重庆交通大学二0 0 八届毕业设计论文．译文
工程项目的采购管理
根据我国建设部第93号令《建设工程勘察设计企业资质管理规定》的规定，工程设计资质分为工程设计综合资质、工程设计行业资质、工程设计专项资质。现代建设工程投资规模较大，技术含量不断提高，建设周期长，设备材料型号规格多、价格变化快，新型建材如雨后春笋，这些导致具有综合资质或行业资质的设计院针对专业工程的设计大大不如具有工程设计专项资质的设计院的完美、经济、实用。施工图存在设计不到位的现象很普遍，深度不够，产生设计变更、签证的内容和数量增加，会造成投标时的优惠让利幅度缩小，无形中给了承包商堤内损失堤外补的机会。所以强调设计的深度、精度、减少设计变更是控制投资的有效途径之一。再者，合同条款的科学性、严谨性和完整性同样取决于设计深度，设计深度的不够造成工程合同不可能对整个施工期间可能出现的情况作出完整的预见和约定。此外，实施过程中，由于主客观条件的变化也会给整个施工过程带来不确定的因素，严重影响业主对投资、进度、质量目标的管理。专业深化设计的必要性由此可见,专业深化设计是现代建设工程的总趋势。
为了使专业分包工程的有效管理达到预期目标，应重点做好三个阶段工作：
设计阶段
专业分包工程原则上都需要进行深化设计，原主体设计院在专业设计上的技术力量较薄弱，需要专业单位进行深化设计。深化设计方案直接影响造价，设计方案的优化比较是业主的重点工作，施工设计要限额优化，必要时应组织论证，通过寻求完善设计，从施工、材料、设备、管理等多方挖潜以节约工程费用。采用专业承包单位进行施工，设计和施工的优化组合也是业主对设计和施工进行全过程控制的有效途径。本人参与“天诚大厦”的建设，就涉及专业分包内容。“天诚大厦”建筑面积18000平方米，总高92米，共24层，写字楼，地处市中心，与五台山体育馆、五环大厦、市建委、古南都饭店相邻。该楼屋顶的钢结构造型的设计方案设计深度不够，原设计单位要求具有相应设计资质的施工单位在施工时深化设计。施工单位做了造价110万元的深化设计，未考虑屋顶工程的投资情况，后我们又重新委托专业设计院设计，并且组织方案招标，在满足原设计要求的基础上，采用曲线型的H型钢梁取代曲线型矩形梁为主梁，而且上下檩条的用钢量也减少，原110万元的造价控制到60万元。虽然又付了一次设计费，但工程造价却降低了55%。这是对分包工程深化设计的有效管理，控制了投资。
实施阶段
在监理做好五控制，二管理，一协调的同时，业主也需要把质量、进度、投资、安全、环保控制，
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重庆交通大学二0 0 八届毕业设计论文．译文
合同和信息管理，建设单位、施工单位和中介服务机构的关系协调做为重点工作来进行组织实施。具体在组织措施、技术措施、经济措施、合同措施四个方面进行有效控制。
1、组织措施：
首先，要加强组织管理措施的有效控制，建立机构，制定制度和运行机制，明确监督和控制人员任务和职责，不断完善项目管理组织保证体系、业主项目管理班子，是做好五控制，二管理，一协调的基础。其次，细化管理责任，落实到人。要以项目经理牵头，项目工程师为主，项目其他人员共同参与，各负其责，建立健全管理的各项基础工作。再者，工作关系应用心打造，用德维系，用法规则。现场管理人员要七忌：一忌不讲原则，一团和气；二忌不讲礼仪，高高在上；三忌不出主意，光挑毛病；四忌不但责任，推脱问题；五忌不看成绩，凡事挑剔；六忌不懂装懂，生搬硬套；七忌不讲立场，堕落腐化。
2、技术措施。
技术措施是多方面的，主要抓好四个环节：
（1）安全：多工种交叉作业，增加了安全生产管理难度，在做好总包与分包之间安全管理协调工作外，强化专业分包单位安全管理，落实“谁施工，谁负责”安全管理责任。随着工程进展，建立完善总包对分包管理、分包自行安全管理的二级安全管理体系，并组成由总包和各专业分包单位（水电安装、消防通风、幕墙、装饰装修、避雷、施工用电等）专职管理员和安全员参加的项目安全管理组织，增强安全管理力量，加强分包商与总承包商工作上相关节点的协调配合。通过以上事前控制有效避免了分包商与总承包商在安全质量上的纠纷。
（2）材料采购环节：材料设备采购要“货比三家”，以质量价格比选定供应方。
（3）工程延误环节：主要分部分项工程的实际施工进度，工程主要材料、设备进退场时间及业主原因造成的延期开工、暂停开工造成工期延误的签证、不同时期完成的工作量、工程量的增加，其材料价格肯定不同，应及时明确，以免发生扯皮现象。
（4）隐蔽工程环节：在实施组织设计和施工方案过程中，尤其要把好隐蔽工程的签认关。该工作也是投资控制的重点工作。此类签证资料一旦缺少将难以完成验收和结算。如以上例子中就需抓好屋顶钢构架与屋面连接部位的防水层的基层、隔离层、搭接宽度和附加层，天沟、檐沟、泛水和变形缝等细部做法的隐蔽验收。
3、经济措施：
工程施工期间，由于业主要求、场地、环境变化等原因产生各类签证，主要包括业主违约，非承包
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重庆交通大学二0 0 八届毕业设计论文．译文
商引起的工程变更及工程环境变化，合同缺陷等。因其涉及面广，项目繁多复杂，要切实把握好有关定额、文件规定，尤其要严格控制签证范围和内容。对已完工程的计量、支付款的复核进行投资计划值与实际值比较，进行造价控制分析和预测，排除投资风险，力求使工程实际投资不超过计划投资。具体如下：
（1）延误赔偿和索赔处理相关签证。严格按索赔程序原则审核索赔的成立条件，分清责任，认可合理索赔。
（2）材料单价的签证是影响工程造价的重要因素之一，在办理材料单价的签证时，应注意弄清哪些材料需要办理签证以及如何办好，对于所签证的材料单价是否包括采保费、下力费、运输费等应注明，避免结算时重复计算。
（3）分清计税计费和计税不计费项目。在施工过程中，经常会出现一些无法计算工程量或某些特殊的项目，往往以双方商定的具体金额来签证解决。签证者应签明哪部分可以取费，哪部分只能收取税金，避免结算时双方发生争议，给工程结算审核造成不必要的麻烦。
4．合同措施。
着重注意四点：
（1）按合同条款支付进度款时，要防止过早过量签证，对合同变更补充协议签认要严慎，工程技术单签证要依合同相关条款来衡量，相互制约，预防无限扩大。
（2）设计变更或施工图有错误，此类签证只需签变更项目或修正项目，有的只签差异部分，不要重复签证。
（3）业主项目经理、工程师应静下心来，认真阅读，仔细理解工程合同，吃透合同条款，善于发现合同的缺陷部分，运用补充协议及时进行完善。
（4）最后强化实施过程中工程资料的及时收集、整理和归档，强化工程资料的真实性、完整性、严肃性。
后评估阶段
在合同履约终了时，要对合同履约结果进行全面考核，真正落实各个岗位管理人员的责权利。通过合同分析评审，对管理者、责任人进行考核，严格兑现奖惩，以便对项目的最终结果做到心中有数。
众所周知，业主方的项目管理是建设工程管理的核心。业主工程师举足轻重，任何工程上的变化，都要经过业主工程师的批准。设计、监理、施工才能开始操作，业主工程师的签字可谓是一字值千
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重庆交通大学二0 0 八届毕业设计论文．译文
金。这就要求业主工程师具备丰实的工作经验，有效的工作方式，扎实的专业技能，预测风险的能力，反索赔的意识。所以，提高各类专业人员业务素质，加强工程管理人员培训教育，是当务之急。该部分的特点是小投入大收益，不应该也不值得忽视。不少项目经理和现场管理人员对工程建设标准、规范、操作规程和定额缺乏了解，冒险蛮干的现象依然存在。有计划的对现场技术人员进行有针对性的业务培训，使他们掌握相关联的安全、造价、质量等基本工程管理知识，做到既熟悉现场实际情况，又熟悉有关规定，能充分掌握所有的信息和数据并进行分析处理，把好业主管理关。同时也要提高职业道德水准。
总之，创造适宜的条件，合理确定管理目标，采用科学的方法，切实从具体工作做起，做到事前控制，才能起到事半功倍的效果。
专业分包工程现场管理是一项综合性很强的工作，属动态管理，贯穿于施工全过程，任重而道远。以上只是专业分包工程应重点控制的环节，不够全面，旨在与同行进行交流与探讨，共同提高专业分包工程现场管理的水平，达到企业投资收益最大化的目的。
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重庆交通大学二0 0 八届毕业设计论文．译文
Project Procurement Management
According to China's Ministry of Construction Decree No. 93 "construction survey and design enterprise quality management regulations", Engineering Design Qualification Qualification integrated into engineering design, engineering design industry qualification and engineering design special aptitude. Modern large-scale investment in construction projects, technological content and continuously improve, the long construction period, equipment and materials model specifications, prices change rapidly, new building materials have mushroomed, these lead to a comprehensive industry qualifications or qualifications for professional engineering design institute of the design significantly better Engineering design with special qualities of the perfect design institute, economic and practical. Construction plans exist design is not in place of the phenomenon is widespread, deep enough, have changed the design, content and the visa increase in the number, will cause the preferential tender Rangli narrow margin, virtually to the contractor Dinei loss Diwai meeting opportunities. Therefore, the design emphasized the depth, accuracy and reduce design changes are an effective way to control one of the investment. Furthermore, the scientific nature of the terms of the contract, strict and integrity of the same depth depends on the design, design depth of the works contract can not be enough for the entire construction period may arise in case of unforeseen and complete agreement. In addition, the implementation process, since the subjective and objective conditions change throughout the construction process will be brought to the uncertain factors, seriously affecting the owners of investment, progress, the goal of quality management. Professional This shows the necessity of deepening the design, professional design is to deepen the modern construction of the general trend.
In order to make the professional sub-projects to achieve the desired goal of effective management, should focus on doing a good job in three stages: The design stage
Professional sub-projects are in principle the need for deepening the design, the main professional design institute in the design of a weak technical force, specialized units need to deepen the design. Deepen the design of a direct impact on costs, optimize the design of the comparison is the focus of the owners, construction design to limit optimization, organizations need to be demonstrated, by seeking to improve the design, construction, materials, equipment, management, and other multi-tap the potential to save costs . A professional contractor for the construction, design and construction is the optimum combination of design and construction of the owners to control the entire process of the effective ways. I participate in "Tiancheng buildings" in the building, it is involved in the sub-professional content. "Tiancheng buildings" in building area of 18,000 square meters, 92 meters high overall, a total of 24 offices, located in the city centre, and Wutaishan Stadium, rings the building, the Urban Construction Committee, the ancient South are adjacent hotel. Even the roof of the steel structure shape the design of programme design depth enough, the
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重庆交通大学二0 0 八届毕业设计论文．译文
original design units with appropriate design qualification requirements of the construction unit in the construction of deepening the design. Construction unit cost 1.1 million yuan made the deepening of the design, do not take into account the roof of the investment, after we re-commissioned the design professional design institutes and organizations tender programme, to meet the original design requirements on the basis of a curve of the H-beam Liang Liang replace the curved rectangular main beam, but also from top to bottom PURLIN of steel was also reduced, the original 1.1 million of cost control to 600,000 yuan. Although the design and pay a fee, but the project cost has decreased 55 percent. This is the sub-projects designed to deepen the effective management, control of the investment.
The implementation phase
In doing a good job of the Commissioner of control, the management, coordination at the same time, the owners also need to quality, and progress, investment, security, environmental controls, contracts and information management, construction units, construction units and intermediary service agencies as the focus of the relationship between the Coordination Work for organization and implementation. In specific organizational measures, technical measures, economic measures, measures four contracts for effective control.
1, organizational measures:
First, we must strengthen the organization and management of effective control measures, the establishment of institutions, systems and operation mechanism, a clear monitoring and control personnel tasks and responsibilities, and constantly improve the system guarantee for the project management organizations, owners of the project management team is doing a good job of control, the management , A coordinated basis. Second, thinning management responsibilities, and individuals. Should take the lead project managers, project engineers mainly involved in projects of common other staff duties, establish and improve the management of the foundation work. Moreover, the working relationship between the application of cardiac build, with Germany to maintain, and applying the rules. Site management staff to seven bogeys: a bogey neglect the principle of Yituanhuoqi; two bogeys neglect etiquette,高高在上; three bogeys not ideas, light Tiaomao Bing; four bogeys not only the responsibility, Tuituo; Wuji do not see results, and they find fault; 6 Budongzhuangdong bogey, Shengbanyingtao; seven bogeys neglect stance, decadent corruption.
2, technical measures.
There are many technical measures, grasp the four main areas:
(1) security: more cross-trade operations, an increase of production safety management more difficult, do a good job in the sub-package and coordination between the security management, strengthen the professional sub-units of safety management, implementation of "Who construction, who would be responsible for" security Management responsibilities. With the progress of work, establish and improve the total package of sub-management, security management of their own sub-two safety management system, and the total package composed of various
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重庆交通大学二0 0 八届毕业设计论文．译文
professional and sub-units (water and electricity installed, fire ventilation, walls, decoration , Lightning, the construction of electricity, etc.) full-time administrators and security members to participate in the project safety management, enhance safety management and strengthen the general contractor and subcontractors work related to the coordination nodes. Through the above prior to the effective control of subcontractors and general contractor in the safety and quality on the dispute.
(2) materials procurement areas: material and equipment procurement to "comparative shopping" to the quality of selected price than the supply side.
(3) the delay components: the main part of the project at the actual progress of construction, engineering major materials, equipment and time to market advance and retreat owners delayed start caused by the suspension period started causing delays in the visa, to complete the workload in different periods, engineering The increase in the price of their materials certainly different, should be clear in time, so as to avoid buck-passing phenomenon.
(4) concealment of links: organizations in the implementation of the programme design and construction process, in particular, should be a good sign of concealment of acceptability clearance. The work is also the focus of investment control work. Once the lack of information on such visas would be difficult to complete acceptance and billing. If the above example on the need to do a good job in the steel roof frame and connecting parts of the roof waterproofing layer of grass-roots, isolation layer, overlapping the width and additional layer, Gutter, canopies ditch, the Pan-Bian Xingfeng, such as water and detailed approach to the hidden acceptance.
3, economic measures:
During construction, the owners request, space, environmental changes and other reasons have all types of visas, including the owners default, non-contractors and project changes caused by changes in environmental projects, contracts and other defects. They relate to a wide range, many complex projects, should effectively grasp the fixed, document requirements, and to strictly control the scope and content of the visa. End of the project has been the measurement, payments for the review of investment projects compared with the actual value, cost control analysis and forecast, excluding investment risks, to make works no more than the actual investment plans to invest. As follows:
(1) compensation for delays and claims processing-related visas. Claims procedures in strict accordance with the principle of the establishment of conditions for review of claims, clearly define the responsibilities, authorized reasonable claims.
(2) material price impact of the visa project cost is one of the important factors in the price of materials for a visa, should pay attention to identify what material needs to process visas and how to run for a visa by the material, including whether the price premium - , The next of fees, transportation fees should be specified to avoid double counting when the settlement.
(3) distinguish between taxable and tax billing is not billing the project.
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重庆交通大学二0 0 八届毕业设计论文．译文
During the construction process, often appear unable to calculate the number of projects, or some special projects, often to the specific amount of the two sides agreed to solve the visa. Visas should be executed for which part of the fees, some of which can only collect taxes, to avoid the two sides settled a dispute, to review settlement projects causing unnecessary trouble.
4. Contract measures.
Focus on four points:
(1) the progress of the payment terms of the contract, to prevent premature excessive visa, to change the supplementary agreement signed contracts to identify Yan Shen, engineering and technology to single visa in accordance with relevant provisions of the contract in terms of mutual constraints, the prevention of infinite expansion.
(2) change the design or construction plans a mistake, such a visa just signed amendments to change the project or projects, some of the differences only signed and not to repeat the visa.
(3) the owners project managers, engineers should Jingxiaxinlai, carefully read and understand contract carefully, thoroughly understand the terms of the contract, the contract found at the shortcomings of the use of supplementary agreement promptly perfect.
(4) Finally strengthen the implementation of the project's timely information collection, collation and archiving, and strengthen the authenticity of information, integrity, seriousness.
After the assessment phase
Performance of the contract at the end of the contract to conduct a comprehensive assessment of performance results, the real implementation of various management positions in Zequan Li. Assessment of the contract, the managers, responsible for appraisal, reward and punishment strictly fulfilled, in order to project the final outcome be aware of.
As we all know, the owners of the building project management is the core of project management. Engineers decisive owners, any work on the changes to go through the approval of the owners of Engineers. Design, supervision, construction can begin operations, the owners engineers can be called for the signing of the word Zhiqian Jin. This requires that the owners have the abundance of Engineers is working experience and effective ways of working, solid professional skills, the ability to predict risk, counter-claims of consciousness. Therefore, improving the quality of all types of business professionals and strengthen project management training and education is imperative. The characteristics of a small part of the big investment gains, nor should not be overlooked. Many project managers and field managers of construction standards, norms, rules and a lack of understanding of scale, adventure Mangan of the phenomenon still exists. Planned on-site technical staff of targeted business training so that they master the associated security, cost, quality basic project management knowledge, be familiar with the scene is the actual situation, are familiar with relevant regulations, to take full advantage
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重庆交通大学二0 0 八届毕业设计论文．译文
of all the Information and data processing and analysis, the owners of the good management of customs. We must also raise their professional and ethical standards.
In short, the creation of appropriate conditions, rationally determine the management objectives, using scientific methods, and specific work from the start, prior to control, can play a multiplier effect.
Professional sub-site project management is a comprehensive task with a strong, a dynamic management, runs through the whole construction process, a long way to go. These are just professional sub-projects should focus on control of the link is not comprehensive enough to conduct exchanges with counterparts and explore, enhance common professional sub-standard construction site management, corporate investment to achieve the objective of maximizing revenue.
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