在黑暗中
5. shoes with adjustable heels 可调整后跟的鞋
shoes with high heels 高跟鞋
6. change the style of shoes 改变鞋子的式样
7. from casual to dressy 从休闲到正式
8. do sth. by mistake 错误的/巧合的做某事
9. in a bad mood 心情糟糕
10. in the end 最后，终于
at the end 在??的结尾，在??尽头
by the end 在??结束时，到??末为止
【即学即用】
At first he was strongly against our plan, but the end he gave in.
A. at B. in C. by D. to
11. by accident 偶然，意外
12. not? until 直到??才
13. according to
【即学即用】
the following pictures, please write a composition.
A. Thanks to B. Because of C. According to D. Instead of
14. an ancient Chinese legend 一个古老的中国传说
ancient culture 古文化
15. fall into 落入
16. some time 一段时间
sometime 某时
sometimes 有时
some times 几次
【即学即用】
My uncle will come next month and he will stay here for
A. sometime; some time B. some time; sometime
C. sometimes; some time D. some time; some times
17. in this way 这样
18. travel around China 游览中国
66 .
19. much-loved and active sport 深受人们喜爱而且很活跃的运动
20. a doctor called/named? 一个叫??的医生
21. knock into sb 撞上某人
knock at the door 敲门
22. fall down 跌倒
23. divide sth into 把??分成
24. the aim of sth ??的目标
25. move/run towards 朝??方向移动/跑
26. It’s believed that 人们相信
It’s heard that 人们听说
It’s said that 据说
It’s thought that 人们认为
27. the first basketball game in history历史上第一场篮球赛
28. since then 从那以后
29. the popularity of ??的流行
30. rise worldwide 引起全世界广泛传播
31. the number of ??的数量
a number of 许多
【即学即用】
? the students in their school over two thousand.
A. The number of; is B. The number of; are
C. A number of; is D. A number of; are
?Every year, water sports attract large numbers of tourists to Haikou.（词语替换）
A. a lot B. much C. many D. more
32. dream about /of doing sth 梦想做某事
五. 重点、难点、考点及疑点注释
1. They’re used for seeing in the dark. 它们被用于在黑夜里观看。（Section A, 2b）
be used for表示“被用来做??”，介词for表示目的和用途，后面接名词或动词-ing形式。相当于be used to do sth.。如：
Wood can be used for making paper.木材可以被用来造纸。
知识拓展
含有be used的常用短语：
◎be used as表示“被用作??”，介词as意思是“作为”的意思，其后一般接名词，强调使用的工具及手段。
This book can be used as a textbook.这本书可以当作教科书来用。
This piece of wood is used as a bench.把这块木头用作凳子。
◎be used by表示“被??使用”，by后接动作的执行者。
This kind of machine is used by farmers for getting in crops.
农民们用这种机器来收割庄稼。
【即学即用】
67
?The stones they carried were used houses and bridges.
A. to build B. for building C. to be built D. A and B
?The room as a meeting room.
A. used to being used B. was used to be used
C. was used to being used D. used to be used
2. I think the most helpful invention is the light bulb. 我认为最有用的发明是灯泡。（Section A, 3b）
helpful是由名词help加上-ful后缀构成的形容词，意为“有帮助的”，类似的形容词还有： thank—thankful（感谢的，感激的） grate—grateful（感谢的，感激的）
use—useful（有用的） wonder—wonderful（令人惊奇的）
forget—forgetful（健忘的） success—successful（成功的）
beauty—beautiful（美丽的） pain—painful（疼痛的）
3. Potato chips were invented by mistake. 薯条的发明纯属歪打正着。（Section B, 2a）
? potato chips是一个复合名词，其中第一个名词用作定语修饰后一个名词，这样的例子有很多，又如: alarm clock, telephone number等。
知识拓展
复合名词变复数的规则：
◎通常只把主体名词变为复数
school boy—school boys（男生） apple tree—apple trees（苹果树）
vegetable sandwich—vegetable sandwiches（蔬菜三明治）
girl friend—girl friends（女朋友）
◎由man, woman和另外一个名词构成的复合名词，两个部分都要用复数。
man teacher—men teachers（男教师）
woman doctor—women doctors（女医生）
?by mistake 表示“错误地（因粗心、遗忘等所致）”。
Sorry, I took your bag by mistake. 对不起，我错拿了你的手提包。
【注意】by 和mistake中间可以加相应的形容词性物主代词。
I took your pen by（my）mistake. 我错拿了你的钢笔。
4. George Crum cooked them for a long time until they were crispy. George Crum将它们煮了很长时间，直到它们变脆了。（Section B, 2b）
Although tea wasn’t brought to the Western world until 1610, this beverage was discovered over three thousand years before that. 尽管茶直到1610年才被带到西方国家，但这种饮料早在传入西方之前的三千年就被发现了。（Section B, 3a）
until意为“直到??”，引导一个时间状语。作介词时，引导一个短语；作连词时，引导一个时间状语从句。
◎until用于肯定句中，主句中的谓语动词必须是延续性、持续性动词，表示“直到??为止”。如：
I worked until late in the afternoon. 我一直干到下午很晚的时候。
I’ll wait for you until you come. 我要等到你来为止。
◎until用于否定句中，表示“直到??才??”，常与瞬间动词、短暂性动词连用，强调68
主句所表示的动作从until所表示的时间发生，主句必须是否定句。表示瞬间的动词有come, go, leave, meet, reach, get, arrive, realize, stop等。如：
He didn’t go home until ten o’clock. 他直到10点钟才回家。
（go home的动作是在10点钟才发生的。）
The rain didn’t stop until midnight. 雨直到半夜才停。
I won’t leave until you promise to help me. 你不答应帮助我，我不会离开。
【即学即用】
I won’t believe that little Bob can run 100 metres in 15 seconds I see it with my own eyes.
A. until B. after C. when D. if
◎discover 作动词，意为“发现”，即发现的对象是本来存在的，只是以前不知道而已，也可指发现新奇或意外之物或发现某种情况。“发现者”为discoverer。
相关链接
invent作动词，意为“发明”，发明的对象是以前没有的新东西，如工具、手段或方法。“发明”作名词用invention，“发明者”为inventor。
【即学即用】
用discover和invent填空
?Paper was in China.
?Columbus America in 1492.
?I that she was a good cook.
5. And in this way, one of the world’s favorite drinks was invented. 就这样，世界上最受欢迎的一种饮料产生了。（Section B, 3a）
本句中的in this way意为“就这样”，“以这种方式”。
The song was composed in this way. 这首歌就这样被创作出来了。
In this way, you will find the answer to this question.
用这种方法，你可以找到这个问题的答案。
知识拓展
way主要有以下几种用法：
◎表示“方法”，接不定式，...way to do sth这一结构等于...way of doing sth。
Scientists are trying to find ways to prevent（of preventing）disease.
科学家们正在寻找预防疾病的方法。
There are many ways of traveling（to travel）, for example, by air.
旅行有许多方式，例如乘飞机。
◎表示“路途”，“路线”，常构成on one’s/the way to...“在??的途中”。在这一结构中，介词to表示方向，后接名词。如果后面接地点副词如here, there, home时则不用to。 I’m on my way home.我正在回家的路上。
She’s on her way to see the film.她正在去看电影的路上。
◎表示“方向”。
Look this way.看这边。
Go that way.往那边走。
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◎表示“距离”，“路程”。
Beijing is a long way from here.北京离这里很远。
6. It is believed that on December 21st, 1891, the first basketball game in history was played.人们认为历史上的第一次篮球比赛是在1891年12月21日。（Reading）
本句中的It is believed that... 为常见句型，相当于people believe that...是“人们相信/认为”的意思，其中it为形式主语，that引导的从句是真正的主语。类似的句型还有It is said that?, It is supposed that?等。如：
It is believed that by the year 2010, the population of the world will be seven billion.
＝People believe that by the year 2010, the population of the world will be seven billion.人们都认为到20xx年，世界人口将达到七十亿。
It is said that they have won the game. 据说他们赢得了那场比赛。
【即学即用】
It’s that he’ll come here.
A. say B. supposed C. believe D. expect
7. ?although they didn’t win they used the experience to help develop the game at home.尽管他们没有赢得比赛，他们却用自己获得的经验来帮助发展了国内的运动。（Reading） ?although引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管，虽然”。but也有“尽管，但是”的意思，但不可与although同时出现在同一句话中，且but用作并列连词。试比较：
Although it rained, the boys still played outside.
＝It rained, but the boys still played outside. 尽管天下雨了，但是那些男孩子们仍在外面玩耍。
?at home 在此意为“在本国，在国内”，多用于报刊新闻中。如：
The company is not as popular at home as it is abroad. 那家公司在国内不如在国外受欢迎。
【即学即用】
He sticks to his dream of becoming a famous football player, he can’t get support from his parents.
A. but B. although C. and D. so
六. 语法：
被动语态“模仿秀”
【1号】Thomas Edison invented the light bulb.
→The light bulb was invented by Thomas Edison.
【模仿秀】We will finish the task tomorrow.
→ .
【评委点评】
主动语态变被动语态：将主动语态变为被动语态时，谓语结构为：be + 过去分词，其中be的时态和主动语态的时态一致。
【2号】My father gave me a football on my 13th birthday.
→I was given a football（by my father）on my 13th birthday.
→A football was given to me（by my father）on my 13th birthday.
【模仿秀】Lucy shows us some photos of her family.
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→ .
→ .
【评委点评】
含有双宾语的动词的被动语态：一般把代表人的宾语（间接宾语）变为被动句的主语，而把直接宾语留作被动句的宾语。如果把主动句的直接宾语变为被动句的主语，则间接宾语前需有介词（一般是to或for）。常接to的动词有：give, lend, show, pass等；常接for的动词有：borrow, make, buy等。
【3号】We find physics very hard.
→Physics is found very hard.
【模仿秀】I saw Mr Wang walk into the bank just now.
→ .
【评委点评】
带有复合宾语的动词的被动语态：主动句中如果有复合宾语（即宾语和宾语补足语），变为被动语态时，将句子的宾语（即复合宾语中的逻辑主语）变为被动句的主语（宾语补足语也转化成了主语补足语）。在主动语态中，make, let, have, see, watch, hear, feel, notice等使役动词或感官动词后常接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，但在被动语态中需加上to。
【4号】The nurse takes good care of my daughter in the hospital.
→My daughter is taken good take of in the hospital（by the nurse）.
【模仿秀】You should pay more attention to your spelling.
→ .
【评委点评】
短语动词的被动语态：在变为被动语态时，不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词，也不能将其拆开。
【5号】这种茶叶闻起来很清香。
→This kind of tea smells very nice.
【模仿秀】这款裙子很好卖。
→ .
【评委点评】
主动形式表示被动含义：有些动词的主动形式表示被动意义。这类动词有：wash, sell, smell, taste, sound, feel等。
被动语态中考真题大练兵
1. —Would you please tell Miss Li that she as a volunteer for the 2008 Olympic Games?
—Of course. I will tell her tomorrow. （2007山东淄博）
A. choose B. chose C. has chosen D. is chosen
2. We not to play computer games. （2007内蒙古乌兰察布）
A. are told B. have told C. told D. tell
3. —Could you tell me whom the radio by?
—Sorry. I have no idea. （2007福建福州）
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A. invents B. invented C. is invented D. was invented
4. —Your hometown has changed a lot.
—Yes. Take a look at these tall buildings. They last year. （2007重庆课改区）
A. build B. built C. was built D. were built
5. —Did you go to Kang Kang’s birthday?
—No, I . （2007福建宁德）
A. wasn’t invited B. didn’t invite C. am not invited
6. An English speech to the children tomorrow. （2007广东茂名）
A. is given B. has been given C. will be given
7. 根据汉语意思完成英语句子：
丢失的部件在船拖出水后被找到了。 （2007山东济南）
The lost parts after the ship was of the water.
8. She used the knife to cut the fruit a moment ago.（改为被动语态）（2007重庆非课改区） The knife to cut the fruit by her a moment ago.
9. I sent a letter to you last month.（改为被动语态）（2007甘肃兰州）
A letter to you last month.
10. 用括号内动词的适当形式填空：
The dog （train）to understand different instructions for two years.（2007山东烟台） 答案：1~6 DADDAC
7. were found; pulled out 8. was used 9. was sent 10. has been trained
中考聚焦
考点1. by mistake
—Sorry, Jane. I took your schoolbag by .
—It doesn’t matter. （2006江苏盐城）
A. hand B. mistake C. bike D. heart
【要点简析】by mistake 意为“错误地”，在句中作状语。选B。
考点2. in the end
（词语替换）In the end, he decided to send the sick child to hospital. （2007四川成都）
A. At once B. At last C. At first
【要点简析】in the end 意为“最后，终于”，相当于at last / finally。选B。
考点3. pleasant
根据句意，用所给词的适当形式填空：
①It is rainy today, but tomorrow we’ll have （please）weather.（2007山东烟台） ②Most people like easy jobs and don’t like to do the （pleasant）work.（2007湖北随州）
【要点简析】pleasant形容词，意为“舒适的；令人愉快的”，一般指天气、时间、旅行等令人感到高兴、愉快和舒服。其反义词是 unpleasant。分别填写：①pleasant；②unpleasant。 考点4. It is said that?
— that China has the largest number of mobile phone users.
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—I believe so. It seems everyone has one. （2007湖北宜昌）
A. Someone said B. They told me C. It is said D. I was told
【要点简析】所缺主句的时态要用一般现在时，和that从句的时态保持一致。句型It is said?意为“据说??”，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语是that从句。选C。 Unit 10 By the time I got outside, the bus had already left.
【学习目标】
1. 通过本单元的学习，掌握过去完成时态的用法，特别是与一般过去时态和现在完成时态的区别。
2. 合理安排自己的学习和生活，守时守信。
教学重点难点：
过去完成时态的用法及本模块中的一些重点短语
重点词和短语
1. by the time 到??时候
2. get dressed 穿衣服
3. run all the way to school 一路跑向学校
4. leave +物+地点 把某物落在某地
【即学即用】
He his umbrella in the train.
A. leave B. left C. forgot D. forget
5. no wonder 难怪
6. run back to school 跑回学校
7. start doing / to do 开始做某事
8. go off 发出响声
【即学即用】
In the morning, I didn’t hear my alarm clock .
A. going off B. went off C. go off D. to go off
9. wait for sb. to do sth. 等待某人做某事
10. run off / away 跑掉 离开
11. unfortunately 不幸地
luckily 幸运地
【即学即用】
, he didn’t pass the English exam again.
A. Luckily B. Fortunately C. Unfortunately D. Unfortunate
12. on time 准时
in time 及时
【即学即用】
People to the meeting all arrived here .
A. in time B. on time C. after time D. for time
13. give sb a ride 让某人搭便车
【即学即用】
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He walked me and asked where I was going and told me that they offered to .
A. by; give me a ride B. off; give me rides
C. by; give me some feet D. through; give me a walking make it
14. break down 出故障
【即学即用】
My bike on my way to school, so I had to walk there.
A. broke out B. broke in C. broke down D. broke away
15. show up 出席；露面
【即学即用】
He didn’t until supper was nearly over.
A. show off B. show up C. show round D. show in
16. stay up late 熬夜到很晚
stay up all night studying 熬夜学习
17. costume party 化妆舞会
18. happen to sb 某人发生了什么事
happen to do 碰巧做某事
19. set off 激起
set off=set out 出发/起程
【即学即用】
His action a heated argument.
A. set out B. set up C. set off D. set free
20. across the whole country 遍及整个城市
21. thousands of 成千上万
22. flee-fled-fled 逃离
flee from + 地点 从某地逃离
flee away 逃离/逃跑
23. sell out 卖光
24. marry sb=get/be married to sb 和某人结婚
四、重点、难点、考点及疑点注释
1. I started walking, but I knew I couldn’t get to school on time. 我开始步行，但我知道我已经不能按时到达学校了。（Section A, 3a）
(1)start to do sth.和start doing sth都表示“开始做某事”，常可相互替换。
At the age of 12, he started writing his own newspaper.
= At the age of 12, he started to write his own newspaper.
他十二岁时，开始编写自己的报纸。
(2)on time在本句中意为“准时，按规定的时间不早也不迟”。
Li Ming’s father seldom goes work on time. 李明的父亲很少准时上班。
The party began on time that evening. 晚会在那天晚上准时举行。
知识拓展：
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time表示“??次/倍”时，是可数名词，其复数形式为times。
How many times did you see the movie? 那部电影你看了几遍？
I have four times as many books as you.我的书是你的4倍。
特别提示：
in time意为“及时”。
I will try my best to finish it in time. 我会尽力及时完成。
Will you be home in time to see the children before they go to bed?
你来得及在孩子们上床睡觉之前赶回家看看他们吗？
短语链接：
all the time始终、总是, at any time在任何时候, at the same time同时, from time to time偶尔, have a good/bad time过得快乐/不快乐, in no time立刻, many a time屡次, at times有时, take one’s time慢慢来/别着急, The Times《泰晤士报》（英国一大报）, two times three 2乘以3
2. When I got to school, the final bell was ringing. I only just made it to my class. 我到学校的时候，上课铃正在响。我刚好正点赶到教室上课。（Section A, 3a）
(1) final bell在此处作“上课铃”解，有时也写为second bell，而“预备铃”则表示为first bell。
(2) made it在这里表示“到达、赶上”的意思。
You can make it if you hurry. 如果你快一点的话，就会按时赶到的。
3. Welles was so convincing that hundreds of people believed the story, and panic set off across the whole country. Welles的话是如此具有说服力，以至于成百上千人相信了他的话，全国处于一片恐慌之中。（Section B, 3a）
(1)so...that在这里引导结果状语从句，表示“如此??以至于??”，so强调形容词或副词，that后面接从句，常用于下面的结构中：
例如：
The computer is so useful that each of us wants to buy one.
计算机太有用了，我们每个人都想买一台。
He ran so fast that we couldn’t catch up with him. 他跑得太快，我们追不上他。 He had so many falls that he could ride a bike at last.
他摔了很多跤，终于学会了骑车。
There’s so much noise in the meeting room that I can’t hear the speaker clearly.
会议室里的噪音太大，我听不清演讲者的发言。
知识拓展：
so...that句型转换的四种方法：
◎当从句的主语与主句中的主语一致，且that从句是否定式时，常用too...to...转换。 The little girl was so tired that she couldn’t walk farther.
=The little girl was too tired to walk farther.
这个小女孩太累了，她不能再走更远的路了。
◎当从句的主语与主句中的主语不一致，且that从句是否定式时，常用too...for sb to do sth转换。
The work is so difficult that we can’t finish it in time.
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=The work is too difficult for us to finish it in time.
这份工作太难了，我们不能按时完成。
◎当从句的主语与主句中的主语一致，且that从句是肯定式时，常用...enough to do sth转换。
He is so strong that he can lift the heavy box.
=He is strong enough to lift the heavy box.他强壮得足以举起那个重箱子。
◎当从句的主语与主句中的主语不一致，且that从句是肯定式时，常用...enough for sb to do sth转换。
He spoke so clearly that I could hear him.
=He spoke clearly enough for me to hear him.他说得很清楚，我能听明白。
特别提示：
so that连在一起使用，意为“为了，以便”，表示目的，此时主句和从句的主语不一定一致；另外，还可以引导结果状语从句，前面一般用逗号。
Speak louder so that we can hear you. 你说大声点儿，以便我们能听得见。
She was ill, so that she was unable to go with you. 她病了，不能和你一起去了。 相关链接：
such也表示“如此??以至于??”，但such强调名词，常用于下面的结构中： 例如：
He is such a little boy that I can’t believe him.
= He is so little a boy that I can’t believe him.
他是如此小的一个孩子，以至于我不能相信他说的话。
It was such bad weather that we had to stay at home. 天气如此恶劣我们只好呆在家里。
【即学即用】
?—Jack, you look tired today. What’s wrong?
—I was busy I didn’t go to bed until midnight yesterday.
A. too; to B. enough; to C. so; that D. such; that
?It’s that we had to stay at home all day.
A. such hot weather B. so hot weather C. such a hot weather D. so hot a weather
（2）动词短语set off在本句中是“引起、激起”的意思。
A letter from home set off an attack of homesickness.
一封家书激起了一片思乡之情。
特别提示：
set off在作“出发、动身”解时,与set out意思相同。
It was raining when we set off/out. 我们出发时,天还下着雨。
4. One April Fool’s day, a reporter in England announced that there would be no more spaghetti because the spaghetti farmers in Italy had stopped growing spaghetti. 一个愚人节，有位英国记者宣称以后不会再有意大利式细面条可以吃了，因为意大利的农民已经停止生产这种细面条了。（Section B, 3a）
there would be是there be的过去将来时，意为“过去将有”。
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知识拓展：
过去将来时由“would+动词原形”构成，表示从过去某个时间看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用于宾语从句中。
The students didn’t know where they would go tomorrow.
同学们不知道明天要去哪儿。
Nobody knew where he would go. 没人知道他要去哪里。
◎过去将来时也常可用“was/were+going to+动词原形”表示。
She said that she was going to speak at the meeting.她说她要在大会上发言。
Li Ping said that she was going to visit her aunt in the town the next Sunday.
李萍说她下个星期日要去拜访住在城里的姑姑。
5. She was thrilled, because she really wanted to get married. 她很激动，因为她真的想结婚。（Section B, 3a）
(1)thrilled是形容词，意为“非常激动的、非常兴奋的”，常用来说明一个人的心情。 He was thrilled when he heard the news. 他听到这个消息时很激动。
She was thrilled and shy when she heard “I love you” from her boy friend.
当她听到她男朋友说“我爱你”的时候，她很激动也很害羞。
(2)get married是固定短语，意为“结婚”，表示动作；而be married表示状态，意为“结婚了”，这两个短语都可以和介词to连用。
She’s married to my brother. 她嫁给了我哥哥。
They’re saving up to get married. 他们储钱准备结婚。
魔力纠错：
他和我的一个朋友结了婚。
误：He was married with a friend of mine.
正：He was married to a friend of mine.
魔力解析：
当表示“与??结婚”时，marry用作及物动词，其后接介词to，而不能用with。 特别提示
marry是短暂性动词，当表示“结婚多长时间”时，要用be married。
Lucy married Robert two years ago.
= Lucy has been married to Robert for two years. 露茜和罗伯特结婚两年了。
知识拓展：
◎问某人“婚否”时应说Are you married?或Is he married？等；如果“未婚”，可以说I’m single.。
◎问某人“何时结的婚”应说When were you married?或When did you get married?。
【即学即用】
?—When did you ?
—I’ve for two months.
A. get married; been married B. be married; been married
C. get married; got married D. get married; married
?His daughter is going to be married an engineer.
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A. with B. for C. to D. /
五、语法：
“过去完成时”闯关
★过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作，它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”，它是一种相对的时态，即其相对于一般过去时，没有一般过去时就没有过去完成时，如图解：
★过去完成时由“助动词had（had用于各种人称）+ 动词的过去分词”构成
【第1关】用动词的正确时态填空：
By the time he was ten, he (set) up a lab of his own.
【融会贯通】表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成的动作，可以用by, before, by the end of等介词短语或by the time引导一个时间状语从句来表示。应填写：had set。 又如：I had seen you before you saw me. 在你看到我之前，我早已看到你了。
【第2关】用动词的正确时态填空：
He said she (work) in a foreign company for five years before she (become) an English teacher.
【融会贯通】在宾语从句中，主句谓语动词为一般过去时（said, asked, told），从句用过去完成时，此时从句中的动作发生在主句的动作之前。应填写：had worked; became。 又如：The teacher asked me what had happened to me.老师问我发生了什么事。
【第3关】改错：
When we got there, the movie had begun for almost twenty minutes.
【融会贯通】表示从过去某一时间开始，持续到过去某一时间的动作或状态。常与for引导的一段时间连用。
注意：此时谓语动词只能用延续性动词。所以句中had begun应改为had been on。
又如：I had worked for three hours when he called. 当他打电话时，我已经工作了三个小时了。
【第4关】用动词的正确时态填空：
Paul helped me repair the bike that I (ride) for two years.
【融会贯通】在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。应填写：had ridden。
又如：I returned the books that I had borrowed last week. 我已经还了上周借的书。
【第5关】用动词的正确时态填空：
I didn’t get to the airport until the plane (take) off.
【融会贯通】由连词after, until引导的复合句中，如果主句谓语动词和从句谓语动词所表示的过去动作不是同时发生的，那么先发生的动作通常用过去完成时表示。应填写：had taken。
【第6关】翻译填空：
我很快冲了个澡，吃了点早饭，然后迅速向车站跑去。
I a quick shower, some breakfast, and then off to the bus stop.(见Section A, 3a)
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【融会贯通】区别过去完成时与一般过去时
两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但使用时应注意以下几点：
1. 过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间，试比较：
By yesterday morning, I had called you ten times. 到昨天上午，我已经给你打了十个电话了。 I called you yesterday morning. 昨天上午我给你打的电话。
2. 当两个或两个以上的动作接连发生时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时。应填写：took, had, ran。
又如：She took up her schoolbag, locked the door and went to school by bike. 她拿起书包，锁上门，然后骑着自行车去上学了。
【闯关练习】
I. 下列各句中均有一处错误，找出并改正。
1. When we got there, the movie had begun for almost ten minutes.
2. He said he has finished his homework already.
3. How long was your father worked in that firm before he came here?
4. By the time you rang me, all my homework had done.
5. I met Han Mei yesterday. I have never met her since we left school
II. 用所给动词的正确形式填空。
1. I thought we (meet) each other before.
2. We (learn) 3,000 words by the end of last year.
3. He told me that he (have) a cold for three days.
4. Mr Smith (finish) his work, so he left for home.
5. I (receive) a letter from my friend yesterday. We (not hear) from each other since 2005.
参考答案：
I 1.begun →been on 2. has →had 3. was→ had 4. had done→ had been done 5. have →had II. 1. had met 2. had learned / learnt 3. had had 4. had finished 5. received; hadn’t heard 中考聚焦：
考点1. make it
—Math is difficult for me. How I wish to improve it!
—Don’t lose your confidence. I believe you will it if you keep trying.（2007湖北宜昌）
A. take B. work C. pick D. make
【要点简析】make it意为“做好；做到；做成功”或“及时到达”。选 D。
考点2. leave sth. + 地点
This morning I went to work in such a hurry that I the key in my office at home. （2007山东青岛）
A. forgot B. left C. missed D. lost
【要点简析】“leave sth. + 地点”表示“把某物忘在某处”。选B。
考点3. stay up
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—Don’t too late, or you will feel tired in class.
—I won’t, Mum. （2007四川内江）
A. stand up B. stay up C. wake up D. get up
【要点简析】stay up 意为“熬夜；不睡觉”。 stand up意为“起立”； wake up意为“唤醒”；get up意为“起床”；选B。
考点4. 过去完成时
By the end of last year, we the work. （2007内蒙古乌兰察布）
A. has finished B. had finished C. have finished D. finish
【要点简析】由介词短语by the end of last year 可知，该句应用过去完成时。选B。 考点5. announce
根据汉语提示写单词：The vote was completed. The teacher （宣布）the result.（2007江苏苏州）
【要点简析】announce是及物动词，意为“宣布；公布；发布；通告”，其名词形式为 announcement。应填写：announced。
考点6. so? that ?
She worked so quietly no one knew she was there. （2006浙江杭州）
A. which B. after C. as D. that
【要点简析】so? that? 如此??以至??，so后面接形容词或副词，that之后接从句。选D。
Unit 11 Could you please tell me where the restrooms are?
学习目标：
1. 学会如何有礼貌地获得信息，培养日常生活中问路与指路的能力。
2. 掌握宾语从句
.教学重点难点：
宾语从句
重点词和短语：
1. make a telephone call 打电话
2. save money 存钱
3. on the second floor 在二楼
4. take the escalator to the second floor 乘电梯去二楼
5. turn right / left 向右/左转
【即学即用】
同义句转换：
Go across the bridge, and turn right at the first turning.
Go across the bridge, and
6. go past the bank＝pass the bank /＋n. 经过银行
come by＝go by（不及物） 经过
7. go straight ahead 一直往前走
go out of the front door 走出前门
walk about three blocks 走大约3个街区
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8. on the left / right（of） 在??的左边/右边 between?and? 在??之间 next to 在??旁边
in front of 在??前面（外部） in the front of 在??前面（内部） across from 在??对面 9. hang out with sb. 和某人闲荡 10. dress up 穿上盛装；打扮 get dressed 穿衣服 dress oneself 给自己穿衣服 dress up as clowns 打扮成小丑
11. both ?and? ??与??都（两者都） 12. take dance lessons 上舞蹈课
【即学即用】
同义句转换：
She went to England last year so that she could learn standard（标准的）English. She went to England last year learn standard English. 22. language etiquette 语言礼节 23. hand in 上交
五. 重点、难点、考点及疑点注释：
1. Could you please tell me where the restrooms are? 请问洗手间在哪里？（标题）
本句是问路或问处所的常用语，通常应先说excuse me，以引起对方注意，也表示尊重对方。
句子中的where the restrooms are是由where引导的宾语从句，它在句中作动词tell的直接宾语，是由特殊疑问句where are the restrooms改变语序而成。再如： Excuse me. Could you tell me where Yu Hong Middle School is? 打扰了。请问育红中学在哪儿？ 知识拓展 问路的表示法
英语中表达问路或处所的句式有不少，下面介绍几种常用的问路的方法。 试译：打扰了。请问去邮局怎么走？
Excuse me. Could you tell me the way to the post office?
Excuse me. Could you tell me how I can get to the post office? Excuse me. Could you tell me how to get to the post office? Excuse me. Could you tell me where the post office is?
Excuse me. Which is the way to the post office, please? Excuse me. Where’s the post office, please?
Excuse me. How can I get to the post office, please?
2. There’s always something happening. 总是有事情发生。（Section A, 3a）
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13. ask for information / help 寻求信息/帮
助
14. similar requests 同样的提问 15. make requests 提出要求
16. change the way we speak 改变我们说话的方式
17. depend on 取决于
18. lead in to a question 引入一个问题 19. be sorry to do 遗憾做?? 20. in a way 在某方面
21. in order（not）to do 为了（不）做某事
本句是there be句型的一个固定结构，即there be＋sb./ sth.＋doing sth.，意为“有??在做??”。
My friend said there was a truck collecting rubbish outside.
我的朋友说外面有一辆卡车正在收集垃圾。
There is a Mr Wang waiting to see you outside your office.
有一个姓王的人在门外等着要见你。
【即学即用】
There are many students magazines in the reading-room.
A. read B. to read C. reading D. are reading
知识拓展
◎there be＋sb. /sth.＋to do sth.，表示“主语将做某事”。
There will be some Australian students to come to our class.
有几个澳大利亚的学生要到我们班里来。
◎根据意思上的需要，可以将there be句型中的be换成其他含有“存在”意义的不及物动词或词组。常见的这类动词（词组）有：lie, live, stand, appear, seem to be等。例如： There stands a big tree in front of the house. 那座房子前有一棵大树。
There seems to be a misunderstanding between us. 我们之间好像有些误解。
3. I also like to look at books in the bookstore. 我也喜欢在书店里看书。（Section A, 3a） 汉语的“看书”既可表示“阅读”的意思，也可表示“翻看一下”，“随便看看”的意思。英语的表达在词语上就有所不同了。请“看”区别。
He looks at that book, takes it down and reads it carefully.
他看了看那本书，然后拿下来，认真地读了起来。
looks at that book与read it（the book）在内容上是完全不同的。look at that book仅指“看书”，用来表示“看了看”，不是以阅读为目的；而read it（the book）则是“读了读”书中的内容。
4. Go past the park and turn left onto Oak Street.走过公园，然后向左拐到橡树街。（Section A, 4）
go past the park...是一种指路方式，go past表示“走过”的意思，past是介词，意为“途经”，“经过”。
When she went past the parking, Mary saw a man standing at a new car.
当玛丽走过停车场时，看见一个人站在一辆新车旁。
【友情链接】常见的指路表达方式有：
Walk along/down this road, and take the first crossing on the right.
沿着这条路向前走，在第一个十字路口向右拐。
Go along this street, and turn right.顺着这条路向前走，然后向右拐。
Walk on and turn left, and you will see the tall building on the right.
继续向前走，然后左拐，在右边你就会看见那栋高楼了。
Go along/down this street to the traffic lights, and turn left.
沿着这条路向前走，一直到交通灯处，然后向左拐。
5. ?and eat at Uncle Bob’s. ??在鲍伯叔叔的小店吃饭。（Section B, 3a）
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当名词表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格所修饰的名词常常省去。
Uncle Bob’s是名词“’s”所有格的一种特殊用法。在表示店铺，餐馆，某种职业，某人的家等名词的所有格后面的名词，常可以省略。如at the doctor’s＝at the doctor’s clinic“在大夫的诊所”；at Mr Green’s＝at Mr Green’s home“在格林先生家里”。 特别提示
在表示店铺、场所及姓氏的名词前，要用定冠词the，在表示称呼语的名词前，要加物主代词。at the barber’s “在理发店”； at my uncle’s “在我叔叔家”
6. They have organized games and the staff dressed up as clowns. 他们组织游戏活动，工作人员打扮成小丑的模样。（Section B, 3a）
◎dress作为及物动词，指穿衣服的动作，后面不用表示衣服的名词作宾语，但可用指人的名词或代词作宾语，表示给某人穿衣服。
She dressed her children quickly.她很快给孩子们穿上衣服。
◎dress的过去分词dressed与get连用表示“穿上衣服”。
Let’s get dressed and leave at once.咱们穿好衣服马上出发。
◎dress up是“化装”，“穿上盛装”，“打扮”的意思。
They all dressed up as PLA men.他们都打扮成解放军的模样。
She likes to dress up for a party.她喜欢把自己打扮得漂漂亮亮去参加晚会。
【即学即用】
改错：
The little boy likes to dress up himself to a policeman.
【析】dress up意为“穿上盛装；打扮”，可与as连用，即dress up as，“打扮成??”。因此第二个to应改为as。
7. The expressions you use might depend on whom you are speaking to or how well you know them. 你的表达方式可能取决于你和谁说话或者你跟他们的熟悉程度。（Reading）
句中whom you are speaking to 和how well you know them分别是由连接代词whom和连接副词how引导的宾语从句，作depend on的宾语。又如：
Our success depends on how well we can cooperate with one another.
我们的成功取决于我们彼此合作的好坏程度。
8. In English, just like in Chinese, we change the way we speak when talking with different people. 用英语，就像用汉语一样，当和不同的人谈话时，谈话的方式也发生改变。（Reading）
当用连词引导时间状语从句时，如从句的谓语含有动词，主语又与主句的主语一致时，从句的主语和谓语动词be常常可以省略。如：
When waiting for the bus, I met a friend of mine. 我在等公共汽车时遇到了一个朋友。
9. ?“Excuse me, I wonder if you can help me.”（P92）??“打扰了，我不知道您是否能帮帮我”。（Reading）
动词wonder在不同的句子结构中表达的意思不同：
（1）后接“who, what, why等疑问词引导的宾语从句”，“疑问词＋不定式”时，表示“想知道”。
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The teacher wondered why she was late.老师想知道她为什么迟到。
He wondered what happened.他想知道发生了什么事情。
I’m just wondering how to do it.我正想知道怎么做那件事。
（2）后接“that引导的宾语从句”，“不定式短语”时，表示“感到惊奇，对??感到惊讶”。
I wonder that he was off office.我对他下岗感到惊讶。
I wonder to see her looking so cheerful. 我很惊讶地发现她如此高兴。
（3）后接if或whether引导的宾语从句时，表示一种委婉的请求或疑问。
I wonder if you would mind giving me a hand.
我不知道你是否能帮我一下。
She wondered whether you were free that morning.
她不知道那天上午你是否有空。
【即学即用】
We all how he made such great progress in a short time.
A. believed B. thought C. decided D. wondered
I wonder it is true or not.
A. that B. if C. whether D. what
六. 语法：
宾语从句闯3关
宾语是句子的重要成分之一，在多数情况下，是由名词性的词类充当的。如果宾语部分是由一个句子充当的话，则被称为宾语从句。我们以前学过的间接引语实质上就是宾语从句。 含宾语从句的句子是最常见的复合句之一，要想真正掌握宾语从句的用法，必须把握三个关键点：
【闯关1】连接词
宾语从句的连接词是有规律可循的，通常分为三种类型：
★由that引导的宾语从句，无意义，只起连接作用，在口语或非正式文体中常被省略。
【小试身手】改为含有宾语从句的复合句：
①“My father works in a bank,” Zhang Hui says.
Zhang Hui says his father in a bank.
★当从句由一般疑问句变化而来时，要用连词if或whether引导，表示选择，意为“是否”。
【小试身手】改为含有宾语从句的复合句：
②“Do you have any rooms to rent?” she asked me.
She asked me I any rooms to rent.
★由连接代词who / whom / which / what / whose或连接副词when / where / why / how引导的宾语从句，连接词在从句中都充当一定的句子成分，不可省略。
【小试身手】根据汉语完成英语句子：
③告诉我你是什么意思。
Tell me .
④出租车司机问我想去哪里。
The taxi driver asked me to go.
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【闯关2】语序
在含有宾语从句的复合句中，宾语从句必须用陈述语序。即：连接词＋主语＋谓语＋其他。 判断句子的正误并改正：
⑤I don’t know who is he talking to.
⑥The teacher asked who was the first to get to the top of the mountain.
【闯关3】时态
★如果主句是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词可根据实际情况选用所需的时态。
【小试身手】用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空：
⑦David says he （like）Chinese food very much.
⑧I know that you （have）a meeting next week.
★如果主句是一般过去时，则宾语从句通常选用相应的过去时态。
【小试身手】改为含有宾语从句的复合句：
⑨“I have been to Beijing,” Lucy said.
Lucy said she to Beijing.
★如果从句叙述的是永恒的真理或客观事实，从句仍用一般现在时。
【小试身手】单选：
⑩Our physics teacher told us light faster than sound last term.
A. travels B. travel C. traveled D. traveling
参考答案：
①that; works ②if / whether; had ③what you mean ④where I wanted
⑤错误。is he→ he is
⑥无错误。注意：当who在从句中作主语时，语序本来就是陈述语序，因此本句不必变动。
⑦likes ⑧will have ⑨had been ⑩A
最后，为了帮助同学们更好的掌握宾语从句，请同学们记住下面这一口诀：
学习宾从三注意，连词时态和语序。
that连接陈述句，省与不省要注意。
从句若表“是否”时，if/whether要慎记。
特殊问句作宾语，仍用原来疑问词。
主句若为现在时，从句时态随句意；
主句若为过去时，从句时态变过去；
宾从若是表真理，时态不变无质疑。
语序要用陈述序，切莫照搬疑问句。
三个问题需记牢，切莫丢东忘了西。
【典型例题】
中考聚焦
考点1. between? and?
Before 2003, there was no direct airline Taiwan and the mainland.（2006山东莱芜）
A. along B. in C. between D. at
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【要点简析】between ? and? “在??和??（两者）之间”。选C。
考点2. 不定式作定语
—What about going swimming with me?
—Sorry. I have a lot of homework .（2005新疆课改区）
A. to do B. done C. do D. to be done
【要点简析】不定式作定语时常放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，和它所修饰的名词或代词存在逻辑上的动宾关系。再如：I have nothing important to tell you today. 今天我没什么重要的事情要告诉你。这一句子也可说成：There is a lot of homework to be done. 选A。 考点3. 宾语从句
I didn’t understand . So I raised my hand to ask.（2007河北邢台）
A. what my teacher says B. what does my teacher say
C. what my teacher said D. what did my teacher say
【要点简析】该题考查时态和语序。如果主句是一般过去时，则宾语从句通常选用相应的过去时态。排除A、B两项。宾语从句要用陈述语序。排除D项。选C。
考点4. in order to
In order the world a friendly place, one must show a friendly face.（2007四川乐山）
A. makes B. making C. to make D. make
【要点简析】in order to 意思是“为了??”，后接动词原形，表示目的，其否定形式是在to前加not，即in order not to。选C。
考点5. 名词所有格
根据所给的汉语意思，写出单词的正确形式：
At the （医务室）, Kate was looked over carefully by Mr Brown.（2007山东青岛）
【要点简析】’s所属格后的名词如果指商店、家宅等地点时，该名词通常可以省略。如：at Uncle Bob’s在鲍勃大叔餐厅；to my uncle’s到我叔叔家。应填：doctor’s。 Unit 12 You’re supposed to shake hands.
学习目标：
1. 掌握“be (not) supposed to”的结构及用法。
2. 熟悉不同国家的礼仪风俗。
3. 了解世界各国的文化，在生活中做个有心人及有礼有节之人。
教学重点难点：
句型“be supposed to do ”及本模块中的一些重点短语
重点词和短语：
1. be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事
2. shake hands with sb. 和某人握手
3. for the first time 第一次
4. bow to sb. 向某人鞠躬
5. should have done sth. 过去应该做某事(但实际未做)
【即学即用】
You
A. should remember B. should have remembered C. would remember
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6. be important to sb. 对某人重要
7. be relaxed about sth.. 对??放松
8. drop by 顺便拜访
visit sb. 拜访
9. after all 毕竟
10. make plans to do sth. 制定计划做某事
11. without doing sth. 没有做某事
12. The first thing is to greet the teacher. 第一件事是问候老师.
13. table / good / bad manners 餐桌礼仪/有礼貌/不礼貌
14. at the table / at table 在桌旁 / 在进餐
15. pick up your bowl 端起你的饭碗
pick up 拣起,拾起
【即学即用】
My friend’s father quickly some rubbish and went outside.
A. pick up B. picked up C. pick out D. picked out
16. point at / to 指向
17. there is no reason to do sth. 没有理由做某事
18. go out of one’s way to do sth. 特地做某事
19. make sb. feel at home 使某人感到不拘束
20. be different from 与??不同
21. make a toast 敬酒
22. older people 长辈
23. give compliments 称赞
24. make appointments 约会
25. behave differently 表现不同
26. begin with 从??开始
27. not ? but? 不是??，而是??
28. Questions crowded my mind. 我满脑子都是疑问。
29. e-mail English 电子英语邮件
spoken / written English 英语口语/ 书面英语
30. e-mail chatline 网上聊天热线
31. have online conversations with friends 和朋友上网聊天
32. get bored 感到烦恼
33. show the emotion you are feeling把你正感觉着的感情表现出来
34. combine sth. to sth. 把sth.和sth.结合
35. can’t stop doing sth. 忍不住做某事
36. learn ? by oneself/ teach oneself ? 自学
【即学即用】
—Who taught French?
—Nobody. She learned all by .
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A. herself; her B. she; herself C. her; herself D. her; she
37. at the proper time 在适当的时候
38. send a message to sb. on a mobile phone用手机发短信息给某人
39. be pleased with 对??满意
五. 重点、难点、考点及疑点注释
1. You’re supposed to shake hands. 你们应该握手。（标题）
be supposed to用来表示根据规定或按照法律人们不得不做的事，或期待将要发生的事，与should相似，后面也是接动词原形。否定形式在be动词后加not，常表示禁止做某事。 We’re supposed to make no noise in class. 在课堂上我们不该发出噪音。
We’re supposed to start work at 8:00 every morning.
我们应该每天早晨八点开始工作。
This is secret and I’m not supposed to talk about it. 这是秘密，我不应该谈论。
2. Spending time with family and friends is very important to us. 与家人和朋友共度时光对我们来说非常重要。（Section A, 3a）
Spending time with family and friends 是动名词短语，在本句中作主语。动名词（短语）作主语时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。如果是并列的动名词（短语）作主句时，谓语动词用复数形式。
Reading in bed is not good for your eyes. 在床上看书对你的眼睛不好。
Reading and writing take me a lot of time. 读书写作花了我不少时间。
3. We’re the land of watches, after all! 毕竟我们这里是手表王国。（Section A, 3a）
句中的land意为“国土”，“国家”。它还可以表示 “陆地”，与河流和海洋相对；也可以表示“土地”，可耕种的田地就叫做land。
We traveled by land until we reached the sea.我们沿陆路旅行，直到看见大海。
All the waste land in this area has been opened up.这个地区的荒地全被开垦了。
知识拓展
与“土地”，“地”相关的词语还有earth, soil和ground。
◎ earth意为“地”，“地球”，“泥土”。它着重指“大地”，区别于“天空”。
The earth moves round the sun.地球围绕太阳转。
◎ soil意为“土地”，“土壤”，尤指生长植物的土地。
The soil is very thin in the forest.森林里的土层非常薄。
◎ ground意为“地”，“地面”，主要指大地表面。不论是泥地，沙地或水泥地，均可用这个词表示；也可以用来指运动场地。
The ground is covered with leaves in the woods.树林里的地面上落满了树叶。
4. You’re not supposed to make noise while eating noodles. 吃面条的时候你不应该弄出响声来。（Section B, 2b）
句中的while eating noodles是while接从句的省略形式，该句的完整形式是while you are eating noodles。由while和when引导的时间状语从句，如果主语和主句的主语相同，从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。
While/When (she was)leaving the house, she was heard to make some commonplace remark to her husb.and.有人听到她在离开房间时同他的丈夫寒暄。
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5. It’s rude to point at anyone with your chopsticks. 用筷子指着别人是不礼貌的。（Section B, 2b）
本句是主系表结构，不定式短语是真正的主语，it是形式主语。句中的point意为“指”，“指向”，常构成短语point at, point to和point out。
◎point to和point at都含有“指着”的意思，两者一般可以互换。
The teacher is pointing at/to the map on the wall.老师指着墙上的地图。
◎但主语是事物时，一般用point to作谓语。point at可以分开使用，即point后直接跟名词或代词作宾语，再跟介词at表示方向，意为“把??指向”，而point to却不能分开使用。
The soldier pointed his gun at the doctor.士兵用枪指着医生。
◎point out意为“指出”，其中out是副词。如果它后面的宾语是代词，则必须把该宾语放在out之前。
Please point out the mistakes in my composition.请指出我作文中的错误。
Luckily，the man knew Mr Green and pointed him out to us.
幸好这个人认识格林先生，于是便把他指给我们看。
【即学即用】
?The enemy pointed him with a gun, but he wasn’t afraid.
A. at B. in C. on D. towards
?It’s not polite to people.
A. hang out B. drop by C. pick up D. point to
6. Although I still make lots of mistakes, it doesn’t bother me like it used to. 虽然我还是出了不少错，但它（法语）不像以前那样让我烦恼。（Section B, 3a）
?mistake意为“错误”，“过失”，可数名词，常指由于认识，理解或判断上的失误造成行为或看法上的错误，也指因粗心，疏忽，技术不熟练等而犯的错误。通常与make连用构成make mistakes / a mistake“出错”，“犯错误”。
Anyone can make a mistake. 人人都会犯错误。
He only made two mistakes in grammar today. 他今天只犯了两个语法错误。
?bother 意思是“烦扰，打扰”，常用作及物动词。
Hot weather bothers me. 炎热的天气使我烦恼。
7. ...your teachers will not be pleased if you write e-mail English in a test!??如果你在测试中用电子邮件英语，老师会不高兴的。（Reading）
please“使高兴”，相关词语有pleased, pleasure与pleasant。
Does the cloth please you?这布料合你的意吗？
The Emperor was pleased by what the Minister told him about the cloth.
听了大臣关于布料的禀报，皇帝非常高兴。
【友情链接】这四个词都有“满意”，“高兴”的意思，但词性和用法不相同。
◎ please是动词，可用作及物动词或不及物动词，表示“（使）高兴，满意，愉快”。 ◎ pleased是过去分词，意为“感到高兴（满意）”，其作用相当于形容词，常与be连用，后接介词at, with, by等引起的短语，还可接动词不定式或that从句。
◎ pleasure是名词，表示“高兴”，“快乐”，“娱乐”时，为不可数名词；表示“乐趣，高
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兴的事”时，为可数名词。如：It is one of my greatest pleasures.它是我最大的乐趣之一。 ◎pleasant是形容词，意为“使人感到愉快（满意）”，一般用作定语。如主语指物，也可用作表语。
六. 语法：
be supposed to do 句型大练兵
★be supposed to do? 常用来表示被要求、希望做某事，含有必须、应该或理应做某事的意义，常意为“理应；被期望”，相当于should。
★be supposed to do?时态、人称和数的变化在动词be上体现，to为动词不定式符号，后面接动词原形。
【典型例题】
否定句练兵
You are supposed to tell her this bad news. （改为否定句）
You tell her this bad news.
【融会贯通】
be supposed to do的否定句式，即在be动词后加not。此时相当于should not或be not allowed to do，意为“不应当做；不被许可做”。应填写：aren’t supposed to。
疑问句练兵
1. He is supposed to get there at six o’clock. （改为一般疑问句）
ock?
2. Bill is supposed to call his father as soon as possible. （对划线部分提问）
Bill as soon as possible?
【融会贯通】
be supposed to do转化为一般疑问句式时，直接将be的相应形式提到主语前。第2题考查特殊疑问句。应填写：1. Is; supposed to 2. What is; supposed to do。
同义句练兵
Parents should let their children know some good manners. （改为同义句）
Parents let their children know some good manners.
【融会贯通】
be supposed to do意为“理应、应该”，与should同义。应填写：are supposed to。 主动句练兵
Mr Wang is supposed to be the best teacher in our school. （改为主动语态）
We Mr Wang the best teacher in our school.
【融会贯通】
sb. / sth. be supposed to be?其主动形式为“suppose sb. / sth. to be＋形容词/名词”，意思是“认为某人/某事??”。应填写：suppose; to be。
中考聚焦
考点1. be supposed to do
①You ask the teacher if you want to leave the classroom. （2007广东茂名）
A. supposed that B. are supposed to C. are wanted
②人们初次见面时应该握手。（2007山东烟台）
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People are when they meet for the first time.
【要点简析】be supposed to do? 意为“理应 / 被期望 / 应该做??”。shake hands 为固定短语，意为“握手”。 ①选B。②填写：supposed to shake hands。
考点2. 区别used to与 be / get used to
①He used to in the sun, but now he is used to at night.（2007甘肃兰州）
A. read; read B. reading; read C. read; reading D. reading; reading
②迈克过去常常睡懒觉，但现在他习惯于早起。 （2007山东烟台）
Mike to late, but now he used to up early.
【要点简析】used to “过去常常”，to为动词不定式符号，后面接动词原形； be / get used to “习惯于”，to为介词，后面接 v-ing形式、名词、代词。①选C。②填写：used; sleep; is / gets; getting。
考点3. find＋it＋adj.＋to do sth.
①Most young people find exciting to watch a football match. （2007甘肃兰州）
A. it B. this C. that D. one
②我们发现学习团队精神对青少年很重要。 （2007四川乐山）
We find important for us teenagers learn team spirit.
【要点简析】find 后面接复合宾语，其结构为“find＋it＋adj.＋to do sth.”。其中it为形式宾语，真正的宾语为后面的动词不定式短语to do sth.，形容词作宾语补足语。①选A。②填写：it; to。
考点4. It’s＋adj.＋for / of sb.＋to do sth.
①It’s very nice pictures for me. （2007天津）
A. of you to draw B. for you to draw C. for you drawing D. of you drawing
②Many people think it’s very important us learn English well. （2007贵州贵阳）
A. for; to B. to; to C. with; for
【要点简析】选用of 还是for，要根据形容词的性质来确定。句型It’s＋adj.＋for sb.＋to do sth. 意为“对于某人来说，做某事??”。其中的形容词通常表示客观情况。如：easy, hard, difficult, important, necessary, impossible, interesting等。句型It’s＋adj.＋of sb.＋to do sth.意为“某人能做某事真是太??了”。其中的形容词通常表示主观情感或态度。如：good, kind, nice, wise, clever, foolish, right, wrong, careful, careless等。①选A。②选A。 考点5. relaxed
①—How nice the music sounds!
—It does! The peaceful music will make you feel . （2007湖北武汉）
A. excited B. bored C. moved D. relaxed
②直到考试结束，学生们才会觉得放松。 （2007辽宁省十二市）
The students until the exam is over.
【要点简析】relaxed为形容词，意为“放松的；宽松的；轻松自在的”，在句中可作表语或定语。①选D。②填写：won’t be relaxed。
Unit 13 Rainy days make me sad.
学习目标
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1. 学习谈论事物对你的影响。通过理解句意，了解使役动词make后跟动词原形或形容词作宾语补足
语的用法，通过练习和运用加以巩固。
2. 通过文体呈现的语境，我们可以体会出环境污染、噪音污染及一些不良产品给人们带来的不良影响，从而使我们增强环保与文明诚信意识。
教学重点难点：
使役动词make的用法及本模块中的一些重点短语
重点词和短语
1. make sb.＋adj 使某人（感到）??
make sb. do sth. 使某人做??
2. as usual 像往常一样
3. scientific study 科学研究
science（n.） 科学
scientist（n.） 科学家
4. soft lighting / colors 柔和的光线 / 颜色
5. serve sb. 为某人服务
6. join a clean-up campaign 参加一个大扫除活动
7. heavy traffic 拥挤的交通
8. endangered animals 濒临灭绝的动物
9. keep sb. doing 让某人一直做
【即学即用】
I’m sorry that I have kept you me so long.
A. waiting B. waiting for C. to wait D. to wait for
10. look mysterious 看起来神秘
mystery（n.） 神秘
11. an ad for sth. 一则?? 的广告
12. keep out the sun / rain /cold 遮阳/挡雨/御寒
【即学即用】
The sweater is too thin to cold.
A. keep out B. hand out C. work out D. make out
13. aim at 瞄准；针对
14. for instance 例如
【即学即用】
?At home, you can help your mother do some housework, , washing and cooking.
A. such B. so C. for instance D. an example
?For instance, some young people see more than 100 advertisements a day.（同义词组选择）
A. For example B. Finally C. Luckily D. At first
15. so that＝in order to＋不定式 以便/为了
16. have sales 促销
17. mislead sb. to do sth. 误导某人做某事
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lead sb. to do sth. 引导某人做某事
lead into sth. / a question 引入?? /一个问题
【即学即用】
改错：At times an ad leads you buying something you don’t need at all.
18. at times＝sometimes 有时
19. jump out of a plane 从飞机里跳出去
20. to start / begin with sth. 作为开始/ 以??为开端
21. leave sb. a note 给某人留张字条
22. after all 毕竟
23. the art of giving / receiving 给予/接受的艺术
24. to be honest 说实话
25. pretend＋that从句 假装??
pretend to do sth. 假装做某事
【即学即用】
When my mum came into my room, I pretended .
A. to sleep B. sleeping C. sleep D. slept
26. I’ll bet＋（that）从句 我打赌??
五. 重点、难点、考点及疑点注释
1. I’d rather go to the Blue Lagoon Restaurant. 我宁愿去Blue Lagoon餐厅。（Section A, 1c）
would rather意为“宁愿??”，表示句子主语的愿望、选择，后接省去to的不定式。 He’d rather join you in the English Group. 他宁愿加入到你的英语小组中来。
Which would you rather have, bread or rice? 面包和米饭，你更喜欢哪一个？
如果表示“宁愿（可）??也不愿??”则用句型would rather...than...。在would rather和than后面所连接的两个对比部分一般要一致。
The brave soldier would rather die than give in.那个勇敢的士兵宁死不屈。
He’d rather work than play. 他宁愿工作也不愿玩。
2. Loud music makes me happy. 声音大的音乐使我很开心。（Section A, 2b）
Loud music always makes me want to dance. 声音大的音乐总是使我想去跳舞。（Section A, 2b）
这两句是动词make的使役用法，make me后分别接了形容词和不定式短语。make的这种用法常见于以下结构：
◎make＋名词（代词）＋省略to的动词不定式
My parents often make me do some other homework. 我父母常让我做些其他的作业。 特别提示
这一结构中的不定式短语在主动结构中是宾语补足语，必须省去to，变为被动结构时，不定式短语作主语补足语，这时必须带to。
She was made to practice it again and again. 她不得不反复练习。
◎make＋名词/代词＋-ed分词短语
What made them so frightened?什么使他们这样害怕？
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Can you make yourself understood in English?你能用英语把意思表达清楚吗？
◎make＋名词/代词＋介词短语或名词短语
She made him her assistant. 她委派他做自己的助手。
Sit down and make yourselves at home, everyone.大家请坐，不要拘束。
◎make＋名词（代词）＋形容词或形容词短语。
The good news made us happy. 这条好消息使我们很高兴。
3. Small restaurants can serve many people every day. 小饭店每天就可以多接待些顾客。（Section A, 3a）
句中的serve 有“服侍，侍候，招待”等意思，常用于以下结构中：
◎serve＋宾语
They were busy serving the day’s last buyers.他们正忙着接待这天的最后一批顾客。 ◎serve sb. sth., 或serve sth. to sb.
Mrs. Turner served us a very good dinner.
＝Mrs. Turner served a very good dinner to us.
特纳太太招待我们吃了一顿丰盛的晚餐。
◎serve sb. with sth.
We served them with beer and wine. 我们用啤酒和红酒招待他们。
4. However, some advertising can be confusing or misleading. 可是，一些广告可能会混淆黑白或误导消费。（Section B, 3a）
confusing与misleading是两个现在分词，相当于形容词，在句中作表语，主语通常是表示物的名词或代词。
They can be some confusing or misleading advertisements.
它们可能是一些混淆黑白或误导消费的广告。
【即学即用】
所给词的适当形式填空：
The strange advertising can be , it makes all of us .（confuse）
5. At times an ad can lead you to buy something you don’t need at all. 有时，一则广告会诱导你去买你根本就不需要的东西。（Section B, 3a）
at times意为“有时，不时”，与sometimes同义。两者在句中的位置较灵活，可位于句首，句中或句末。
At times I make mistakes when I speak English. 我说英语时有时会出错。
They went to town at times during the cold winter.在寒冷的冬天，他们有时候进城去。 Sometimes they walk to school. 有时候，他们步行上学。
He sometimes plays football with his friends. 他有时和朋友一起踢足球。
6. To start with, it was raining, and rainy days make me sad. 起初，天在下雨，雨天使我心情很不好。（Self Check, 2）
◎start with作“首先”解时，只用于动词不定式，在句中常常以插入语的形式出现。 To start with, the computer room must be kept very clean.
首先，计算机工作室必须保持清洁。
7. Our group had five members, to start with.刚开始，我们小组只有五个人。
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◎start with可表示“从??开始”；“先从某事做起”，与begin with是同义词组。反义词组是end with“以??结束”。
The meeting ended with a speech given by the chairman.会议以主席的讲话结束。 He wanted to start/begin with the smallest country and end with the largest one.
他打算先去最小的国家，最后去最大的国家。
◎start单独使用时，意为“开始”，可用作及物动词或不及物动词。用作及物动词时，其后跟名词、代词，也可跟动词不定式或动名词形式。begin是start的同义词，两者在用法上没有很大差别。
As soon as we got there, it started raining. 我们一到那儿就下雨了。
When did we start/begin this lesson? 我们是什么时候开始讲这一课的？
8. I prefer to receive a gift that? 我宁愿接受一件??礼物。（Reading）
prefer表示选择时，可用两种句型：
（1）prefer＋名词或动名词＋to＋名词或动名词。
They prefer red to blue.与蓝色相比，他们更喜欢红色。
I preferred doing something to doing nothing.我喜欢做点什么，而不喜欢闲着。
（2）prefer＋不定式或名词＋rather than＋不带to的动词不定式。
He preferred to walk there rather than go by bus.
他喜欢走着去那儿，不喜欢乘公共汽车。
She prefers to read rather than sit idle.她喜欢读书而不愿闲坐着。
【即学即用】
He prefers at home reading rather than out shopping on Sundays.
A. to stay; going B. to stay; go C. staying; go D. staying; to go
六. 语法：
点击“宾语补足语”
【点击概念】
宾语后面加一个词或短语补充说明宾语，使句子结构更加完整，这个成分我们称之为宾语补足语。它可以是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词或动词不定式等。
【点击用法】
例句1
It’s our duty to keep our classroom clean.
She found the magazine very interesting.
【融会贯通】
常见的接形容词作宾语补足语的动词有：make, keep, get, find, wish, leave 等。再如： Who left the window open?
It’s so cold here. Could you please keep the windows closed?
例句2
We all consider him the right person for the job.
We call him Xiao Wang.
【融会贯通】
常见的接名词作宾语补足语的动词有：call, name, make, find, consider等。
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例句3
I often saw the young man draw by the lake.
被动结构：The young man was often seen to draw by the lake.
【融会贯通】
have, make, let, hear, watch, see, notice等动词用不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，但变为被动语态时，动词不定式就必须带to。
例句4
The teachers ask us to study hard from now on.
Our parents often tell us not to swim alone in the river in summer.
【融会贯通】
常见的接动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask, tell, allow, advise, wish等。
例句5
They found him working at the desk.
When we got to the shop, we found the door locked.
【融会贯通】
现在分词形式作宾语补足语表示宾语正在进行的动作；过去分词作宾语补足语表示与宾语之间有被动关系。常见的接分词作宾语补足语的动词有：have, keep, hear, watch, see, notice, find等。
例句6
Please make yourself at home.
This morning I left the magazine on the dask.
【融会贯通】
常见的接介词短语作宾语补足语的动词有：make, keep, leave等。
例句7
I found her in / out just now.
【融会贯通】
副词也可以作宾语补足语。
【温馨提示】
宾语和宾语补足语之间存在一种逻辑上的主谓关系；而双宾语则没有这种关系。试比较： The soft music makes us relaxed. 这柔美的音乐使我们放松。
▲relaxed是宾语us的补足语，两者之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，可以说We are relaxed. The football game brought us a lot of fun.这场足球赛带给我们无穷的快乐。
▲us 和a lot of fun是动词 brought的双宾语，两者不是主谓关系，不可以说 We are a lot of fun.
【典型例题】
中考真题链接
1. Li Lei’s words made her . （2007山东济南）
A. happily B. angrily C. crying D. angry
2. Mum! The box’s too heavy. （2007浙江台州）
Don’t worry. Let me it for you.
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A. carry B. carries C. carrying D. to carry
3. Your classroom is so dirty. Everyone should keep it . （2006重庆）
A. dry B. open C. clean D. quiet
4. Do you often see William on the playground? （2007山东潍坊）
No, but he is often seen Chinese kungfu in the park.
A. run; play B. run; to play C. running; play D. running; to play
5. Alice asked me another bag for her. （2007北京）
A. get B. got C. to get D. getting
6. Our teacher told us again to each other in the library. （2007四川成都）
A. to speak B. not to speak C. don’t speak D. to not speak
答案：1~6 DACBCB
中考聚焦
1. The teacher made the students the text after school.（2007内蒙古乌兰察布）
A. wrote B. to write C. write D. writing
【考点】本题考查不带to的动词不定式做宾语补足语的用法。
【解析】在使役动词make, have, let等后面用省略to的动词不定式做宾语补足语。选C。
2. The price of this computer is the of the three. （2006重庆）
A. smallest B. biggest C. highest D. tallest
【考点】本题考查“价格”高低的表达法。
【解析】主语为表示价格的名词price，这里应用表示“高低”的形容词。可先排除A、B项。根据习惯表达，价格高用high，而不用tall。选C。
3. We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun, so let’s have one this month.
A. the other B. some C. another D. other
【考点】本题考查不定代词other, others, the others, another的用法区别。
【解析】other表示“别的，另外的”，只能与复数名词连用，如：other students；the other表示“两个数量中的另一个”，表示特指；another表示“总数为三个以上中的任意的另一个”，表示泛指；the other＋复数名词＝the others，指的是一定范围内“所有其余的人或事物”，是特指。这里another one是指另一个野餐。选C。
4. —What does your cousin look like now?
—Oh, he is much than before.
A. strong B. stronger C. strongest D. too strong
【考点】本题考查比较级的用法。
【考点】本题可用排除法。Even, a lot, much, far等修饰形容词或副词的比较级。选B。
5. More and more people in Beijing are learning English they can better serve the 2008 Olympic Games.
A. because of B. so that C. even though D. as if
【考点】本题考查so that的用法。
【解析】so that引导目的状语从句，意为“以便，目的是，为了”，从句中的谓语动词要用“may, can, should, could”等情态动词，表示目的状语，相当于in order that。选B。 Unit14 Have you packed yet?
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学习目标
1. 通过询问是否为旅行作好准备，了解现在完成时的用法，比较与一般过去时的区别，以便能在日常生活中正确运用。
2. 通过本单元的学习，使我们懂得生活，学会生活，培养独立生活的能力。 教学重点难点
现在完成时的用法及现在完成时与一般过去时的区别；本模块中的一些重点短语。 重点词和短语
1. pack sth. 打包某物
2. yet 已经，还
already
【即学即用】
(1) —Has your father finished his work ?
—No, he hasn’t.
A. already B. yet C. ago D. just
(2) I have already finished reading the book. （变成否定句）
I finished reading the book .
3. clean out 清除 clean up
4. in a minute = immediately = at once= right away/now 立即/马上
5. take the dog for a walk 带狗去散步
go for a walk 去散步
have a walk with sb. 和某人去散步
6. do some cleaning/reading 清扫/阅读
do some shopping =go shopping 购物
do chores=do the housework 做家务
7. chat to/with sb. 与某人聊天
8. light the fire for breakfast 生火做饭
light n. 电灯；光
light adj. 浅的；轻的
lighting n. 照明, 照明设备
lighter n. 打火机
【即学即用】
(1) He told me that travels much faster than sound.
A. light B. lights C. lighting D. lighted
(2) After they settled down, they the fire and began to cook.
A. lighted B. lit C. are lighting D. light
9. take care 保重
10. write original songs 写原创歌曲
11. win an award 获得奖项
12. be on TV 上电视
appear on TV 在电视上出现
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13. make a hit CD 制作一张非常成功的CD
14. lead singer/actor 主唱/主演
15. in the top ten 排行榜前十名
16. hope to have a number one hit some day 希望有一天有一首歌能排在第一名
17. say goodbye to sb. 向某人道别
18. It’s one’s turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事
do sth. in turns 轮流做某事
turn right/left 向右/左转
19. overseas Chinese 华侨
20. look for one’s families’ roots 寻找某人家族的根源
in search of roots 追述根源
22. so far 到目前为止
【即学即用】
So far, I (learn) 18 English songs.
23. thanks to 幸亏；由于
thank sb. for doing sth. 为??而感谢某人
24. believe strongly 坚信
25. the purpose of sth./doing sth. 做某事的目的
26. look forwards to doing sth. 期待做某事
五、重点、难点、考点及疑点注释
1. Sorry I couldn’t get back to you sooner. 请原谅我没能很快给你回信。（Section A, 3a）
（1）get back to sb. 意为“给??回信”（= write back to sb.）。如：
I will get back to my mother. 我将给我妈妈回信。
（2）sooner是副词 soon 的比较级，放在句末作状语。soon 可置于句末、句中，有时也可放在句首。如果谓语动词是be，则位于 be 之后。如：
Soon her mother will go to Europe. 不久他母亲就要去欧洲了。
I have to go home very soon. 我很快就得回家了。
The sooner, the better. 越快越好。
2. In the past twelve months, they’ve had three major concerts and made a hit CD. 在过去的十二个月里，他们举办了三场较大的音乐会，出版了一张很受欢迎的CD唱片。（Section B, 3a）
（1）“in the past+时间段”常用于完成时的句子中，表示“在过去的??时间里”，past是形容词，可以用last来替换，而past/last的后面通常要使用“数字+名词”的结构。 In the past/last two years, she has studied English very hard.
在过去的两年里，她一直在努力地学英语。
（2）短语make a hit表示“大获成功”、“（演出等）大受欢迎；受到赞扬”等，hit是名词，表示成功而风行一时的事物，如电影，歌曲，演出等。
Zhou Jielun has just made a hit CD. 周杰伦刚出版了一盘轰动一时的CD。
His song was a great hit. 他的歌曲轰动一时。
He made a great hit in teaching. 他曾在教学上获得了巨大的成功。
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3. And then they’re going to go on a world tour in which they will perform in ten different cities. 然后，他们将去世界各地旅行并在十个不同的城市巡回演出。（Section B, 3a）
...in which they will perform in ten different cities是定语从句，先行词是tour, 在关系代词which前介词in通常的位置是在动词perform的后面。本句为了避免与in ten different cities短语中的in重复，将perform后的第一个in前置。句中perform主要指扮演角色，演奏某种乐器，演出某一节目，侧重能力，技巧，效果，可用作及物动词和不及物动词。 He performs perfectly on the piano. 他的钢琴演奏太棒了。
She is learning how to perform. 她正在学习怎样表演。
4. Be sure not to miss them if they come to a city near you — if you can get tickets, that is.如果他们来到你附近的城市，千万不要错过——当然，如果你能弄到票的话。（Section B, 3a）
（1）句中的that is表示“确切地；换句话说；也就是”，用来表达一个准确的说法，即对前面的内容加以准确地说明。
She’s a housewife — when she’s not teaching English, that is.
她是个家庭主妇——是指她不教英语的时候。
（2）句中miss是“错过”，后接名词、代词或V-ing形式，不可接不定式。
They missed the train by two minutes.他们差了两分钟没赶上火车。
I came late and missed seeing the beginning of the movie.
我来晚了，没有看见电影的开始部分。
5. ...but we really hope to have a number one hit some day. ??但是我们真的希望有朝一日我们制作出能卖得最好的一首歌。（Section B, 3a）
some day意为“将来某一日”，等于someday, 与one day是近义词。some day/someday只表示将来，不表示过去。而one day用在过去时的句子里是“有一天”的意思，用在将来时的句子里是“将有一天”，与some day/someday可互换。
He will be a scientist some day.总有一天他会成为科学家。
I hope to see you one day/someday.我希望有一天会看到你。
One day last summer they made a trip to the country.
去年夏天某日他们到乡间旅行。
试译：有一天你一定要来看我。
You must come one day to see me.
You must come some day to see me.
You must come to see me someday.
魔力纠错
他有一天来看了我。
误：He came some day to see me.
正：He came one day to see me.
6. ...and so far has brought thousands of overseas Chinese students... ??到目前为止，它带来了成千上万的海外华裔学生??（Reading）
so far 意思是“到目前为止”，常用于完成时，表示动作从过去开始一直延续到现在，强调到目前
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为止的情况,可位于句首，也可位于句末。
So far, no man has traveled farther than the moon.
到现在为止，还没有人到过比月球更远的地方。
How many travelers have been to Disneyland so far?
到现在为止有多少旅客到过迪斯尼乐园？
So far we haven’t got any news from them.
到目前为止，我们还没有得到他们的任何消息。
7. Most, like Robert, can hardly speak any Chinese, and have never been to China before. 像罗伯特一样，大多数人几乎都不会说中文，而且以前从来没有到过中国。（Reading）
（1）hardly是一个否定副词，表示“几乎不，简直不”，相当于almost not，含有否定的意义，故在句中不能另加否定词。切莫将hardly误认为是由hard+ly构成的副词。此外，hardly 位于句首时，要用倒装语序。
I hardly know what to say. 我简直不知道说什么好。
Hardly can I move this heavy desk. 我简直移不动这张重桌子。
—Can you catch what I said? 你能听懂我说的话吗？
—Sorry, I can hardly understand it. 对不起，我几乎听不懂。
（2）have been后面接to表示某人“去过某地，现在已经回来了”。
Have you ever been to Shanghai? 你曾经去过上海吗？
He has been to America twice. 他到美国去过两次。
【友情链接】have gone to与have been in的用法
have gone to 表示某人“去某地了”，不论是在途中还是到了目的地，重点是强调这个人已经不在说话人所在的地方了，常用于第三人称；have been in，则表示一直“呆在某个地方”，常与表示一段时间状语连用。
Henry has gone to London. 亨利到伦敦去了。
They have been in Beijing for two weeks. 他们在北京已经有两个星期了。
8. Thanks to In Search of Roots... 多亏“寻根”?? （Reading）
【知识归纳】thanks, thanks to与thanks for的用法
◎ thanks是名词thank的复数形式，意为“感谢”。表示“感谢”之意，可以说： Thanks a lot.
Many thanks.
◎ thanks to是介词词组，后面可以接名词或代词，意为“多亏”；“由于”，在句中作原因状语。
Thanks to the old man, we found the lost child at last.
多亏那个老人，我们最后找到了失踪的孩子。
◎ thanks for用于对别人已做的事表示感谢，后接名词，代词，或V-ing形式。 Thanks for sending me such a nice present.谢谢你寄来这么好的礼品。
A thousand thanks for your help.非常感谢你的帮助。
六、语法：
点击“现在完成时”
点击概念
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现在完成时表示在此以前发生的动作或状态，强调过去这个动作对现在造成的影响或结果。其结构是“助动词have / has + done（过去分词）”。
点击基本用法
【点击要点1】
表示动作发生在过去并对现在有一定影响。
【亲身体验】
用所给动词的正确形式填空：
①Mom just (come) back from work. She needs to have a rest. ②China already (make) great progress in science and technology.
【点击要点2】
has gone to表示“某人去某地了”；而 has been to 表示“某人曾经去过某地”。
【亲身体验】
完成句子：
③我的很多同学都去过北京。
Many classmates of mine to Beijing.
④我哥哥不在家。他去海南度假了。
My brother isn’t at home. He to Hainan for a holiday.
【点击要点3】
从过去某时开始并且持续到现在的动作或状态，只能用于某些带有延续意义的动词，常与“for +段时间”或“ since + 过去的时间点”等时间状语连用。
点击时间状语
【亲身体验】
⑤改错：My father has left on business for two weeks.
⑥改为同义句：
The movie began about 20 minutes ago.
The movie has for about 20 minutes.
【点击要点4】
常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：already, yet, ever, never, just, recently, in the last/past/recent few days/weeks/years, up to now, so far, since then, (for) the first time等。
【亲身体验】
用所给动词的正确形式填空：
⑦So far, my sister (do) very well at school.
⑧We (have not ) any news from him yet.
⑨—Have you come to our city before?
—No, it’s the first time I here.
A. even; come B. even; have come C. ever; come D. ever; have come
“现在完成时”牵手2007中考真题
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1. —Chen Jie, the workers our new library already.
—Really? I’ll go there and borrow some books. （浙江宁波）
A. decorated B. are decorating C. have decorated D. were decorated
2. —Why won’t you go to the movie with we, Betty?
—Because I _____ it twice. （山东威海）
A. see B. will see C. saw D. have seen
3. Henry speaks Chinse very well. He in China since 2002. （河北邢台）
A. stay B. stayed C. is staying D. has stayed
4. —Where is your mother?
—She to England, and she will be back next week. （内蒙古乌兰察布）
A. has been B. went C. go D. has gone
5. —So far, how long ___ _ you ____ China?
—For one year. （河北邢台）
A. have; come to B. have; been to C. have; been in D. have; gone to
6. Neither Jim nor his cousins ____ __ to America, but ___ __ of them know the country very well. （山东潍坊）
A. have been; all B. have been; both C. has been; all D. has been; both
7. —Hi, I _____ you for a long time.
—I ___ in Beijing. I’ve just come back. （湖北随州）
A. hadn’t seen; am
C. didn’t see; will be B. haven’t seen; shall be D. haven’t seen; was
8. —Where is my little dog?
—It____ the back of the house. （湖北武汉）
A. has gone to B. had gone to C. has been to D. had been to
参考答案：1-5 CDDDC 6-8 ADA
中考聚焦
考点1. has been to 与has gone to
My aunt isn’t here. She Shanghai on business. She will be back in three days. （2007重庆）
A. went B. has gone to C. has been to D. will go to
【要点简析】has gone to表示“某人去了某地（强调该人不在说话地点）”；而has been to表示“某人曾经去过某地（现已经不在该地）”。句子意思是：她去上海出差了。选B。 考点2. in + 一段时间
—May I speak to Mr. White?
—Sorry, he Beijing, but he in three days. （2007山东烟台）
A. has been in; will come back B. has been to; won’t be back
C. has gone to; will come back D. has gone to; would be back
【要点简析】in 用于将来时，表示“在一段时间之后”。选C。
考点3. 复合形容词的用法
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根据汉语提示补全句子：
①What are you going to do in your （两个月的）holiday? （2007山东青岛） 选出与所给句子划线部分意义相同或相近并能代替的那一项：
②—Are you happy to have the two-month summer holiday?
—Sure. We can relax ourselves and do many things we like. （2007湖北黄冈）
A. two months B. two month C. two months’ D. two month’s
③There is tree in our school. （2007内蒙古乌兰察布）
A. a 8-metres-tall B. an 8-metre-tall C. an 8 metres tall D. a 8 metres tall
【要点简析】复合形容词“数词+连字符（-）+单数名词（+连字符+形容词）”作前置定语，在此结构中，名词必须用单数形式，也可以转化为“数词+名词的所有格形式（当数词超过1时，要用名词复数的所有格形式）”。①填写two-month ②选C ③选B。
考点4. thanks to
the bad weather, the swimming match bad been put off.
A. Because B. Thanks to C. With the help of
【要点简析】thanks to 意为“多亏；由于；因为”，to为介词，后面接名词或名词性短语，在句中作状语，表示原因，相当于because of? / as a result of? ；而because是连词，后面接从句。with the help of?“在??帮助下”，有褒义的感情色彩。选B。
Unit 15 We’re trying to save the manatees!
学习目标：
1. 观察形容词在句中的作用，通过练习和运用加以巩固。
2. 学会表达自己的观点，并有充足的论据做支持。
3. 学会正确处理人与自然的关系。
教学重点难点：
本模块中的一些重点短语
重点词和短语
1. be endangered 濒临灭绝
endangered animals 濒临灭绝的动物
2. pass laws to do sth. 通过法律做某事
3. as you can see 正如你所见
4. ten feet long 十英尺长
eight meters high 八米高
two meters tall 两米高
twenty meters wide 二十米宽
5. be against doing sth. 反对做某事
be for doing sth. 赞成做某事
Are you for or against? 你赞成还是反对?
【即学即用】
We are peace and war.
A. against; against B. for; for C. for; against D. against; for
6. be suitable for sb. 对某人适合
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7. be surprised to do sth. 惊奇做某事
be surprised at? 吃惊于??
to one’s surprise 使某人吃惊的是
8. living textbook 活生生的教材
9. provide sth. for sb. 为某人提供某物
【即学即用】
Last month, they much money the poor people.
A. provide; for B. provide; with C. provided; for D. provided; with
10. care for 关怀
take good care of sb. 照顾好某人
look after sb. well
care for sb. well
11. urge sb. to do sth. 强烈要求某人做某事
【即学即用】
The teacher urges his students on time when they do everything.
A. are B. being C. to be D. be
12. weigh 100 pounds 重100磅
lose one’s weight 减肥
13. average person 普通人
14. take one’s own bag 带某人自己的包
15. live close to 住得离??很近
close the door 关门
The door is closed. 门是关着的
be closed to sb. 与某人亲密
come very close 来得紧迫
16. hear of 听说
17. be built out of sth. 由??制造
18. be an inspiration to sb. 对某人是一个灵感
19. in one’s spare/free time 在某人空闲时间
20. He is the most careful student in the class. 他是班上最认真的学生。
She is a most/very unusual woman. 她是一个非常不寻常的女士。
五、重点、难点、考点及疑点注释
1. ...and help to educate the public about caring for them. ??并且帮助教育公众关爱它们。（Section A, 3b）
care for表示“喜欢”，“关心”之意，后接名词或v-ing形式作宾语，take care of也有这个意思。
He cared nothing for skating. 他对滑冰没有兴趣。
In our class, we care for each other. 在我们班上，我们相互关心。
Maria takes good care of everybody. 玛丽亚很关心大家。
【友情链接】care for还可以表示“照顾”，“照料”，相当于take care of或look after。
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At night he fed and cared for the cattle. 夜里他照料牲口，给牲口喂食。
You must care for yourselves.
=You must look after yourselves.
你们要照顾好自己。
The children are well cared for in the nurseries.
=The children are taken good care of in the nurseries.
孩子们在托儿所受到很好的照顾。
2. You have probably never heard of Amy Winterbourne. 你可能从来没有听说过Amy Winterbourne。（Section B, 3a）
【知识归纳】hear, hear from, hear of与hear that从句的用法：
（1）hear单独使用表示“听见”，“听到”，常用的结构有：
◎hear sb./sth. 听到某人或某物的声音
I can’t hear you at all. 我根本就听不到你的声音。
Haven’t you heard anything? 难道你没有听到什么声音？
◎hear sb. do sth. “听到某人做某事”。
I often hear Li Ping read English in the morning.
我经常在早晨听到李平读英语。
◎hear sb. doing sth. “听到某人正在做某事”。
I heard him singing in the next room. 我听见他正在隔壁房间里唱歌。
特别提示：
hear sb. do sth. 指听到整个行动或整个事件；而hear sb. doing sth.是指听到了行动的一部分，有正在发生的意思。试比较：
I heard the boy go down the stairs. 我听到这个男孩走下楼去。
I heard the boy going down the stairs. 我听到这个男孩下楼的声音。
（2）hear from意为“收到??的信”；“得到??消息”。
How often do you hear from your father? 你每隔多久收到你父亲的信？
Have you still not heard from him? 你还没有收到他的信吗？
I haven’t heard from him since he telephoned.
自从他打电话以来，我一直没有他的消息。
特别提示：
hear from的宾语是表示人的名词或代词，而不是表示信件的名词。
魔力纠错：
我们好几个星期未收到他的信了。
误：We haven’t heard from his letter for weeks.
正：We haven’t heard from him for weeks.
正：We haven’t got a letter from him for weeks.
（3）hear of意为“听说”，后面接名词，代词或动名词。
I’ve never heard of that before.我以前从未听说过那件事。
She disappeared and was never heard of again.
她不知去向了，再未听到她的消息。
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（4）hear接从句，是“听说”的意思。
One day, the Smiths heard that there was a good doctor in a town not far away.
一天，史密斯一家听说不远的镇里有一位好医生。
I hear that one of the pandas has a baby.
我听说其中一只熊猫生了个熊猫宝宝。
3. She is a most unusual woman. 她是一个十分不寻常的女性。（Section B, 3a）
【知识归纳】a most, the most的用法
（1）a most的用法。在“a most+形容词+名词”结构中，most是副词，意为“很，非常”，相当于very, 用来修饰它后面的形容词，本句就是这一用法。
Guilin is a most beautiful city.桂林是座非常美丽的城市。
This is a most interesting story.这是一个非常有趣的故事。
（2）the most 的用法
◎在“the most+形容词+名词”结构中,most 是副词，表示程度，意为“最”，与其后的形容词一起构成形容词的最高级。
He is one of the most famous writers in China. 他是中国最著名的作家之一。
This is the most difficult (one) of the three. 这是这三者中最难的。
4. The walls are made from old glass bottles that are glued together. 墙是由旧玻璃瓶粘在一起建成的。（Section B, 3a）
be made from/of意为“由??（原料）制成”，后面一般接物质名词。接from则表示某物品制成后，已看不出原材料是什么，原材料在制作过程中已起了化学变化；接of表示某物品制成后，仍可看得出原材料，其原料在制作过程中仅起了物理变化。
Nylon is made from air, coal and water.尼龙是由空气，煤和水加工制成的。
Wine is made from grapes. 葡萄酒是由葡萄制成的。
The desk is made of wood. 这桌子是由木头做的。
The shoes are made of cloth. 这鞋子是用布做的。
知识拓展：
◎be made up of表示某物或某组织由一种种成分或一个个成员组成。
The world is made up of matter. 世界是由物质构成的。
A TV set is made up of hundreds of different parts.
电视机是由数百个不同的零件组装成的。
◎be made into意为“把??做成??”，主语在意义上为原材料，介词宾语在意义上为制成品。
Bamboo is also made into paper. 竹子也可以用来造纸。
◎be made in意思是“在??（地点）制造”，介词in后接产地。
This kind of computer is made in the USA．这种电脑是美国制造的。
This printing machine was made in Beijing.这台印刷机是北京生产的。
◎be made by意思是“由??制造”，介词by后跟动作的执行者。
This model ship is made by Uncle Wang. 这个轮船模型是由王叔叔制作的。
【即学即用】
be made of, be made from, be made in, be made into, be made up of填空：
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wood.
This kind of wine wheat.
these computers Japan?
This team 5. Amy recently won an award from the Help Save Our Planet Society. 艾米最近获得了“救助地球”协会的奖励。（Section B, 3a）
（1）recently 表示“最近”，多用于完成时态。
Have you heard from Michael recently? 你最近接到迈克尔的来信吗？
Recently he has made quite a few mistakes. 最近他出了不少错。
（2）won an award中award是 “奖”的意思，相关词语有prize，reward和scholarship，这几个词都与“奖”有关。
（3）句中的win表示“赢”奖的意思。
At the national amateur song-writing contest, he won a first-class award.
在全国业余作曲比赛中，他获得了一等奖。
win可表示“赢得比赛，战斗”等，宾语一般是比赛，竞赛，战争等名词，与beat近义。 知识拓展：
win与beat的用法
两者在表示“赢”，“胜”的意思时，后面所接的宾语有所不同。“赢比赛或一场战斗”用win；“赢某人”是beat。
We won the match months ago. 几个月前，我们赢得那场比赛。
Which side won the battle? 这一战谁打胜了？
But still we weren’t sure we could beat them.
但是我们还不能肯定我们能打赢他们。
Dick beat John and won the game. 狄克打败了约翰，赢得了比赛。
六、语法：
“动词不定式”全搜索
动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”，有时可以不带to。在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语。
1. 作主语
动词不定式作主语时，常用作形式主语放在主语的位置，而将动词不定式（短语）放到句尾。如：
It’s a good habit to have breakfast every day. 每天吃早饭是个好习惯。
It’s easy to get lost in a big city like Tokyo. 在东京这样的大城市容易迷路。
2. 作表语
动词不定式放在系动词后面作表语，通常说明主语的内容或性质。如：
Your task is to clean your classroom. 你的任务就是打扫教室。
The old man’s job is to take care of the flowers in the garden.
这位老人的工作是照料花园里的花。
3. 作宾语
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动词不定式常用在agree, decide, hope, learn, offer, plan, prefer, pretend, refuse, want, wish等及物动词后作宾语。如：
I want to know what I should do next. 我想知道我下一步做什么。
I decided to take the chance. 我决定抓住这次机会。
有的动词不定式作宾语，且在后面有宾语补足语时，常用it作形式宾语。常用句型：think / consider / find + it + adj. + to do sth. 如：
I find it necessary to talk to Tom once again. 我觉得再和汤姆谈一次很有必要。
4. 作宾语补足语
①动词不定式在ask, allow, advise, expect, remind, tell, urge, want, wish等及物动词后作宾语补足语。如：
I expect you to give me some help. 我盼望你给些帮助。
②动词不定式在“一感觉feel；二听listen to, hear；三使let, make, have；四看watch, see, look at, notice”等词后作宾语补足语时，通常省略to。如：
I saw your mom go into the shop. 我看见你妈妈进了商店。
5. 作定语
动词不定式作定语时，要放在所修饰的名词或代词后。如果动词不定式中的动词是不及物动词，则该动词不定式须加上相应的介词。如：
New York is a good place to visit. 纽约是个游览的好地方。
There is nothing to worry about. 没有什么可担忧的。
6. 作状语
①表目的
To catch the early bus, I got up early this morning.
为了赶上早班车，我今天早早就起床了。
②表结果
动词不定式作状语表示结果时常与too或enough连用。如：
The box is too heavy to carry. 这个箱子太重了搬不动。
There is enough time to catch the train. 有足够的时间赶上这班火车。
7. 动词不定式与疑问词连用
动词不定式与疑问词who, which, when, how, what等连用，在句中起名词的作用，可充当主语、宾
语、表语等。
How to solve the problem is very important. 如何解决这个问题很重要。（作主语） Mr. Green didn’t know what to say. 格林先生不知道该说什么。（作宾语）
My question is when to start. 我的问题是什么时候开始。（作表语）
“动词不定式”2007中考真题
1. It’s hard a job. （山东青岛）
A. to look for B. to find C. to find out D. to look at
2. Mum, I’m hungry.
What about going to KFC hamburgers? （山东聊城）
A. eat
B. to eat C. eating D. and eat 109
3. Our parents often tell us not alone in the river in summer. （湖南长沙）
A. swim B. to swim C. swimming
4. I wondered what I should do next. （改为简单句）
I wondered what next. （内蒙古乌兰察布）
参考答案：1~3 BBB 4. to do
中考聚焦：
“时态与语态”2007中考真题
1. —Where’s your mother, Helen?
—She the flowers in the garden. （江苏镇江）
A. waters B. watered C. is watering D. has watered
2. Simon his fingers when he was cooking the dinner. （江苏盐城）
A. burnt B. was burning C. has burnt D. had burnt
3. —Do you know what the word “cool” means?
—Of course. It by young people so often these years. （浙江绍兴）
A. uses B. is used C. was used D. is using
4. —It’s raining! When did it start?
—I don’t know exactly. In fact, it all this afternoon. （北京）
A. lasts B. has lasted C. lasted D. will last
5. —Did you hear that water in Tai Lake smelt terrible?
—Yes. In fact, it . That’s all because of the people and the factories around. （湖北黄冈）
A. polluted
CABBB
马丙学 阜阳未来学校 2012-11-1
110 B. was polluted C. has polluted D. will pollute参考答案：1~5