美式论文、报告写作技巧
编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。研究生presentation 及 seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。
美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的利基。反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。
通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下：
(一) 篇首：
封面(Title)
序言(Preface)
谢词(Acknowledge)
提要(Summary)
目录(Tables and Appendixes)
(二) 本文：
引言(Introduction)
主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section) 、以及注释 (Footnotes)
(三)参考资料：
参考书目(References or Bibliography)
附录资料(Appendix)。
进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。题目可以提供研究者：
一.研究的方向
二.研究的范围
三.资料搜集的范围
四.预期研究成果
通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资
料来源可供参考引用。构思为确定写作大纲或 Proposal 的先前步骤， 大纲是论文、报告的骨干， Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作。好的论文或研究报告，要基于在完整、详实的资料上，而参考资料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的来源就是图书馆了，一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志，及会议性质的资料。此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料，在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。当一切准备就绪，即可开始着手写报告，一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告，及小报告如 Seminar 式的报告。
就算是小报告，也至少应含
(一)TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期
(二)Summary： 即主要的结论
(三)Introduction：包括理论背景及内容
(四)Technical Sections：是论文的主体，为最重要的部份应再细分为 几个片断。
(五)Conclusions：即扼要的结论
(六)Appendixes：复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在 此项
美式报告的撰写通常要打字，两行式，行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。写报告通常需要用到电脑，如有计算数字统计图表的需求，也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS，统计分析软体如SAS，也是不可或缺的，电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具，文书处理更是最基本的要求，因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎的工具。此外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改，如能请老美帮忙会比较好。
论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation)，用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战，通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟，若是论文囗试则至少一小时。投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助，正式讲演前多预习几次，时间宜控制适中，上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念，需留意听众的反应，切中主题，避免太多数字的导引。
400个常用英文缩写（外企上班族必备）
第一次在公司里上班，第一个mail开头是 FYI~
不知道啥意思，看看后面有东西，估计就是让看吧，并且有点尊敬的意思！最后才知道事 For your information~
有次和外国客户发邮件。有个LMK的缩写。想了半天，后天查了网络，才知道是LET ME KNOW 的意思。我没有想的那么正确。所以知道一些简单的缩写是很有必要的，我在网上查了一些。不知道你们之前看过没。
数字：
2 = to/too 2B or not 2B = To be or not to be 4 = for 4ever = forever A：
ASL = Age/Sex/Location AFAIC = As Far As I’m Concerned AFAIK = As Far As I Know AFK = Away From Keyboard AIAMU = And I’m A Monkey’s Uncle AISI = As I See It AKA = Also Known As AMBW = All My Best Wishes ANFAWFOWS = And Now For A Word Word From Our Web Sponsor AOTS = All Of The Sudden ASAFP = As Soon As "Friggin" Possible ASAP = As Soon As Possible ATST = At The Same Time AWGTHTGTTA = Are We Going To Have To Go Through This Again AWGTHTGTTSA = Are We Going To Have To Go Through This Sh Again AYSOS = Are You Stupid Or Something B： B4 = Before B4N = Bye For Now BBFBBM = Body By Fisher, Brains by Mattel BBIAB = Be Back In A Bit BBIAF = Be Back In A Few BBL = Be Back Later BBN = Bye Bye Now BCNU = Be Seein’ You BF = Boyfriend BFD = Big Fing Deal BFN = Bye For Now BHOF = Bald Headed Old Fart BIF = Basis In Fact BITD = Back In The Day Biz = Business BM = Byte Me BMOTA = Byte Me On The Ass BNF = Big Name Fan BOHICA = Bend Over Here It Comes Again BR = Bathroom BRB = Be Right Back BRT = Be Right There BS = Big Smile BT = Byte This BTDT = Been There Done That BTSOOM = Beats The Sh Out Of Me BTW = By The Way
BTWBO = Be There With Bells On BWDIK = But What Do I Know? BWO = Black, White or Other C： Cam = Web Camera CIAO = Goodbye (in Italian) CID = Consider It Done CIO = Check It Out CIS = CompuServe Information Service CMF = Count My Fingers Cof$ = Church of Scientology CRAFT = Can’t Remember A Fing Thing CRAWS = Can’t Remember Anything Worth A Sh CSL = Can’t Stop Laughing CTC = Choaking The Chicken CU = See You CUL/CYL/CUL8R = See You Later CWYL = Chat With You Later CYA = Cover Your Ass D： DBEYR = Don’t Believe Everything You Read DD = Due Diligence DDD = Direct Distance Dial DETI = Don’t Even Think It DGT = Don’t Go There DHYB = Don’t Hold Your Breath DIIK = Damned If I Known DILLIGAD = Do I Look Like I Give A d\amn DILLIGAS = Do I Look Like I Give A Sh DKDC = Don’t Know Don’t Care DL = Download DLTM = Don’t Lie To Me DQYDJ = Don’t Quit You’re Day Job DRIB = Don’t Read If Busy DS = Dunce Smiley DYSTSOTT = Did You See The Size Of That Thing E： EG = Evil Grin EOM = End Of Message ESO = Equipment Smarter than Operator F：
F2F/FTF = Face To Face
FAQ = Frequently Asked Question
FBKS = Failure Between Keyboard and Seat
FE = For Example/Fatal Error FF&PN = Fresh Fields And Pastures New FOAF = Friend Of A Friend FTASB = Faster Than A Speeding Bullet FT = Faint FTL = Faster Than Light FTTB = For The Time Being FUBAR = Fed Up Beyond All Recognition FUBB = Fed Up Beyond Belief FUD = (Spreading) Fear, Uncertainty, and Disinformation FWIW = For What It’s Worth FYA = For Your Amusement FYI = For Your Information FYM = For Your Misinformation G： G2G = Got To Go G8T/GR8 = Great GAL = Get A Life GDGD = Good,Good GF = girlfriend GG = Good Game/Gotta Go GIGO = Garbage In, Garbage Out GIWIST = Gee, I Wish I’d Said That GL = Good Luck GLYASDI = God Loves You And So Do I GMTA = Great Minds Think Alike GNBLFY = Got Nothing But Love For You GR&D = Grinning Running And Ducking GRRRR = "Growling" GSOAS = Go Sit On A Snake GTG = Got To Go GTGB = Got To Go, Bye GTGP = Got To Go Pee GTH = Go To Hell GTSY = Glad To See Ya GYPO = Get Your Pants OffBE A QUEEN. H：
HAGO = Have A Good One HAK = Hugs And Kisses HB = Hurry Back
HD = Hold
HHO1/2K = Ha Ha, Only Half Kidding HHOK = Ha Ha, Only Kidding
HIOOC = Help! I’m Out Of Coffee Howz = How is HTH = Hope This (That) Helps HUA = Heads Up Ace HUYA = Head Up You’re a I： IAC = In Any Case IAE = In Any Event IANAC = I Am Not A Crook IANAL = I Am Not A Lawyer IBT = In Between Technology IBTD = I Beg To Differ IC = I See/In Character IDGAF = I Don’t Give A F IDGI = I Don’t Get It IDK = I Don’t Know IDKY = I Don’t Know You IDST = I Didn’t Say That IDTS = I Don’t Think So IFAB = I Found A Bug IFU = I Fed Up IGGP = I Gotta Go Pee IIIO = Intel Inside, Idiot Outside IIMAD = If It Makes An(y) Difference IIRC = If I Remember Correctly IIWM = If It Were Me ILICISCOMK = I Laughed, I Cried, I Spat/Spilt Coffee/Crumbs/Coke On My Keyboard ILY = I Love You IMHO = In My Humble Opinion IMNSHO = In My Not So Humble Opinion IMO = In My Opinion INMP = It’s Not My Problem INPO = In No Particular Order IOH = I’m Outta Here IOW = In Other Words IRL = In Real Life ISS = I Said So ITM = In The Money IYKWIM = If You Know What I Mean IYSS = If You Say So J：
J/C = Just Checking J/K = Just Kidding! J/W = Just Wondering
JAFO = Just Another Fing Onlooker K：
K/KK = OK/OK, OK KFY = Kiss For You KISS = Keep It Simple Stupid KIT = Keep In Touch KMA = Kiss My Ass KWIM = Know What I Mean KX = kiss KYPO = Keep Your Pants On L： L8R = Later LD = Long Distance LDTTWA = Let’s Do The Time Warp Again LLTA = Lots And Lots Of Thunderous Applause LMAO = Laughing My Ass Off LMK = Let Me Know LOL = Laughing Out Loud/Lots Of Luck(Love) LTIC = Laughing ’Til I Cry LTNS = Long Time No See LYL = Love Ya Lots LYLAS = Love You Like A Sister M： M8T = Mate MHOTY = My Hat’s Off To You MM = Market Maker MorF = Male or Female? MOTD = Message Of The Day MOTSS = Members Of The Same Sex MTFBWY = May The Force Be With You MWBRL = More Will Be Revealed Later MYOB = Mind Your Own Business N： N = And/Know/Now NAK = Nursing At Keyboard NAZ = Name, Address, Zip (also means Nasdaq) NBD = No Big Deal NBIF = No Basis In Fact NFI = No Fing Idea NFW = No Fing Way NIFOC = Nude In Front Of The Computer NM = Never Mind NMP = Not My Problem NMU = Nothing Much You
NOYB = None Of Your Business NP = No Problem NQOCD = Not Quite Our Class Dear NRG = Energy NRN = No Reply Necessary NYCFS = New York City Finger Saluet O： OAUS = On An Unrelated Subject OBTW = Oh, By The Way OIC = Oh, I See OICU = Oh, I See You OMDB = Over My Dead Body OMG = Oh My God/Oh My Gosh OMIK = Open Mouth, Insert Keyboard ONNA = Oh No, Not Again OOC = Out Of Character OOTB = Out Of The Box/Out Of The Blue OT = Off Topic OTOH = On The Other Hand OWTTE = Or Words To That Effect OZ = stands for "Australia" P： PEBCAK = Problem Exists Between Chair And Keyboard PEM = Privacy Enhanced Mail Pic = Picture PIMP = Peeing In My Pants PITA = Pain In The Ass PLS/PLZ = Please PMFJI = Pardon Me For Jumping In PO = Piss Off POS = Parents Over Shoulder POV = Point Of View PPL = People Pro = Professional PS = By The Way/Photoshop T： TAH = Take A Hike TANSTAAFL = There Ain’t No Such Thing As A Free Lunch TARFU = Things Are Really Fed Up TDTM = Talk Dirty To Me TEOTWAWKI = The End Of The World As We Know It TFN = Thanks For Nothin’ THX/TX/THKS = Thanks TIA = Thanks In Advance
TIAIL = Think I Am In Love TIC = Tongue In Cheek TLA = Three Letter Acronym TLGO = The List Goes On TM = Trust Me TMI = Too Much Information TMTOWTDI = There’s More Than One Way To Do It TPTB = The Powers That Be TSR = Totally Stuck in RAM TTFN = Ta Ta For Now TTT = That’s The Ticket/To The Top TTUL/TTYL = Talk To You Later TWHAB = This Won’t Hurt A Bit TY = Thank You TYVM = Thank You Very Much U： U = You UR = Your U R = You are unPC = unPolitically Correct URYY4M = You Are Too Wise For Me V：
VFM = Values For Money VG = Very Good W：
WAG = Wild Ass Guess WAI = What An Idiot WB = Welcome Back WCA = Who Cares Anyway WDYS = What Did You Say? WDYT = What Do You Think? WE = Whatever WEG = Wicked Evil Grin WG = Wicked Grin WGAFF = Who Gives A Flying F WIIFM = What’s In It For Me? WIT = Wordsmith In Training WITFITS = What in the F is this Sh WOG = Wise Old Guy Wot/Wut = What WRT = With Respect To/With Regard To WTF = What The F WTG = Way To Go! WTSDS = Where The Sun Don’t Shine
WYMM = Will You Marry Me WYP = What’s Your Problem? WYRN = What’s Your Real Name? WYS = Whatever You Say WYSIWYG = What You See Is What You Get WYT = Whatever You Think X：
X U = Kiss You
Y：
Y = Why Ya = You YA = Yet Another YAFIYGI = You Asked For It You Got It YDKM = You Don’t Know Me Yep/Yup = Yes YGBK = You Gotta Be Kiddin’ YMMV = Your Mileage May Vary YNK = You Never Know YOYO = You’re On Your Own YR = Yeah, Right YSYD = Yeah, Sure You Do YTTT = You Telling The Truth? YYSSW = Yeah Yeah Sure Sure Whatever
英语作文常用谚语、俗语
1、A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth. 说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。
2、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 一知半解，自欺欺人。
3、All rivers run into sea. 海纳百川。
4、All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。
5、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。
6、A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 不善始者不善终。
7、Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。
8、A faithful friend is hard to find. 知音难觅。
9、A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。
10、A friend is easier lost than found. 得朋友难，失朋友易。
11、A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半。
12、A good beginning makes a good ending. 善始者善终。
13、A good book is a good friend. 好书如挚友。
14、A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。
15、A mother's love never changes. 母爱永恒。
16、An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 一天一苹果，不用请医生。
17、A single flower does not make a spring. 一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。
18、A year's plan starts with spring. 一年之计在于春。
19、A young idler, an old beggar. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。
20、Better late than never. 不怕慢，单怕站。
21、By reading we enrich the mind.读书使人充实，
22、Care and diligence bring luck. 谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。
23、Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to
success. 自信是走向成功的第一步。
24、Custom is a second nature. 习惯是后天养成的。
25、Custom makes all things easy. 有个好习惯，事事皆不难。
26、Doing is better than saying. 与其挂在嘴上，不如落实在行动上。
27、Do nothing by halves. 凡事不可半途而废。
28、Don't put off till tomorrow what should be done today. 今日事，今日毕。
29、Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. 不要自找麻烦。
30、Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起身体好。
31、Easier said than done. 说得容易，做得难。
32、Easy come, easy go. 来也匆匆，去也匆匆。
33、Eat to live, but not live to eat. 人吃饭是为了活着，但活着不是为了吃饭。
34、Every man has his faults. 金无足赤，人无完人。
35、Every man is the architect of his own fortune. 自己的命运自己掌握。
36、Every minute counts. 分秒必争。
37、Each coin has two sides.
38、Fact speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。
39、Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。
40、God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助。
41、Health is better than wealth. 健康胜过财富。
42、Honesty is the best policy. 做人诚信为本。
43、Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst. 抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算。
44、It is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。
45、Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量
46、Like mother, like daughter. 有其母必有其女。
47、No pain， no gain.（不劳无获。）
48、You never know till you have tried. 不尝试，不知晓。。
49、An idle youth, a needy age.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。
50、Diligence is the mother of success.勤奋是成功之母。
51、Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy
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52、Experience is the best teacher.经验是最好的教师。
53、Nothing in the world is difficult if you set 早起，使人健康、富裕和聪颖。
54、Where there's a will, there's a way. 有志者事竟成。
55、Practice makes perfect ．（熟能生巧。）
56、Pride goes before a fall．（骄傲必败。）
Superstar and I
It’s common that many students are crazy about those singers and actors. However, liyundi, a pianist, is the superstar in my heart. He is a man of few words and he even looks like the greatest pianist—Chopin. When listening to his music , I can get rid of everything noisy around. What’s more, I can feel his strong love for music. Rome wasn’t built in one day. He achieved the great success through huge effort. I can learn from him that we should never give up to realize our dreams.
Superstar and I
Her name first appeared as a joke then like a wonder. She is Susan Boyle, the superstar in my heart. Although she’s not beautiful, her voice and spirit moved all the audience, including me. The song ’I dreamed a dream’ that she sang touched everyone’s heart who had a dream and wanted to realize it. She taught me how to go on my dreams as well as never to give up. She is like a sunshine that gives me hope. Where there is a will, there is a way.