定语从句
一、定语从句的概念 什么是定语从句？
例: A rich person is not the one who has the most, but is the one who needs the least.
用来修饰前面的名词或者代词的具有完整的主谓结构的句子就叫着定语从句。有两个必备的基本元素。一个是先行词；一个是关系词。
1.名词或代词做先行词。
例：He laughs best who laughs last.
2.短语做先行词。Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members,
friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.
3.用句子做先行词。The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection
with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse
languages could be.
I am a student which you all know.
当先行词与关系词被割裂时是如何表现的。如：Today, stepladders carry labels several
inches long that warn, among other things, that you might -- surprise! -- fall off.
找先行词的方法。反证法。把它带进去。哪一个是通顺的，哪一个就是先行词。
1. 翻译定语从句。
2. 结合先行词的结构特点和位置特征在关系词之前寻找与定语从句的意思的有逻辑
关系相符合的词。
二、定语从句里面的关系代词的用法。
1.常用的关系代词：which, that, who, whom。Whom 现在用的很少。前面有介词只能用
which，不能用 that。
2. 关系代词在考试中的特殊情况。
What:1)它是子母同体。相当于一个关系代词以及一个先行词。What 前面不应该在出现
先行词。 如果前面已经偶一个关系词，就不能用 what 来引导。例如：You can have everything
what you like. what=all that,所以这儿不能用 what.
All---is a continuous supplying of the basic necessities of life
A. what is the need
B. the things need
C. for our needs
D. that is need
2)what 单独使用，后面不加名词。
例如：She is not what she used to be.
3)what 后面加名词
例如：What money I have has been given to you.
1997 年考题：______he knows about it is out of date and in accurate
A. What little
B. So much
C. How much
D. So little
as
1.like
2.作为
3.when
4.引导定语从句。即可引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。引导限制性定语从句一般式固定用法。如 as..as,such...as
like
作为
when
引导定语从句。即可引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。引导限
as 引导非限制性定语从句
例如：I was a boy which you know. which 可以用 as 替换。
As is so often pointed out knowledge is a two edge weapon which can be used
equally for good or evil.
as 引导限制性定语从句
考试中往往考固定搭配。
例如：Such a student as works hard were be sure to succeed.
Than 作为关系代词可以引导定语从句
More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; consequently,
children are likely to have less supervision at home ____ was common in the traditional
family structure .
A.than B.that C.which D.as
特点：
1) than 作为关系代词引导词在从句中一般必须做主语或者作宾语。
2) than 前面的主句必须要有比较级
3) 比较级所修饰的名词就是 than 指代的对象
三、关系副词
When 引导的定语从句。
1)先行词必须是表示时间的名词。
Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more
companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.
2)如何区分 when 引导的定语从句和状语从句。用句子表示状语就是状语从句。例如：
When I go to school, I will work hard.
从两方面区分：
When 引导的定语从句前一定有表示时间的名词；When 引导的状语语从句前没有有表
示时间的名词。
从翻译的角度看如果是引导的定语从句可以不翻译。如果是状语从句就必须翻译成
当……时候。
When=on which
Where
where=in which
where 引导的从句先行词必须是表示地点的名词。例如：
I was born in Beijing where the Olympic games will be held.
先行词表示地点,不一定用 where 来引导。例如：
I have never been to Beijing ,but it’s the place __.
A.where I’dlike to visit
B.in which I’d like to visit
C.I most want to visit
D.that I want to visit it most
名词从句
讲五个问题：
一、名词从句的本质。
1. 概念：就是把一个完整的句子当一个名词来使用。那么从句就具备了名词所具备的所有性质。主语、宾语、表语、同位语。
2. 引导名词从句常用的连词。有三类：1）that; 2)whether,if; 3)when,where ,how 等连接副词
或 what,who,whose 等连接代词。
That 引导的名词性从句不能做任何句子成分。what 一定在从句中充当主语或者宾语。
Which 和 whose 后面必须接名词。例如：
Concerns were raised __witness might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to
ensure guilty verdicts.
A.what B.when C.which D.that
3)多重的名词从句现象。例如：
I realized that what I said was not exactly what meant to say.
考题：Prof. Lee’s book will show you ________ can be used in other contexts.
[A] that you have observed
[B] that how you have observed
[C] how that you have observed
[D] how what you have observed
二、名词从句中的主语从句
主语从句有如下几种表示方式：
1.用 which, that 放在句首引导主语从句。例如：
That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.
3.用 it is +ved+that…例如：
It is believed that you are good boy.
3. 用 whether 引导主语从句。例如：
Whether the eyes are the windows of the soul is debatable.
三、宾语从句
需要掌握的几点：
及物动词后面的宾语从句。2005 年例句：
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us?
四、表语从句
就是一句话做另一个句子的表语。就是把从句放在系动词的后面。1997 年例句：
A report consistently brought back by visits to the US is how friendly, cautious and hopeful most
Americans were to them.
五、同位语从句
就是用来补充说明同位语的名词成分的句子。结构是：名词+that+从句。
同位语从句与宾语从句和定语从句的区别：引导宾语从句和定语从句的的 that, which 可以省
略，而引导同位语从句的 that 不能省略。定语从句中的 that 必须在从句中扮演主语或者宾语。
同位语从句的 that 不扮演任何成分。例如：
There is a popular saying that family instability causes social instability. that 不做句子成分
状语从句
1.状语从句的本质。就是用一个句子来作另外一个句子的状语。
状语从句的分类：时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、结果状语、目的状语、条件状语、让步
状语、比较状语、方式状语。
20## 年例句
Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, ____ others are
sensitive to the smells of both flowers.
A. when B. since C. for D. whereas
难点：
1.When
常考的句型：Hardly…when; when it comes that; when it comes to ;1991 年例句：
____to speak when the audience interrupted him.
A. Hardly had he begun B. No sooner hardly had he begun
C. Not until he begin D. Scarcely had he begin
1998 年例句：
Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true
________ it comes to classroom tests.
A. before B. as C since D. when
2.地点状语从句
Where
A driver should slower down where there are schools.
3.原因状语从句
Since 从……起；因为……
比较特殊的连词：in that 因为的意思。例句：The girl is like her mother in that she also has very
delicate feeling.
Now that…因为；given that…
4. 目的状语从句
lest… 唯恐，害怕;for fear 当心，害怕引导的是虚拟语气。谓语是 should +动词原形。should
常省略。
5.结果状语从句
有两种引导法 so…that; so that; such…that; such that
20## 年例句：Conversation becomes weaker in a society that spends so much time listening and
being talked to ________ it has all but lost the will and the skill to speak for itself.
A. as B. which C. that D. what
把 so…that; so that; such…that; such that 中的 so 或 such 放在句首形成倒装句。例如：
So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine it’s speed.
to the extent (that)表示结果
to some extent 表示在……之内。在某种程度上
6.条件状语从句
用 unless； if 引导
难点：only if ; if only
only if 是“只有”的意思; if only 是“只要”意思。2000 年例句：
He can continue to support himself and his family ____ he produces a surplus.
A. only if B. much as C .long before D. ever since
要记住：supposing (that)…;provided (that)…;on condition that…
例如：He will surely finished job on time ____he has left to do it in his own way.
A. in that B. in case C. as far as D. so long as