西安欧亚学院

本科毕业论文开题报告

题    目：  陕西佛坪滨河景观带设计  

        学生姓名：          王露           

        分院（系）：    艺术设计学院        

        专   业：    艺术设计（室内设计）   

班   级：  统本艺设（室内）1202班 

        指导教师：        崔  妍            

   

                      二零一五 年 十 月

要        求

1、开题报告是毕业设计的总体构想，由学生在毕业设计工作前期独立完成。

2、开题报告正文用A4纸打印，各级标题用4号宋体字加黑，正文用小4号宋体字，20磅行距。

3、参考文献不少于5篇（不包括辞典、手册），著录格式应符合GB7714-87《文后参考文献著录规则》要求。

4、年月日等的填写，用阿拉伯数字书写。要符合《关于出版物上数字用法的试行规定》，如“20##年2月28日”。

5、所有签名必须手写，不得打印。

6、对未在安排时间内提交开题报告定稿者或审核不通过者，将由分院组织进行开题答辩，方可进入毕业设计下一环节。

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第二篇：滨水景观外文

PAS Master Plan Study ,Harris Riverfront Park,Huntington, West Virginia

Prepared by: The USACE, Huntington District

Harris Riverfront Park Master Plan

Design Development Master Planning:

Master planning is a general term used for this process of transforming conceptual design ideas into an organized plan of elements, spaces, and corridors. Design concepts are the evolution of design ideas which have progressed through the initial planning process. Through analysis, these ideas are measured against conceptual level criteria for establishing general feasibility and acceptance. Design concepts form the basis for site features by establishing the general uses and activities that are to take place on the site. This process is refined through spatial diagramming which helps to establish the general size, shape, orientation, location, and relationships between activities or use areas being developed.

Spatial Diagram:

As part of the master planning process, spatial diagrams have been prepared that graphically illustrate the park within the larger context of the surrounding downtown area.Further diagramming of the parks nodes and paths reveal the internal connectivity of park features. All together these diagrams enable a clearer understanding of the relationships between elements of the park and their connection to the surrounding downtown. Evaluation of these relationships reveals certain qualities or deficiencies in the ordering and connectivity of park elements. Understanding these relationships allows for better decision making, resulting in increased conformance with proven principles of circulation, access, entry, use, function, and aesthetics.

Circulation/Park Access Diagram:

As part of the overall master planning process, an understanding of the factors and circumstances which influenced the evolution of the park design is needed. The following is a summary of the park history, design, ownership, utilization, and factors contributing to the parks present day conditions.

Park History and Development:

The development of Harris Riverfront Park occurred in 3 separate design and construction phases over a twenty year period between 1977 and 1997. The following sub-paragraphs describe each phase of work.

Phase 1- Boat Launch (east end): Completed in 1977, the first phase consisted of the boat launch ramp, utilities, access road, comfort station, parking, and the designation of a marina location. As part of the cost share requirement the City conveyed the land (limits designated in the site plan) to the Federal Government in return for monetary credit against the shared project cost.

Phase 2- Main Harris (central portion): Completed in 1983, the second phase consisted of the amphitheater, river walk, two comfort stations, upper tree-lined walk, entry plaza, two river overlooks, grove picnic area, open lawn recreation area, and associated parking.

Phase 3- Riverboat Docking Facility (west end) : Completed in 1997, the third phase consisted of

the large vessel docking area, handicap fishing access, comfort station and associated parking.

All three phases were funded as a 50/50 cost share between the City and the Corps of Engineers. Phases 1 and 3 were designed by the COE. Phase 2 was designed by Ridenour and Associates, a landscape architecture firm out of Pittsburgh PA, in coordination with the COE.

Park Lease:

The City currently leases the 24 acre park from the Federal Government and provides for the operation and maintenance of park lands and facilities in lieu of lease payments. The 50 year lease began on August 15, 1977. It is typical COE policy to renew lease agreements when Lessees have successfully managed the leased area in compliance with set terms. The City currently has a sub-agreement with the Greater Huntington Park and Recreation District for the operation and maintenance of the park. Currently this is a 50 year agreement which began on August 15, 1977. The Big Sandy Civic Arena and Holderby?s Landing Marina have sub-agreements with the City for the specified recreational and events activities at the park.

Park Evolution:

Harris Riverfront Park evolved in stages without an overall plan to guide the park design as a whole. During each separate design stage, future phases were not envisioned or planned, thus, design decisions were made based on goals and objectives specific to that point in time. As a result, each phase was designed to function independently of any future component. Consequently each was constructed with distinguishable park end points from which each subsequent phase of design and construction began. This created a series of park ends and beginnings; disrupting the flow of circulation, and the cohesive relationship of recreational elements and facilities throughout the park as a whole. The result is a park with three consecutively aligned, yet functionally separate areas.

Park Transition:

Over time, use of Harris Riverfront Park has declined. This did not occur overnight, but over a period of several decades. Some of the decline in usage can be attributed to site specific park issues such as: aging facilities, inconsistency in level of maintenance and operation, lack of capital improvements, and increased safety and security concerns. Most project specific issues have stemmed from a lack of support and funding for the upkeep and improvement of the park..

Broader social and economic factors have also affected park use. Regional, national, and even global events influence the way local residents socialize, recreate, spend leisure time, travel, and spend money. Some of the contributing factors that influence behavioral changes and park usage include: long-term declines in municipal revenues, stagnant household incomes, increased unemployment, rising fuel/energy prices, changing recreational trends/interests, changes in technology, and attitudes toward personal health and environmental issues.

Harris Riverfront Park has suffered from the effects of many factors described above. Declining use of the riverboat docking area and boat launch area are especially evident. The singular purpose design of these areas, coupled with changing social, economic, and physical factors has limited

their effective usefulness. The resulting lack of use has further contributed to the general neglect of the areas, which in turn has contributed to the further decline in park related usage, and an increase in unwanted use.

Planning Considerations:

The following paragraphs contain brief descriptions of past, present, and/or future initiatives, programs, and projects that were considered in the planning of proposed park improvements.

Paul Ambrose Trail for Health(PATH)

The Paul Ambrose Trail for Health is an ongoing effort to promote good health through the development of a comprehensive City-wide pedestrian and bicycle trail system. The Rahall Transportation Institute Foundation, in association with the City of Huntington and various community members have designed this system to link various public, business, and social gathering spaces with alternative means of transportation. In addition to its health related benefits, the trail is intended to help cut congestion, connect business and communities, and provide recreational opportunities for the community.

Ripper Wildlife Interpretive Trail(RWIT)

The Ripper Wildlife Interpretive Trail is a Greater Huntington Park and Recreation District initiative to provide opportunity for interpretation of Ohio River wildlife. Currently under development, the trail utilizes existing pedestrian routes within the park for the display and viewing of interpretive wildlife signage. The trail will ultimately consist of artistic wildlife signs. An additional sign with biographical information about the artist, Chuck Ripper, is also planned. Mr. Ripper is a world renowned wildlife artist and long time resident of Huntington. In addition to the signs artistic and educational qualities, their vibrant colors provide visual interest during the winter season. .

Skateboard Park

The Downtown area, including the Harris Riverfront Park, has been a popular venue for skateboarders for several decades. Skateboarding in Downtown Huntington became very popular during the mid 1980?s when the owner of Iguana Sportswear, a local Downtown business, supplied ramps for a skateboard park that was installed along Cruise Avenue in the downtown. Annual competitions were held for several years in the late 1980?s called the Cruise Avenue Street Style Skateboarding Contest. The area once known as Cruise Avenue is now abandoned and is occupied by Pullman Square. A permanent location for a skateboard park has been sought for many years and the general public consensus is that it needs to be near Downtown and preferably at Harris.

Riverfront Park.

Skateboarding in the Huntington area has developed several prominent individuals in the sport. Huntington High graduate Bryan Ridgeway, who today lives in California, is a nationally known skater, industry expert and associate of Tony Hawk's. Barboursville native Chris Carter is the co-founder of one of the nation's landmark skateboard companies in Dayton, Ohio.

Pullman Square

The development of Pullman Square has a long history. In the 1970s the Huntington Urban Renewal Authority demolished a ten block area at the core of the Central Business District. The

rd area known as the “Super Block” between Veterans Memorial Boulevard and 3Avenue, between

8th Street and 10th Street became a parking lot (including Cruise Avenue) and remained undeveloped for thirty years. Several attempts over the years failed to attract a successful developer. The lack of sufficient on-site parking to support a new commercial development was a significant impediment to the site?s potential. In 1998, $27 million for an intermodal facility was appropriated by Congress through the efforts of Congressman Rahall. That capital investment opened the way for redevelopment of the site. On March 26, 2003, the Superblock was sold to Metropolitan Partners, the developers of Pullman Square. Construction began on Pullman Square on July 16, 2004 with the excavation of the parking lot for the new parking structures and intermodal facility. Pullman Square officially opened on November 19, 2004 with Marquee Cinemas as the first tenant. The development has now spurred additional redevelopment in the surrounding area and has lead to the revitalization of the Downtown Central Business District.

Ferry Boat Operations

Base facilities for the housing and operation of a passenger ferry boat are being planned for a sheltered inland marina currently being developed within the RiverWalk Planned Community located in Union Township, Lawrence County, Ohio. Initially, the primary destination point for daily operation of the ferry boat / river taxi is the Rahall Intermodal Facility located at Pullman Square in downtown Huntington; which is 2.7 river miles downstream from the base facility proposed at RiverWalk. As demand builds, it is the intent of the proposed system to include more stops along the Ohio River including the Ashland, KY Intermodal Facility located further downstream.

Master Plan Design Approach

Understanding the construction history, design evolution, transitioning visitor usage, and other factors that have influenced the current condition of Harris Riverfront Park is critical to the development of a good planning and design approach. Issues that the park faces today are in part due to the process by which it was originally planned and designed. Revitalization of the park is dependent on a plan with the diversity to meet the current needs of the community and the flexibility to accommodate future social, economic, and recreational uncertainties. For these reasons, a holistic approach is being utilized for the planning and design of park improvements.

The holistic approach is an approach to design which considers the inter-relationship between design elements and their organization into a single functioning composition. The approach also examines the composition (park) within the larger context of its surrounding environment. (downtown Huntington) Other aspects of a holistic design include the consideration of past, present and future factors that have, are, or could affect the desired intent of the design. Principles and Elements of DesignPrinciples of design are the principles and elements that govern fundamental design aspects, and relationships of design components, and are used to guide the organization of a design composition as a whole.

Design Principles- are the broad structural aspects of design that form the ?framework? of a design composition. They provide the fundamental knowledge regarding design relationships and the design composition as a whole. Examples of design principles include: scale (human scale), proportion, balance, rhythm, emphasis (focal point), and unity.

Design Elements- are the ?building blocks? of design. They are elements or conditions that can be manipulated to achieve desired results within a composition. Examples of design principles include: space, line, shape, color, texture, form (3-dimensional objects), and value (tone). Landscape architects and planners rely on design principles as a guide, or framework, for chieving intended design outcomes. Desired outcomes are largely based on the goals and objectives established for the project; and are achieved through design elements that modify the physical features or conditions of the site.

Conceptual Design Intent

Design intent is the desired outcome which occurs as a result of design input. As design concepts transition from abstract plans on paper to the physical environment they become subject to undesirable design changes. Financial, political, technical, environmental, site and social factors can all generate situations that lead to such design changes. When these changes occur they affect desired results and compromise the design composition as a whole. Unrealized and/or altered concepts manifest as aesthetically or functionally undesirable features and spaces. Awareness of the relationships between design and social behavior is critical for minimizing unwanted results, and rectifying undesired outcomes of the past.

Public Spaces

Effective public spaces are extremely difficult to achieve, because their complexity is rarely understood. As William (Holly) Whyte said, “It?s hard to design a space that will not attract people. What is remarkable is how often this has been accomplished.”

Public spaces are people spaces, and as people we generally share common spatial requirements when it comes to feeling comfortable in a social setting. At first glance many outdoor plazas and spaces appear to utilize similar materials and products to satisfy the human desires for safety, security, pleasure, physical comfort, and convenience. However, social comfort is not dependent on products and materials but rather is rooted in the study of human social behavior.

Memorable public spaces are those that integrate principles of social behavior into the physical design of the space. Design arrangements that allow individuals to choose when and to what degree they want to interact with others reduce the stress and pressure of social gatherings.

Social design principles help ensure that ideas on paper achieve their intended results when applied as features to a space. They help to guide the selection and configuration of design elements (lines, shapes, textures, etc.) to best suit the targeted social atmosphere.

Creating Places:

Places don?t come easy; it takes more than a design to produce that special “sense of place”.

Transforming an under-performing public space into a vital “place” takes a community of people with a shared vision, an urgency to save what is important, a comprehensive plan to act, and the determination to see things through. Places are more than spaces. They embody the essence of communities; their values, social ties, and heritage. Places are engrained in the everyday aspects of community life and are able to transcend beyond the limits of its physical boundaries into something more than the sum of its simple parts.

Concepts, Methods, and Techniques

The following paragraphs discuss design concepts, methods, and techniques for the creation of exceptional public spaces. Proposed improvements for Harris Riverfront Park are rooted in these ideals.

Form and Function

Form and function influence and enhance each other. Form should not be an afterthought to the function of a space, nor should they be at war, as the quality of one does not oppositely affect the other. There is a common misconception that form comes at the expense of function. If this where true, the best that could be hoped for is a mediocre compromise between the two. This misconception stems from the idea that function equals efficiency. In reality function has to do with being effective; and can be defined as the purpose for which something is designed, exists, or works for its intended purpose. As such, the line between form and function is blurred and they begin to merge and co-exist as one.

Sense of Entry

Creating a sense of entry is an important part of attracting people into a site and is dependent on the development of both functional and aesthetic entry qualities. A well designed entry should enrich the visitors experience and provide a welcome feeling. It should allow visitors to see within the site to quickly assess the space beyond as safe and approachable. In addition, entries provide a first impression of events to come, setting the tone and character for the visitor?s experience.

Public Perception / Sensory Cues

In public spaces, things that we see, hear, smell, and feel provide clues as to the character of the space. Our perception of a space is based on the information derived from our senses. Elements that stimulate our senses and provide information as to the nature of a space are called sensory cues. These often exist as environmental factors or are generated by social situations. However, sensory cues can also be planned into the design of a space. Sensory cues associated with positive experiences increase the perceived quality of a space.

Visual Cues- In public spaces, visitors use visual cues to assess the level of risk associated with the use of a space. Public spaces designed with wide entries allow visitors to visually assess potential security risks and the availability of help prior to entering. In addition, spaces designed with multiple points of ingress and egress, which are easily recognizable to the visitor, can help ease the tension associated with unknown conditions or uncertain situations. As such, design choices that cue the visitor as to the experience that can be expected ultimately help sway a

visitor?s decision to enter, or not enter, a space.

Sounds, Smells, and Touch- In addition to helping users assess the safety and security of a space; sensory cues help the user assess the overall type of experience to be expected. Visual cues, as well as sound, smell and touch cues provide indications as to the qualities or condition of a public space. Some examples could include: the sound of kids playing, birds chirping, or music playing; the smell of the river, fragrant plants, chlorine, and vendor food; or the feel of surface textures, heat of the sun, or cool from the shade of a tree or mist from a fountain.

Aesthetics, Character, and Identity

Aesthetics, character, and identity are significant factors in how a prospective visitor perceives a public space. Each factor provides the visitor with valuable clues as to the type of experience they can expect upon entering a space. Aesthetics - Enriches the experience of a place. Materials, craftsmanship, and maintenance are quality and condition aspects of a design that provide visual cues as to the type of experience to be expected. Potential visitors quickly assess these factors when determining the safety, security, and cleanliness of a space.

Character - Emotionally connects people to a place.

Architectural style, cultural heritage, and historical relevance are characteristics typically important to a community. When these characteristics are incorporated into design features they become a physical reflection of community values. Used in the design of public spaces these features encourage an increased sense of community pride and feelings of ownership. Community volunteerism and financial commitment are often attributed to elevated sense of ownership and strong emotional ties to the community.

Identity - Triggers the remembrance of a place.

How people identify with a space is usually based on past experiences within the space. As such, the identity associated with a space is unique to each individual. Signage, symbols, iconic features, and other sensory stimuli produce mental imagery that visitor?s later associate with their individual experience. How people identify with and perceive a space is critical to how they communicate to others about the space. Identity is a powerful tool often used in branding and promoting products, events, and places.

Dynamic Motion

Dynamic motion is the technique by which movement (motion) is used to attract the attention of, and to peak the curiosity of potential visitors. This technique was extensively used during the original planning of the Harris Riverfront Park. Colorful navigation flags are still used at the 10th treet park entrance for this purpose. In past years, the navigational light tower served as a beacon light, and original park plans called for a large fountain in the current location of the grass inset below the stepped entry plaza. The motion and sounds that would have been generated by the fountain and other entry features were designed to entice people into the park and further draw the attention of visitors from surrounding downtown areas.

Multi-Purpose Planning

Multi-purpose planning is the programming, design, and management of spaces to serve more than one use, activity, or event. This method of planning encourages the maximum usability and flexibility of a given space. In locations where space is limited and there exists a large diversity of needs, this method can be exceptionally beneficial. Within this planning method, large spaces can be divided to accommodate multiple activities simultaneously, or allocated for use based on splitting time between specific activities. The proper design of such spaces is highly dependent on programming, scheduling, and maintenance. There are many methods by which time can be split among usage. Some of these include: 1) seasonal usage, 2) day use vs. night use, 3) daily use vs. special event use, and 4) active recreation use vs. passive recreation use.

People Moving

Movement of people within a space depends greatly on social tendencies and the effects of design on social behavior. There exist some well established design truths and social tendencies in regard to public spaces and the way people navigate within them.

People prefer paths that loop. (return to origin at a place or transportation node)

People take the most direct route when moving between destinations.

Consistent, defined paths keep people moving.

Wide, undefined paths slow movement.

Landmarks help orient people in their surroundings.

Focal points aid way-finding.

Anchor Facilities draw people between spaces.

Path variations and intersections heighten awareness of surroundings.

Iconic features attract people to spaces.

The patterns of people moving through a site, and the process by which design input can alter such patterns, is based in the study of human social behavior. The decision to use design input for altering movement patterns is determined by functional need or the opportunity to enhance the human experience.

Functionality- the movement of people that is both safe and effective. It is the system of circulation that allows people to flow from one space to another while minimizing undesired interruption to other surrounding facilities. Spatial diagramming helps reveal which spaces need to be connected, and by what means.

Design gestures- are the small, subtle means by which a designer can manipulate aspects of the functional circulation system to enhance the user experience. Gestures are used to awaken senses, increase awareness of the surrounding landscape, and provide opportunities for discovery. Examples may include: a change in path material to signify a change in use, a pathway element, material, or graphic motif that leads or informs the user, or the alignment of a circulation route to frame a view or encourage a discovery.

Triangulation

“Triangulation is the process by which some external stimulus provides a linkage between people and prompts strangers to talk to other strangers as if they knew each other” (Holly Whyte). The

triangle is formed between the stimulus (element of interest) and two (or more) strangers; each prompted to socialize with each other through a shared commonality, curiosity, or excitement generated by the stimulating element.

In public spaces, the external stimulus can take many forms. Architectural or artistic elements such as water features, statues, gardens, etc. are often used to provide this stimulus. For children the stimulus is often associated with elements of play. The arrangement of site elements to frame a view or promote discovery can also spark social interaction. The greatest chance for socialization occurs when people serve as the source of stimulus. Recreational facilities, performance areas, and play/spray-grounds provide opportunities for people watching. Simplified opportunities for people watching can be achieved through the thoughtful arrangement of site furnishings which encourage interaction between users.

Human Scale Design

Our most universal standard of measurement is the human body. All humans have a sense of human scale and we judge the appropriateness of size by that measure. We see objects and spaces as being large or small in relation to our own bodies. Objects and spaces appropriately scaled to our human bodies provide a sense of comfort and security. In the design of public spaces the scale of site elements and spaces is often manipulated to achieve a desired outcome; other than those of comfort and security. This is often done for the following reasons: 1) to influence perceived notions, 2) to evoke emotional reactions or feelings, and 3) to stimulate a physical response or behavior.

Modernization / Adaptive Re-use

Modernization is a method often used to re-energize a space through the updating of site elements and features. Revitalization of a space sometimes requires an innovative new approach to design. However, at other times revitalization can be achieved through the adaptive re-use of existing design features. New advances in technology, changing recreational trends, and shifting social attitudes drive the evolution of public space features. As these driving factors change and shift, the once captivating features of the past risk susceptibility to becoming stale and mundane. Modernization of the park through the adaptive re-use of existing site features has the potential to spark new interest in the area.

Using the example of the fountain, existing navigation flags, and beacon light tower from the dynamic motion discussion; the following are potential modifications or modernizations that could benefit the park. These two examples demonstrate many of the concepts, methods and principles discussed above.

In lieu of the originally proposed entry fountain, design and construct a children?s spray-ground.

This adaptation of the fountain concept combines the visual attraction with the recreational/play aspect of the spray jets. The dynamic movements created by the jets of water spraying into the air act to visually attract visitors from the downtown area, enticing them to enter the park. The addition of lighting to the jets of water produces an architectural effect further enticing visitors to

the park during evening hours. As curious visitors approach, sensory cues provide them with clues as to the nature of the space and experience to be expected. Cues that include the sights and sounds of children playing and the smells of summertime (chlorine and sunscreen) provide visitors with a level of security and comfort when entering the park. The positive aesthetic condition and vibrant atmosphere created by the visual and recreational aspects of the multi-purpose spray-ground design are qualities that enhance park character and increase park identity.

Update the existing light tower/navigational flag display into a combination light tower and programmable LED light display.

The re-imagining of the light tower is intended to spark a re-interest in a now mundane site feature. Located on the axis of the main park entry and upper tree lined path, the tower has the opportunity to provide many of the same visual benefits for attracting visitors as the spray-ground. Though it has no recreational qualities, the shape and scale of the tower was designed to evoke a response or emotion (excitement, curiosity, awe) thereby providing an opportunity for socialization with others sharing a similar experience. The addition of programmable LED lighting allows for the customization of light displays by season or event. Re-establishing the tower as the iconic park element it was intended to be is a step toward increasing park identity. How people identify with a space determines how they communicate to others about the space. The association of an iconic feature (mental image) with a positive experience can be a key trigger in the remembrance of the visit, and a powerful tool in the branding and promoting of a public space.

Summary

The success of public space design, and more specifically park design, is dependent on the understanding and effective organization of inter-related design elements, natural processes, and social behaviors. A comprehensive planning approach ensures that various park pieces work together as a whole. A park plan grounded in the principles of design provides a solid foundation or “framework”, from which the intended design outcomes can be achieved. Deviations from the design “framework” without careful consideration to relationships between design elements, natural processes, and social behavior can affect the design composition as a whole and lead to undesirable or dysfunctional outcomes.

Original plans for Harris Riverfront indicate that design principles were considered during the design phases, however, subsequent decisions, situational conditions, and/or changing trends and attitudes have eroded much of the original design intent. As such, the park has failed to keep pace with the changing needs of the surrounding community, and as a result, has fallen out of favor as a public gathering space.

Despite current conditions, Harris Riverfront Park possesses many of the fundamental qualities for becoming a great urban riverfront park. Its unrealized potential to draw people to the downtown area and link them to the business district via safe, walkable pedestrian routes is an important factor in sustaining existing businesses and attracting new investors. The parks location, natural assets, and ties to the history and culture of the area, emotionally link it with the community. In

addition, it?s potential to provide recreation, host large events, and provide a natural place for the community to socialize and relax make it ideal as an urban oasis.

This master plan study is an effort to unlock the potential of the park by establishing a vision for the park as a whole and integrating it into the overall fabric of the community. The plan takes advantage of qualities inherent to Harris and develops them into opportunities that best meet the goals and objectives of the project. Improvements proposed for the revitalization of Harris have the potential to spur the development of links between Huntington?s downtown business district and the park. Improving the connections between business and recreation are key steps in building and sustaining a vibrant downtown business atmosphere. Attaining the positive benefits associated with these links is dependent on two things: 1) the ability of the park to attract people, and 2) the ability of people to access the park. As such, a major focus of the project is on increasing attractive draw of people to the park, and reducing impediments to safe and effective park access.