距离自考英语(一)，英语(二)，四级三项考试的时间不长了，有很多人是两项都要考的，提几点实用的说明。
1.如果有以上两项考试同时准备的话，先来看看两者关系
(1)四级考试除却了单词与词组固定搭配的考查，所剩的语法大概只有非谓和虚拟，分值不超过5分，而语法一般最多一个月就能理解透的，因此重点在练阅读，听力和掌握历年题中出现的单词。
(2)自学考试英语的语法则很细碎，应尽早花时间掌握好。
(3)阅读可以用四级的统一复习，问题不大。
2.两类考试背单词的方法
(1)四级的背法是挑历年题中出现过的先背，再带一本单词手册，以薄的为好，多了也背不了，最好是联想记忆的那种，避免以a开头按字母排序那种可能引起的记忆疲劳(通常以a开头的有不少是较生僻的，可能使信心受打击)。
(2)自学考试英语单词的背法查看课文，以此为记忆氛围背单词。一课一课地背，顺带也记住了固定搭配和句型。
关于课后练习，要做的只有词汇，语法和翻译，其他一律不要浪费太多时间，略过即可。
3.准备这些考试是否需要语法书？
总的来讲不需要，不需要通过系统的语法论述来掌握。如英语(一)中前几章大略过一眼即可，难点在后几章，而这些也只需在你做题有困难的时候翻书查看一下，掌握对付考试最有效的几招就可以了。教材的论述客观来讲比较泛泛，适合一开始入门。我手头有的语法书不是最好的，但是应对考试很有实效的，如果大家有需要，我可以摘出精华技巧帖上来，语法的研究主要是在于掌握出题的规律。
P.S.关于情态动词，强调句，倒装句，定语从句，状语从句，名词从句，主谓一致的应试技巧，如果大家有需要我可以抽出应试精华作点分析。
4.最后的一点建议由于是时间有限，大家最好是边做题边翻看书复习，尽早进入状态为好。该做的做，不该做的坚决不去浪费宝贵的时间
自考英语复习的几点实用建议|深圳自考辅导|自学考试学习资
自考-英语（一）讲义(23)
Unit 25
Text A American Men Don't Cry
第一段
1. 第一行：American men don't cry because it is considered not characteristic of（什么的特征） men to do so.
美国男人不哭，因为人们认为哭不是男人的特征。
2. 第二行：Cry is a “weakness” characteristic of the female，and no American make wants to be identified with（被认为，被理解成为） anything in the least（一点、丝毫不）weak or feminine.
没有一个美国男人愿意被人认为有丝毫软弱或女人气。
3. 第四行：Crying（动名次放在系动词前作主语），in our culture，is identified with childishness，with weakness and dependence.
在我们的文化中，哭被看成是幼稚、软弱和依附的表现。
4. 第五行：No one likes a crybaby，and we disapprove of （不赞同）crying even in children，discouraging（劝阻）it in them as early as possible.
没有人喜欢孩子哭。即使孩子们我们也不赞成他们哭，尽量早劝阻他们哭。
5. 第七行：In a land so devoted to（致力于、专心于）the pursuit of（对什么的追求）happiness as ours，crying really is rather un-American.
在我们这样一个一心追求幸福的国家里，苦实在不是美国的风格。
6. 第九行：Adults must learn not to cry in situations in which（本句话为定于从句，在关系代词which前用了介词，此处的原因是由于：which代指situations；介词in放在which前等于in situations，表示在一些情况下） it is permissible for a child to cry.
在一些场合，孩子们可以哭，但成年人必须学会做到不哭。
7. 第十行：Women being the “weaker”and “dependent”sex，it is only natural that they should cry in certain emotional situations.本句话为虚拟语气：it is+形容词+that+主语+（should可以省略）+动词原型
女人是软弱的和依附的性别，他们在某些动情的场合下哭是很自然的。
8. 最后一行：So goes the American belief with regard to（关于、对于）crying.
So goes sth. 这就是…
这既是美国人有关哭的信念。
第二段
1. 第一行：impress on sb. 使某人铭记
2. 第二行：And so we condition males in America not to cry whenever they feel like doing so.
Condition sb. to do sth. 使某人出于某种状态、使习惯于、使适应；调教
Condition sb. not to do sth. 请注意此处的否定式
Feel like doing sth. 喜欢做某事 feel like后面加动词的ing形式
我们也是这样调教美国男人，不管他们什么时候想哭，都能做到不哭。
3.第三行：it is not that…，but that…不是因为这个原因，而是因为那个原因。
they are trained not to cry 请注意：否定词被放在非谓语动词to前
4.P609第二行：And so the “little man” controls his desire to cry and goes on doing so until（直到什么时候才） he is unable to cry even when he wants to.
Go on to do sth. 继续做某事（做不同的事）
Go on doing sth. 继续做某事（做同一件事）
于是这位小男子汉控制自己哭的愿望，并一直这样继续下去，直到后来甚至想哭的时候也不会哭了。
5.P609第九行：be known as 被认为是
6.第十行：serve a function for sth. 起作用；as a whole 作为整体
7.第十行： Any interference with（干涉）homeostasis is likely to（有可能做某事）be damaging to（对谁造成损害）the organism.
对体内平衡的任何干扰都可能损害机体。
9. 最后一行：incapacity to do sth. 没有做某事的能力；capacity to do sth. 有做某事的能力
第四段
1. 第一行：To be human is to weep. 哭是人的天性。
2. 第一行：The human species is the only one in the whole of animated nature that sheds tears.（流泪）
人类是动物界中唯一能流泪的物种。
3. 第二行：inability to do sth. 没有做某事的能力；capacity to do sth. 有做某事的能力
4. 第五行：among other things 除了其他方面；此外
5. 第七行：If we feel like it，let us all have a good cry-and clear our minds of those cobwebs of confusion which have for so long prevented us from understanding the natural necessity of crying.
Clear sth. of sth. 把什么从什么中清除
Prevent sb. from doing sth. 组织某人做某事
假如我们想哭，就让我们痛痛快快地哭一场，把那些长期妨碍我们认知哭泣这一自然需要的那些陈腐混乱观念从我们的头脑中清除出去。
Text B Stop Worrying Now！
第一段
1. 第一行：Worry is one of the most common（最常见的，most common是common的最高级）forms of emotional distress in our culture. 忧虑是精神苦恼在我们文化中最常见的一种表现形式。
2. 第二行：Almost everyone spends a considerable（相当大的，相当多的，相当可观的）amount of present moments worrying about the future.
Spend time doing sth. 花时间做某事
几乎每个人都把现在相当多的时间用于为将来忧虑。
3. 第四行：Obsessive worry will never make things any（用来修饰比较级，表示强调）better.
过分的忧虑完全于事无补。
4. 第五行：In fact，such worry will very likely help you to be less effective in dealing with the present.
Be effective in sth./doing sth. 有效的做某事
Deal with sth. 处理某事
事实上，这种忧虑很可能让你在处理现在的事情时成效更小。
第二段
1. 第一行：In order to reduce worry，it is necessary to understand the subconscious psychological “payoffs” for choosing to worry in the first place.
in order to do sth. 为了做某事
it在这里是形式主语，阴影部分是动词不定式作真正的主语
payoff for doing sth. 做某事所得到的补偿
in the first place 首先
为了减少忧虑，首先有必要弄明白人们爱忧虑所能得到的潜意识心里补偿是怎么回事。
2. 第三行：This is a common lament，and one with a payoff that keeps you standing still and avoiding the risk of action.
Keep sb. doing sth. 让某人一直做某事
人们普遍这样诉苦，这种诉苦的回报会让你安之若素，避免贸然行动。
3. 第五行：Clearly，it is easier，if less rewarding，to worry than to be an active，involved（投入的） person.
很清楚，如果只求较少回报的话，做一个愁苦忧虑的人比作一个积极投入的人更容易。
第三段
1. 第一行：By worrying about someone else，you can label yourself as a caring person.
Worry about sb. 担心某人
Label oneself as 把自己算/看成
Caring person 关心别人的人
你为别人操心，这样你可以把自己算成关心别人的人。
2. 第三行：I can't help worrying-it's because I love you.
Can't help doing sth. 禁不住做某事
我做不到不为你操心-因为我爱你。
3. 第三行：A handsome dividend，although lacking in（缺少）logical，healthy thinking.
这是个相当不错的回报，只不过缺乏合乎逻辑的、正常的思维。
第四段
1. 第二行：You have a good reason for hanging on to the worry behavior.
Have a good reason for doing sth. 很有理由做某事
Hang on to sth. 继续做某事；紧紧抓住；求助；依靠于；
因此你有很好的理由继续忧虑下去。
2. 第三行：Similarly，you may find yourself smoking more in troublesome situations， and can use the worry to avoid giving up smoking.
Find sb. doing sth. 发现某人做某事（这里的doing是作宾语补足语的）
Avoid doing sth. 避免做某事（avoid后面只能加动词的ing形式）
同样，你可能发现你在烦恼的情况下抽烟的更多，你可以用忧虑作口实，不去戒烟。
3. 第五行：It may be easier for you to worry about chest pains than to risk finding out the truth， and then having to deal directly with yourself.
It为形式主语，阴影中的动词不定式是真正的主语
Risk doing sth. 冒险做某事（risk后面只能加动词的ing形式）
Deal with oneself 处理自己的问题
为胸痛而忧虑比冒险找出病因，然后不得不自己直接处理自己的问题更容易做到。
第五段
1. 第二行：While these may not seem to be payoffs，they do result in（导致） considerable attention from others and justify much self-pity as well.
尽管这不能算回报，但它能引起别人的深切关注并能证明自怜是有道理的。
2. P704第二行：And some people would rather be pitied（被人怜悯的） than fulfilled（充分发挥自己才能的）。
有些人宁愿被人怜悯也不愿充分发挥自己的才能。
Unit 24
Text A Saving the Rainforests for Future Generations
第一段
1. 第三行：They are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up（加快） the economic growth of the nations in which（定于从句，which代指前面的nations，所以in which可以理解为in the nations） they are located.
雨林被砍伐，其目的是获取珍贵木材和其他资源以加快森林所在国家的经济发展。
2. 第五行：The most recent figures show that the area of rainforest destroyed（过去分词作后置定语，表被动） last year alone（仅仅） was bigger than the size of Great Britain and Ireland.
最近的数字表明，仅去年一年热带雨林被毁的面积已经大于大不列颠和爱尔兰两国的面积总和。
第二段
1. 第一行：时态题If the present rate of deforestation is allowed to continue， the consequences for the earth will be great.在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，主句用将来时，从句用现在时表将来。
如果听任现在的这种毁林速度继续下去，给地球带来的后果会很严重。
第三段
1. 第一行：According to many scientists， the burning of rainforests is also directly contributing to（促成） the so-called greenhouse effect.
据许多科学家的意见，热带雨林被烧毁还直接促成所谓的温室效应。
第四段
1. 第一行：medicine chest 医药库；unlimited 无限的
2. 第二行：The US National Cancer Institute has identified 2，000 rainforest plants which could be beneficial in（对什么有益） fighting cancer.
美国国家抗癌协会找到的2000多种雨林植物队战胜癌症可能有益。
3. 最后一行：derive from 从什么中获得
第五段
1. 第一行：Plant species are not the only forms of life threatened（过去分词在名次后作定语，表被动，意思为：受到什么的威胁） with extinction in the rainforest.
植物物种并不是热带雨林中唯一受到灭绝威胁的生物。
2. 最后一行：since the turn of the century 自本世纪初
第六段
1. 第一行：In the face of （面对）all these facts， it seems senseless （愚蠢的）for countries to continue destroying （continue doing sth. 继续做正在做的事）their rainforests.
面对所有这些事实，哪些国家仍然继续毁林看来十分愚蠢。
2. 第三行：The countries in which（定语从句，之所以在which前面加了介词in是由于定语从句中有一个词组be located in ：位于什么地方。当定于从句中有动介词组时，正式的用法是把介词放在关系词前） the rainforests are located are all quite poor and overpopulated.
雨林所在的国家都十分贫穷，人口过多。
3. 第四行：One of them， Brazil， has a population of （拥有多少人口）140 million， about half of whom（定语从句关系词代指前面的population） are living in absolute poverty.
其中之一的巴西就有1.4亿人口，差不多一半的人生活在绝对贫困状态之中。
4. 第五行：The governments in these countries are usually also too weak to（太怎么样以至于不能怎样） stop large companies and powerful individuals from（stop sb. from sth./doing sth.阻止某人做某事） destroying the rainforests.
这些国家的政府往往也太软弱，制止不了大公司和有权势的个人毁坏森林。
5. 第九行：The governments often have no choice but （仅有） to turn a blind eye. 政府常常别无选择，只能视而不见。
第七段
1. 第一行：The only solution to（问题的解决方案） the problem， then， seems to be for the richer countries of the world to help the countries where （where在这里等于in which）the rainforests are located.
那么解决问题的唯一办法看来是要靠世界上的富国帮助热带雨林所在的国家。
2. 第七行：regard sth./sb. as 把某事/某人当作什么；make a living 谋生
第八段
1. Such programs could teach the local people how to select trees worth exporting （worth 后面加动词的ing形式）and to cut only those trees down while leaving the rest， so that（因此） the basic make-up of the forest would not be disturbed.
这些计划可以教会本地人怎样选择值得出口的树木，仅仅砍伐那些树，从而留下其他树木，这样就可保持森林的基本构成不受破坏。
2. On the spot 就地
自考英语（一）讲义(22)|
Unit 21
Text A The Language of Uncertainty
第一段
1. Uncertainty spreads through our lives so thoroughly that it dominates our language.（第一句）
Spread（传播） through our lives thoroughly=在我们的生活中无处不在
不确定性在我们的生活中无所不在，以致它支配着我们的语言。
2. 第二句：is made up in large part of words
be made up of 构成；in large part 很大程度上
3. 第五行：“is likely to destroy forever the nation that wages it.”
Be likely to do sth. 很可能做某事；wage it（the war） 发动战争
4. 最后一句话：Lacking（现在分词作原因状语，用现分的原因是主语we能够发出lack的动作） any standard for estimating the probability， we are left with（放任） the judgment of the editorial writer.
因为我们缺乏任何估计这一可能性的标准，只好听任社论作者去做出判断了。
第二段
1. 第一句：Such verbal imprecision is not necessarily to be criticized.
Be necessarily to do sth. 做某件事情没有太大必要
句中采用了to be criticized是由于主语verbal imprecision（言辞的不精确性）无法发出criticize（批评）的动作。
这类言辞的不精确性并非一定要受到批评。
2. 第二句：allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事
be out of the question 不可能；不能接受；be out of question 没问题
第三段
1. 最后一句：can not be reduced to sth./sb.
be reduced to 转化为
第四段
1. 第一句：pin down sth. 准确说明
2. 最后一句：compare sb./sth. with sb./sth. 拿某人或某事对比
第五段
1. First， we find that the number depends， of course， on the items involved.（过去分词作后置定语，表示涉及）
Depend on 依靠；依赖
当然，我们首先发现的是数目决定于涉及的事务。
2. 第三行：However， unrelated（不相关的） areas sometimes show parallel（相似、类似） values.
然而，同一个词在不相关的领域中有时量值相似。
3. 第五行：be certain to do sth. 一定做某事
4. 第六行：signify to sb. 对某人意味着
be likely to do sth. 很有可能做某事
自考英语（一）讲义(21)|
Unit 20
Text A You Can't Do It Because It Hurts Nobody
搭配：
1. Be aware that+从句 意识到
2. Range from…to…范围从什么到什么
3. Vary in degree 程度不同
4. Be tolerant of 忍受
5. Care about 在意
6. Prevent sb. from sth./doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
7. When it comes to doing sth. 涉及到，谈到
8. A mass of 众多
9. End up with 以什么来结束
10. Keep an eye on sb. 留心，留意
语言点：
1. Custom 风俗、习惯；customs 海关
2. In case+句子，表示“假如，万一”
3. Much less than 这里less是little得比较级，less than是比什么少的意思，much放在比较级前用来强调。
4. In addition to breaking the law themselves， people tolerate various levels of crime.
5. It may be that， by seeing others do something， we accept it more easily. See sb. do sth. 看到某人做某事的全过程，或，see sb. doing sth.看到某人正在做某事
6. Most people will find it easier to speed on a highway when everybody else is driving over the speed limit.此句为形式宾语句，形式宾语句的顺序如下：主语+谓语+it+名词或形容词+动词不定式to+其他
7. We must also wonder whether seeing violence on television or reading（动名词作主语） about it in the newspapers every day makes us tolerate crime more than we should.
8. Used to do sth. 表示过去常常做某事
Be/get/become used to doing sth. 现在习惯于做某事
9. They may not mind cheating on taxes. Mind后面需要加动词的ing形式。
10. Acceptable 可以接受的
11. Have misconception about sth. 对什么有错误的观点
12. It is surprising+从句，之所以用surprising而不是surprised是由于它表示某事令某人惊讶；surprised更倾向于某人内心自我感到惊讶
13. 10% of Canadians have a criminal record. 语法题：百分比或分数，其后如果是可数名次复数，那么谓语动词用复数；其后如果是不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。
Text B Marriage in Iran and America： A Study in Contrasts
语言点：
1. Though marriage is practiced（人们都在做的事） in almost all countries of the world， the customs are qite different from one culture to another.（第一自然段第一句）：虽然结婚是世界上几乎所有的国家的人们都在做的事情，但结婚的习俗确随文化不同而大相径庭。
2. It（形式主语） is interesting for me to（动词不定式作真正主语） compare the customs of marriage in the United States with（compare sth./sb. with sth./sb.拿什么人或时进行比较）those in my country.（第一自然段第二行）
3. I've lived in the U.S. for four years now， but I'm still not comfortable with（对什么习惯） the customs here.我在美国已经生活了四年，但还是不习惯这里的风俗习惯。
4. In fact， what seems strange to me（主语从句中缺少主语指事用what） is that courting or dating is not always for the purpose of（为了什么的目的） finding a husband or wife.（第二自然段第二行）其实，我觉得奇怪的是，求爱或者约会的目的并非总是为了找丈夫或者妻子。
5. Do sth. as a hobby 把做什么当作习惯
6. 翻译题：They seem to have a lot of freedom to decide and do what they want.（第三自然段第二行）它们有很大的自由来决定和做自己想做的事。
7. Do sth. without the knowledge of sb. 做某事而不让某人知晓
8. In fact， I have known several friends who got married（结婚） without even telling（动名词作介词宾语） their parents or other family members.
9. Wedding ceremony 结婚典礼
10. A prepared speech 准备好的演讲
11. Be willing to do sth. 愿意做某事
12. If they both say “yes，” and nobody attending（现在分词做后置定语） the wedding stands up to object（站起身反对）， they are declared “man and wife.”（第四自然段倒数第四行）如果双方都说同意，并且出席婚礼的人当中也没人站起来反对，就宣布他们为夫妻
自考英语（一）讲义(20) |
Unit 19
Text A Animals at Risk： Who Cares？
搭配：
1. Keep pace with 跟上步伐
2. Compete with 与谁竞争
3. Threat to sb./sth. 对某人或某事构成威胁
4. Be claim to be 声称
5. Be concerned about 对什么感到很担心
6. Look after 照顾
7. Be armed with 装备
语言点：
1. An animal species becomes（虽然species是以s结尾，但此处该词跟在冠次an后，还是单数，所以谓语become用了单数） extinct when it fails to produce enough young in each generation to keep pace with the death rate.
2. Better-adapted 更能适应环境的
3. A number of examples can be given of the way in which（定于从句之所以用in which，是因为in the way表示以某种方式） natural environments are being rapidly changed.
4. Likelihood 可能性
5. Because表示因为是连词，后面应该接句子；because of 表示因为是介词短语，后加名词或代词。
6. Provided（that）+从句，表示如果
7. There is great pleasure in watching wildlife in natural or near-natural environments.
Text B The killer Smogs
搭配：
1. Be filled with 充满
2. Be caused by 由什么引起的
3. Turn into 转变成
4. Combine sth./sb. with 把什么结合在一起
5. Be blown away 被吹走
6. Be due to sb./sth./doing sth. 因为
7. Breath in 呼进
语言点：
1. Fog（n.雾）-foggy（adj.雾的）
2. The first reported event 第一个被报道的事
3. Older people with lung or heart diseases were hit（受害最重/受打击最重） hardest.
4. Deadly 致命的
5. Bad的最高级worst
6. The polluted air 被污染的空气
7. Affect（v.影响）
自考英语（一）讲义(19)|
Unit 18
Text A Why Are Maps Drawn with North at the Top？
搭配：
1. Little more than 仅仅是
2. Place sth. on a sound footing 把什么建立在可靠的基础上
3. Be known to sb./sth. 为某人或某事所知
4. Base on 建立在什么基础之上
5. Rather than 而不是
6. Attempt to 试图做某事
7. In the form of 以某种形式
8. Be unaware that+从句 没有意识到
9. The reason for sth. 什么的原因
10. Interfere with 干涉
11. In accordance with 根据
12. With the spread of sth. 随着什么的扩展
13. Increasing reliance on sb./sth. 越来越依赖
语言点：
1. It was not until many centuries later that the ancient Greeks placed the science of map-making on a sound footing. 这是一个典型的强调句型，not until many centuries later是被强调的成分。
2. Flattened 平面的
3. Given（考虑到） the state of knowledge of those times， he got things wrong.
4. His estimate of China and the Atlantic Ocean was far from being accurate.（动名词作介词宾语，表示一点不准确）
5. Move（v.移动）-immovable（adj.固定不变的）；use（v.使用）-useless（adj.无用的）
6. Assume 假定
Text B You Have a Choice
搭配：
1. Travel side by side 并列行驶
2. Be certain of 对什么很确定
3. Bring about 引起
4. Account for 解释
5. Lead to the same result 导致同一结果
6. Choose one over another 选择一个而不选择另一个
7. Deal with 处理；解决
语言点：
1. We are seated in one of the trains， and with us we have a special speedometer that measures their relative speed.
2. Furthermore，regardless of which explanation we choose，the end result will be the same.
3. Motion（n.行动）-motionless（静止的）
4. At the train station we cannot tell whether it was our train or not.
5. Only after the other train pulled out of the station could we see that it，and not our train，was moving.本句话为倒装句，由only+状语从句构成+助动词+主语+动词的适当形式+其他
自考英语（一）讲义(18)|
Unit 17
Text A Panic and Its Effects
搭配：
1. Be diagnosed as 被诊断为
2. Bear similarity to sb./sth. 与什么很相似
3. As to sb./sth 有关于某人或某事
4. At least 至少
5. Become isolated from 与什么相隔立
6. Advice to sb. 给某人的建议
7. Consult sb. for sth. 咨询某人某事
8. Rule out 排出
9. Seek help 寻求帮助
语言点：
1. One afternoon while she was preparing（从one afternoon 可以判断出是过去时；从连词while可以判断出是进行时态，所以为过去进行时）dinner in her kitchen，Anne Peters，a 32-year-old（有连字符时不能加复数）housewife，suddenly had severe pains in her chest accompanied（过去分词做后置定语，表被动，是伴随的意思）by shortness of breath.
2. Frightened（由于此处表示主语Anne自己的情感，所以使用frighten的过去分词frightened） by the thought that she was having a heart attack， Anne screamed for help.
3. Uneasy（心神不安的，不舒服的）-easy
4. They often become easily frightened or feel uneasy in situations where（定语从句中缺少地点状语） people normally would not be afraid.
5. Many claim that psychological stress could be a logical cause， but as yet， no evidence has been found（完成时的被动语态） to support this theory.
6. It is reported that+从句 据报道；it is generally agreed that+从句 大家认为
7. Danger （n.危险）-endanger（v.使危险）
Text B Sleepwalking——Fact or Fancy？
搭配：
1. Commit murder 谋杀
2. Search for sth. 寻找
3. Wake（过去是为woke）up 醒来/唤醒
4. Have the habit of doing sth. 有做某事的习惯
5. Border on 近似于；称得上
6. Have inhibitions against 抑制
7. In general 通常说来
8. Be exaggerated in 在什么方面很夸张
9. More or less 多多少少/几乎
10. Become alarmed about 小心，留意
语言点：
1. Endless 无穷无尽的
2. Persons have been said/reported/known to do sth. 据说人们曾经做过…
3. Lost boy 迷路的小男孩
4. Sleepwalking（动名词作主语） is a scientific reality.
5. What（主语从句中缺少主语指事用waht） is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance.
6. Doctors say that sleepwalking is much more（common的比较级是more common，much放在比较级前用来强调） common than is generally supposed.医生说梦游要比原来人们认为的更为普通。
7. Publicized 出版的
8. 形容词或副词+enough to do sth. 到了某种程度以至于做某事
自考英语（一）讲义(17)|
Unit 16
Text A Heart Disease：Treat or Prevent？
搭配：
1. pend 时间/金钱/经历on sth./doing sth. 花时间、金钱、经历做某事
2. Emphasis on sth. 强调什么（名词词组）
3. Associate sb./sth. with sb./sth. 把什么与什么联系在一起
4. Take place 发生
5. Enable sb. to do sth.
6. Benefit from 受益于
7. Advantage 优势（n.）； disadvantage 劣势（n.）
8. Be encouraged to do sth. 被鼓励去做某事
9. Pay attention to sb./sth./doing sth. 注意
10. As a result of sth. 作为什么的结果
11. Tend to do sth. 倾向去做某事
12. Rely on sb./sth. 依赖某人/某事
13. Take responsibility for sth./sb. 对某人或某事负责
14. Succeed in doing sth. 成功作某事
15. Be aware of 意识到
语言点：
1. he death rate from the disease has been increasing at an alarming speed for the past thirty years.
2. Die of 死于疾病；die from 死于外因
3. 时态题：Many operations that were considered impossible a few years ago are now performed every day in U.S. hospitals.
4. 时态题：In the recent past， medical researchers have begun to emphasize the fact that heart disease is associated with（与什么相联系） stress， smoking and a lack of（缺少） exercise.
5. Many are paying more attention to reducing stress in their lives.
6. The number of smokers in the United States is now far（副词用来强调） below the level of twenty years ago as many people succeed in breaking the habit and as fewer people take it up.
7. Benefit 受益（n.或v.）； beneficial 受益的（adj.）
8. Increase 增加；decrease 减少
Text B Dieting Your Way to Health
搭配：
1. Go on 继续
2. Regardless of 不管；无论
3. Have sth. in common 在哪方面有相似之处
4. Lose weight 减肥
5. Do harm to sb./sth.； be harmful to sb./sth. 对某人或某事不利
6. Sth. is supplied to sb. 把某物供应给某人
7. Lose interest in sth. 对什么丧失兴趣
8. Resistance to sth. 对什么的抵制
9. As a result 结果是
10. Suffer from 承受
11. Take the place of 替代
12. Lead to（介词） 导致
13. Result in 导致
14. Lead a happy life 过一个幸福的生活
15. Provide sb. with sth. 给某人提供什么
16. Keep sb./sth. from sth. 事某人或某事免受
17. Take substitutes for sb./sth. 替代
语言点：
1. Though their common aim may seem basically good， they probably do not realize that misguided dieting can do more harm than good to their health.
2. 语法：冠词的顺序问题
a strict diet 试比较 too strict a diet （很严格的饮食）
a great quantity of books 试比较 as great a quantity of books （大量的书）
3. Much less food than usual 此处的much放在比较级less前起到一个强调的作用；less是little的比较级
4. What（what在主语从句中做realize的宾语，指事，所以用what） they do not realize， however， is that carbohydrates are our bodies' main source of energy.
5. As a result， they try to avoid eating（avoid这个动词后如果加动词应该用动词的ing形式） these foods， and consequently， they become weaker and less（less是little的比较级） healthy.
6. They begin to have difficulty sleeping（省略介词in） properly and start to suffer from radical mood changes.
7. In fact， such artificial sweeteners actually increase one's appetite and lead to one's eating even more than usual.
8. Of course， the fact that misguided forms of dieting result in so many problems does not mean that no dieting is safe or all dieting is harmful to the health.
9. Well-balanced 均衡的
10. Skimmed milk 脱脂牛奶
11. Instead of regular milk， one can take skimmed milk， which contains as many proteins and minerals as regular milk but has had the fat removed.（has是完成时态的助动词；had表示使，让；跟在has后面用了have的过去分词形式had；由于脂肪发不出remove的动作，所以用了remove的过去分词形式）
12. In the same way， vegetable oil can be used for cooking instead of animal oil.
自考英语（一）讲义(16)|
Unit 15
Text A How TV Violence Affects Kids
搭配：
1. Exposure to 暴露于；接触到e.g. exposure to violence 接触到暴力
2. Have effects on sb./sth. 对某人/某事有影响；affect 为动词；effect 为名词
3. Point out 指出
4. Distinguish sth./sb. from sth./sb. 区别某事或某人
5. Tend to do sth. 倾向去做某事
6. Make better sense of sth./sb. 更好的理解某人或某事
7. Apply sth. to sth. 把什么应用在什么上
8. Make sb. guilty 让某人很内疚
9. As an alternative to sth./doing sth. 作为什么的替换
语言点：
1. Between 1982 and 1986， the amount of television time allocated（过去分词作后置定语） each week to（把什么分配给某人，尤指时间） violent programs increased significantly.
2. Given（考虑到） the amount of time that children watch television， it has become one of the most powerful models they want to follow.
3. Recover 恢复（v.）； recovery 恢复
4. Realistic 现实的（adj.）； unrealistic 不现实的（adj.）
5. Children naturally often want the toys shown（过去分词shown做toys的宾语补足语，表是被上演） on and advertised during these programs.
6. Imitate 模仿（v.）； imitative （adj.）
7. Imagine 想象（v.）； imaginative （adj.）
8. Children simply imitate the behavior observed during the program， thus undermining （现在分词做结果状语， 表示破坏）both the imaginative and the expressive functions of play.
9. Appear to be +形容词；e.g. appear to be crazy 好像疯了一样
10. It would be a good idea to control his viewing.（动名词观看电视作宾语）
11. Controlling viewing（动名词作主语） is easier to do during the preschool years than during the school years， so you should initiate a pattern of restricted television watching now.
12. Help your child to interpret what she sees-to think of explanations for the events depicted（过分作后置定语，表示被描述的）and to imagine how the show is put together.
13. Violent 暴力的；nonviolent 非暴力的
Text B Why Don't Girls Think Like Boys？
搭配：
1. Be better at sth./doing sth. 擅长做某事
2. According to 根据
3. On the average 平均地
4. Show ability in sth./doing sth. 有做某事的能力
5. Be determined by sb./sth. 有什么（人）决定
6. Have an advantage 有什么优势
7. Keep close to sb. 与某人亲密
8. Insist upon doing sth. 坚持做某事
语言点：
1. 时态题：In recent studies， young babies have been observed and tested to discover how different abilities are developed.
2. Thinking ability 思维能力
3. The baby， while seated（不能用seating） on its mother's lap， watches a “show” on a small theater stage.
4. Girls immediately become excited（用ed是因为这是人内心的情感，如果给别人造成某种影响应该用ing的形式） and begin to make noises that sound like language.
5. Seem后面只能用to do 的形式
6. But what have the boys been doing（现在完成进行时，表示动作持续） in the years before starting school？
7. It has long been assumed that +从句（长期以来，人们认为）
8. Require doing sth. 要求做某事
自考英语（一）讲义(15)|
Unit 14
Text A The Importance of Being Kind and Polite
搭配：
1. End a relationship 结束一段关系
2. Fail to do sth. 没能做某事/动词词组
3. Fall asleep 入睡/动词词组
4. Interact with sb. 与某人交往/动词词组
5. A majority of 大多数的
6. Show respect for 对谁表示尊敬/动词词组
7. For instance 比如说
8. Be aware that+从句 意识到
9. Pay the price 付出代价/动词词组
10. Sooner or later 迟早
11. Be close to 接近于/形容词词组
12. Get ahead 成功
13. Start with 开始/动词词组
14. Give sb. an edge on sb. 略胜一筹/动词词组
语言点：
1. Hear sb. do sth. 感官动词后面使用了动词原形
2. Unless（除非） you want to end a relationship， you don't tell another person what you think of her or him like this.
3. Educated people 有教养的人
4. Try to do 的否定是try not to do
5. That is what manners are about： acting in a civilized way to avoid misunderstanding， friction， and conflict.
6. There are no laws enforcing respect.
7. Acceptable 可接受的；unacceptable 不可接受的
8. Remain为半系动词，后面可接形容词
9. They swear no matter who is around them， they listen to their Walkmans while the teacher is talking to them.
10. Different 不同的；indifferent 默然的
11. Because 为连词，后面要连接一个句子；because of 后接名词或代词
12. Look 和sound 为半系动词，后接形容词
13. Being polite and showing respect can give us an edge. （动名词作主语）
14. Getting a job is usually based on making the right impression.（动名词作主语）
自考英语（一）讲义(14)|
Unit 13
Text A Insurance
搭配：
1. Be interested in 对什么感兴趣/动词词组
2. Feel disturbed by 被什么打扰/动词词组
3. Be eager to do sth. 渴望做某事
4. Be of help=helpful 有帮助的
5. On guard 警惕/介词词组
6. In effect 事实上
7. Pay for sth. 为某物付款/动词词组
8. Sth. reminds sb. that+从句 某事使某人想起
9. Depend on sb./sth. 依赖某人或某事/动词词组
10. Look sth. in the face 正视某事/动词词组
语言点：
1. Enjoy后面必须接动词的doing形式，如：enjoy visiting sb.
2. Our rational minds recognize the many unfortunate events that can occur，but in our hearts we hope that wee might be spared.（容易出翻译句）
3. Yet these three reasons for not discussing（动名词作介词后的宾语，否定词应该放在动名词前面）insurance provide three excellent reasons why we should learn more about it.
4. Neither should we depend entirely on the agent when we buy insurance.（本句话为倒装句，因为否定词neither被放在句首，这种倒装句的语序是neither+助动词+主语+动词的适当形式+其他）
5. Although insurance can be complex，its basic concepts are neither difficult nor impossible to learn.
Text B What Is Money and What Are Its Functions？
搭配：
1. Be familiar with 与什么事情很熟悉/形容词词组
2. Search for 搜索/动词词组
3. Be accepted as 被接受成为/动词词组
4. Serve as a standard to sth. 作为衡量什么的标准
5. Sth. is 钱's worth to sb. 某物对某人来说多少
6. Respond to sth. 反映某事
7. In terms of sth. 就什么而言
8. Be conscious of 意识到
9. Be converted to 被转换成/动词词组
10. ociate with 把什么和什么相连
语言点：
1. Deferred payment 延期付款；accepted medium 可接受的；工人的中介
2. Convenient 方便的；inconvenient 不方便的
3. Purchasing power 购买力
自考英语（一）讲义(13)|
Unit 12
Text A How Dictionaries Are Made
搭配：
1. Get into a discussion with sb. 与某人探讨/动词词组
2. What for？ 为什么
3. Be willing to do sth. 愿意做某事/形容词词组
4. Quarrel with sb. 与某人争吵/动词词组
5. Sb./sth. is regarded as 某人/某事被认为/动词词组
6. Arrive at sth. 得出结论/动词词组
7. Apply to 应用于/动词词组
8. Begin with 开始于/动词词组
9. Amounts of+不可数名词 大量的
10. That is to say 也就是说
11. Along with sth./sb. 还有某人或某事
12. Divide up 分开/动词词组
13. According to（介词） 根据
14. Be based on 根据/动词词组
15. Be influenced by 被什么影响/动词词组
16. Ought to do sth. 应该作某事/动词词组
17. To the best of one's ability 尽某人最大的努力（插入语）
18. Be guided by 被什么引导/动词词组
19. Be bound by sth. 由什么注定
语言点：
1. It is widely believed that +从句=人们普遍相信
2. Existing dictionary 现存字典
3. When the sorting is completed， there will be for each word anywhere from two or three to several hundred quotations， each on its card.
4. To define（动词不定式表目的） a word， the dictionary editor places before him the stack of cards illustrating（现在分词放在名词后，作后置定语） that word.
5. The editor cannot be influenced by what a given （过分作定语，表示已给出的）word ought to mean.
Text B Reading Provides Necessary Survival Skills
搭配：
1. With the coming of sth. 随着什么的到来
2. Emphasis on 强调/名词词组
3. Cue in 提供启示；告诉/动词词组
4. Wander out of （boredom） 因为什么（如：烦恼）而走神儿
5. Keep up with 跟上/动词词组
6. At the top speed 以最快的速度
7. Concentrate on 集中精力/动词词组
8. Be built on 以什么为基础
9. Skip over 掠过/动词词组
10. Key to sth. 什么的方法/名词词组
11. Be alert to 留意/机警/形容词
12. Add to sth. 附加/动词词组
13. Be a great help to doing sth./sth. 对什么有帮助
14. Reward with 给予回报/动词词组
语言点：
1. Many people would have（这里的have不是有的意思，而是使、让得意思；us在逻辑上能发出believe的动作，所以后面的believe用动词原型） us believe that we are moving rapidly away from reading as a necessary life skill.
2. Printed word 打印出来的字
3. For adults， reading（动名词作主语） is day to day， either a stumbling block （绊脚石）or（或者…或者） a smooth path to （通往什么的道路）pleasure and opportunity.
4. The purpose of scanning is to get a quick understanding of what to expect from the reading， so that （因此）you will know what you are reading as you go along.
5. Nothing…more than…没有什么比什么更怎样了
Nothing hurts concentration more than reading too slowly.
6. The more（形容词/副词比较级）…the more…（形容词、副词比较级）表示越怎样就越怎样
The more（much的比较级） words you are familiar with， the less（little的比较级） you are aware of reading words and the more you are aware of content and meaning.
7. Pause for a moment on each new word and let（使役动词后用动词原形） it register in your mind.
8. What happens with this method（主语从句中缺主语指物用what） is that you will see the word again and again.（表语从句中不缺任何成分用that）
9. Have an impression of sb./sth. 对…某人或某物产生了很强的影响/动词词组
自考英语（一）讲义(12)|
补充语法知识：名词性从句
名词性从句是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功同名词一样。
一．主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：
1).It is a pity that you didn't go to see the film.
2).It doesn't interest me whether you succeed or not.
3).It is in the morning that the murder took place.
4).It is John that broke the window.
必背
用形式主语it引导的主语从句相当多，有些已形成固定的语法和译法。常见的有：
It is said that... 据说…… It is reported that... 据报导……
It is well known that... 众所周知…… It is announced that... 据宣布……
It is believed that... 人们相信…… It is thought that... 人们认为……
It is understood that... 自不待言…… It must be pointed out that... 必须指出……
It must be admitted that... 必须承认……
2.主语从句的语序
主语从句要求使用陈述句语序，而非一般疑问句语序。如：
What surprised me most was that the little girl could play the violin so well.
使我感到惊讶的是这个小女孩的小提琴拉得太好了。
How he was successful is still a puzzle.
他是如何成功的仍然是个谜。
3. 连接词的选用
（1）that和what的选用
that和what都可引导主语从句。what除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当某些成分，可作从句的主语、宾语或表语。而that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，无词义，只起连接词作用。如：
What he wants is a book. 他想要的是一本书。
That light travels in straight lines is known to all. 众所周知，光线沿直线运行。
（2）if和whether的选用
引导主语从句，不能用if，只能用whether。如：
Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.
我们明天是否在户外开晚会要看天气而定。
（3）其它连接代词和副词的选用
根据主语从句的具体意义，正确的选择who, which, when, where, why, how等连接词，这些连接词既有疑问含义，又起连接作用，同时在从句中充当各种成分。如：
When we shall hold our sports meet is not decided. 我们何时举行运动会还没有决定。
Who broke the glass yesterday is not clear. 还不清楚昨天谁打破了玻璃。
Which car you will choose to buy makes no difference. 你决定买哪一辆车都不会有任何区别。
二．宾语从句
在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。
1. 宾语从句常由that引导，在口语中常省略。当主句中谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，从句中谓语动词不受主句中谓语动词时态的影响，按需要可以使用任何时态。如：
She says (that) she works from Monday to Friday. 从句是一般现在时
She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk. 从句是一般将来时
当主句谓语是过去时态，从句中的时态一般用表示过去的某种时态。如：
He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon. 从句是一般过去时
He said (that) he was going to take care of the baby. 从句是过去将来时
He said (that) they were having a meeting at that time. 从句是过去进行时
当主句谓语是过去时态，而宾语从句叙述某一客观真理（事实）时，宾语从句的时态则用一般现在时。如：
The teacher told us(that) nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.
老师告诉我们世上无难事只怕有心人。
He said that light travels much faster than sound. 他说光传播比声音传播快得多。
2. 否定转移
1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。
I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。
I don't believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。
注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。
I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。
2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。
It doesn't seem that they know where to go.看来他们不知道往哪去。
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。
Key words and phrases
1. efficiency : n 效率，其他同根词：efficient: a 高效率的；inefficient: a 效率低的；inefficiency : n; effective: a 有效果的
1). He has done much to increase the ____ of English teaching.
2). She is very _____ in reducing waste.
3). His ____ study method caused his failure.
4). The city government took some _____ measures to reduce unemployment.
Answers: efficiency, efficient; inefficient, effective
2. increasingly: ad不断增加地， 由此可以联想到：
increase：v 增加; increasing: a 不断增加的; decrease: v减少；
1). Drinking and smoking among young people _____ to an alarming extent.
2). The truth is becoming ______ apparent.
3). The ____ friendly relations between the two countries strengthen the cultural exchanges between them.
3. prevalent: a 流行的，普通的 = popular
4. calculator : n 计算者，计算器，calculate: v 计算；calculation : n 计算; calculating: a 诡计多端的
5. expose: v 使暴露，揭露，揭发，exposure: n; expose sb to sth让某人接触。。。
6. completion: n 完成、结束，由此可以联想到：
complete: v完成，a 完整的，completeness: n 完整；incomplete: a 不完整的
1). He ____ denied the existence of god.
2). He has never ____ a project on time.
3). Money will be paid half in advance and half on _______.
4). When will the new railway ________?
7). intensity : n 强烈、剧烈，由此可以联想到：
intense = strong: a 强烈的, intensive: a 密集的，加强的；intensify: v 加强；intension: n 强烈、紧张。
1). We should ____ the struggle for peace.
2). There are few strong situations or moments of dramatic ______.
3). They have been receiving a four-day ____ training course.
4). They kept working in the ____ heat.
Answers: intensify, intensity, intensive, intense
8. defective : a 有缺点的，defect: n 缺点
9. assemble: v 集合、装配； assembly: n 装配
10. expose sth/sb to sth:暴露，面临、遭受
1). People often expose their skin to the sun in summer.
2). I won't expose my soldiers to such unnecessary risks.
11. in that: 在于，因为
1). I like the country better in that it is closer to nature.
12. in question: 正被谈论的，正被考虑的(通常放在被修饰名词后面)
We know nothing about the plan in question.
Analyze the difficult sentences
1. Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry, where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies. (p2)
翻译：今天大多数机器人用于汽车工业，它们按照编好的程序接任了汽车和卡车车身的焊接和喷漆这一类的工作。
分析：该句的考点是where引导的非限定性定语从句，修饰in the automotive industry。另外请注意几个词的用法：employ: v 雇佣，使用，相当于use; program: v 编写程序；take over: 接管、接收、接任，如：Do you want me to take over the driving if you are tired?
such...as例如，welding and spray painting是动名词，做宾语。
2. Robots, already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning to be seen , although to a lesser degree, in other industries as well. (p3)
翻译：除了在汽车生产领域替代人工劳动外，机器人也开始在别的工业部门应用，虽然应用程度低一些。
分析：该句考点如下：already taking over human tasks in the automotive field是现在分词短语做定语；to be seen不定式的被动概念；although to a lesser degree让步状语，to a lesser degree是表示：在更小的程度上，反义词：to a larger degree.
3. The robots used in nuclear pants handle the radioactive materials, preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation. (p3)
翻译：核电站里使用机器人处理辐射材料，避免人员接触放射性物质。
分析：主语：The robots；谓语：handle；宾语：the radioactive materials；used in nuclear pants handle the radioactive materials是过去分词短语做定语；preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation是现在分词短语做伴随状语。being exposed to动名词被动语态；prevent sb from doing 阻止某人做某事。
4. Robots differ form automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one. (p4)
翻译：机器人与自动化装置的区别在于它们完成一项特定任务后可以由计算机重新编程去执行另一项任务。
分析：该句重要考点：in that,相当于because, 所引导从句表原因。如：
Men are different from other animals in that the former can create and use tools while the latter cannot.
5. It is not yet known whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision. (p5)
翻译：人们不知道是否有一天机器人能具有像人类一样好的视觉。
分析：该句的主语是whether引导的主语从句。（有关知识请见课后补充语法。），it 是形式主语；as good as human vision是后置定语修饰vision;
6. Engineers working on other advances are designing and experimenting with new types of metal hands and fingers, giving robots a sense of touch. (p6)
翻译：在其他方面努力取得进展的工程人员正在设计和实验新的金属手臂和手指，使机器人具有触觉。
分析：请注意该句中几个-ing的区别：working on other advances是非谓语动词中的现在分词；are designing and experimenting是谓语动词的进行时态；giving robots a sense of touch是非谓语动词的现在分词做结果状语。词组：experiment with sth实验。。。
7. These future robots, assembled with a sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions, will have plenty of work to do. (p7)
翻译：未来具有触觉、视觉并能决策的机器人将可以做很多工作。
分析：主语：These future robots；谓语：will have；宾语：plenty of work to do。
assembled with a sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions是过去分词短语做定语，修饰主语，其中动词不定式to see and make decisions是另外一个定语，修饰the ability.
词组：be assembled with sth = be equipped wth sth装备有。。。；a sense of touch触觉，同样的短语还有：a sense of sight/hearing/smell/taste:视觉，听觉，嗅觉，味觉；a sense of humor/direction:幽默感/方向感。make decisions做出决定；plenty of sth充足的，足够的
8. Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics. (p7)
翻译：任何希望了解未来工业的人必须懂机器人。
分析：这句话是国考题目中常考的。考点：wanting to understand the industry of the future，是现在分词短语做定语，修饰anyone. 词组：know about sth了解。。。，懂得。。。。
自考英语二复习资料第八章|
自考-英语二复习资料第七章
Key words and phrases
1. musician : n 音乐家，与其同根的常见词汇：music : n 音乐；musical : a 音乐的， musically : adv 从音乐上来说的。 Please do the exercises:
1). The ____ of the Beatles became very successful and famous during the 1960s.
2). Although he was born in America, he could play many Chinese ____ instruments.
3). Folk music, the blues and rock'n'roll remained _____ and culturally distinct in the 1960s.
4). Bob Dylan, a famous folk ____ in America, was best known for his anti-war song.
Answers: music, musical, musically, musician
2. consciousness: n 意识、知觉，与其同根的常见词汇：conscious: a 有知觉的、有意识的 = aware，反义词：unconscious = unaware; 副词：consciously, unconsciously。 常用搭配：be aware/unaware of sth; be aware/unaware that.
1). I was ____ that I had made a mistake.
2). ____ did not return to the injured man for two hours.
3). When a person immigrates to a new country, he should ______ adapt himself to the new environment.
Answers: conscious, consciousness, consciously
3. originate: v 发源、发生,与其同根的常见词汇：origin : n 起源、发源； original : a 原始的，新颖的；n 原著、原稿， originality : n 创新、创造力
1). The use of steam originated many new reforms.
2). I wonder the origins of life on the earth.
3). The Indians were the original inhabitants of North America.
4). The quarrel originated in conflicts between the two families.
5). Her design is of great originality.
4. imitator: n 模仿者，联想：imitate: v 模仿；imitation : n 模仿
5. limitless : a 无限制的，与其同根的常见词汇：limit : n 极限，v 限定；limited ; a 有限的，limitation: n 局限
1). His knowledge about insurance is rather ______.
2). His energy seems to have no ____.
3). A wise man knows his ____.
4). In front of the ____ ocean, he found he was rather insignificant.
Answers: limited, limits, limitation, limitless.
6. penetrating: a 穿透的，贯穿的，动词：penetrate; 名词：penetration
7. participant: n 参加者，参与者，与其同根的常见词汇：participate: v, participation : n 固定搭配：participate in sth.
8. take over: 接管、接任、
When he retired, his son took over business from him.
9. take on : 担任，雇用
1). He has taken on a new job.
2). The employer takes on twenty more workers.
Text B:
10). composer: n 作曲家，动词 compose，名词 composition
11). inspire: v 鼓舞，产生灵感，inspiration : n 灵感
Genius is 1% of inspiration and 99% of hard work.
12. invariably: ad 不变地，同根词：variable: a 可变的；variety: n 各种各样，变化； vary : v 变化；various : a 各种各样的
13. sake : n 缘故；for the sake of sth为了…的缘故，好处
The company has decided for economy's sake to close down this department.
14. harmony : n 协调， harmonize: v使…和谐；harmonious : a 和谐的
15. in a sense: 从某种意义上说。
In a sense, you are right.
16. it goes without saying that不言而喻，理所当然
It goes without saying that you will be paid for the overtime work.
Analyze the difficult sentences:
1. The new music was built out of materials already in existence…… (p1)
译：新音乐是从已有的三种音乐发展起来的…
句子分析：词组in existence现有的、已有的；out of = from.
2. The three forms remained musically and culturally distinct, and even as late as 1965, none of them were expressing any radically new states of consciousness. (p1)
译：这三种形式保留着音乐和文化方面的特色，甚至直到1965年，这三种音乐没有一种表达出任何激进的新的意识形态。
句子分析：主语：The three forms；谓语（系动词）：remained；表语：distinct. musically and culturally是副词修饰distinct。as late as 1965时间状语，none没有一个；new states of consciousness新的意识状态。Radically修饰new.
自考英语二复习资料第七章|
自考-英语二复习资料第六章
举办机构：东方学习网 教育咨询 作者：东方之子 发布时间：20##-07-02 （阅读次数： 82）
Learn new words and phrases
1．statistics: n 统计数字；keep statistics; statistical: a 统计的；statistician: n 统计员
2. diplomat: n 外交家，由此联想得到：
diplomacy: n 外交，外交手腕；diplomatic: a 外交的；请对比：diploma: 文凭
3. exploit: v 开发、开采、剥削，由此联想得到：
exploitable: a 可开发的；exploited: a 被开发的；exploitation : n
1). The workers in capitalist countries are cruelly exploited by the capitalists.
2). There are laws against the exploitation of child labor.
3). His highly exploitable talent can't create wealth for society if he doesn't make great efforts.
4. abuse: v/n 滥用，如: abuse one's authority 滥用职权
5. execute: v 实行、执行，将…处死，由此联想得到：
executive: a执行的，决策权的，n 行政领导 CEO=chief executive officer首席执行官；execution: n 执行、实行。
1). You shouldn't be slow in the _____ of your duties.
2). The soldiers ____ the captain's orders as soon as they received the call.
3). After the discussion of the ____ committee, the labor law was put into force in may, 1994.
Answers: execution, executed, executive
6. guilt: n 有罪、内疚；guilty: a 内疚的；guiltless: a 无罪的
7. employee: n 雇员；由此联想得到：
employ: v 雇佣；employment: n 雇佣；employed: a 被雇的，有工作的；unemployed: a 失业的；employer: n 雇主
1). The police ______ force to break up the crowd.
2). Many ____ were thrown out of job as a result.
3). Business activities were greatly reduced and almost 60% of the workers were out of ______.
4). During the Depression, many workers were ______.
Answers: employed, employees, employment, unemployed
8. immigrant: a 移民的，n 移民；immigrate: v ; immigration: n
1). During the gold rush, California attracted many immigrants from other states.
2). Many Italians immigrated to the United States and Canada.
3). In the 1980s, a law against the immigration of Asian peoples was put into practice.
9. deport: v 驱逐出境，由此联想得到：
port: 港口；import:进口；export:出口；airport:空港；passport:通行证，护照
10. be deserving of 值得、应得
His efforts are certainly deserving of praise.
New words from text B
11. deny : v 否认，拒绝接受，后接doing.
He denied lying to us.
12. ineffective: a无效的，反义词：effective.
13. watch over: 看护、看管。
They use specially trained dogs to watch over their sheep at night.
14. in unison: 一致地，协调地
They sang Happy Birthday to me in unison.
15. pay back: 偿还，报复，回报
1). If you lend me 50 Yuan, I will pay you back on Friday.
2). I'll pay him back for the trick he played on me.
Analyze the important sentences among the text:
1. There are estimated to be more than 20000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain (p1)
译：据估计，在英国工作的外籍家佣有20000多人。
句子分析：此句为there be句型的变体。该句型是英语中常见句式，称“存在句”谓语动词一般由be充当，但还可以根据句意换成其它动词，如：
1). There are a lot of people in the meeting room.
2). There will be a meeting tomorrow.
3). There used to be a church at the corner of the street.
4). There happened to be an old friend of mine in the hotel.
5). There is sure to rain tomorrow.
6). There stands a bank next to my school.
另外，working in Britain是现在分词作定语，修饰domestic servants。
2. Of these 20000, just under 20## are being exploited and abused by their employers, according to a London-based campaigning group which helps overseas servants working in Britain. (p1)
译：根据某个设在伦敦的帮助在英国工作的国外佣人的活动组织声称，在这20000名佣人中又近2000人被他们的雇主剥削和虐待。
句子分析：Of these 20000是状语，under 2000是数词作整个句子主语，are being exploited and abused是现在进行时态的被动语态做谓语，剩余的是状语。另外，under是低于…不到…的意思；---based设在…的，以…为基础的；
3. And they can have their passports removed, making leaving or escaping virtually impossible. (p2)
译：他们的护照可能已被拿走，其实际上既不能离开液或不能逃走。
句子分析：have their passports removed是VOC结构，使have sth done句型的具体使用，表示宾语和动词之间是被动的关系，如：Last week I have my computer repaired.
making leaving or escaping virtually impossible是现在分词作结果状语，其中leaving or escaping是动名词，做making的宾语。virtually是几乎的意思，相当于almost.
自考英语二复习资料第六章|
自考-英语二复习资料第五章
举办机构：东方学习网 教育咨询 作者：东方之子 发布时间：20##-07-02 （阅读次数： 92）
Learn new words and phrases
1. weaken: v 削弱、减弱，字根：weak: a 虚弱的
构词形式：adj/n + en或en + adj/n = v
Shorten, enlarge, enable, enrich, loosen, tighten etc.
2. nationwide: a 全国范围的，通过该词我们可以得到：worldwide:全世界范围的，regionwide, etc.
3.legal: a 合法的，反义词：illegal,不合法的；legalize: v 使…合法化。
The Netherlands became the first country to legalize euthanasia.
4. ensure: v 确保、担保，常见用法如下：
1). The police can ensure the witness from danger.
2). We can ensure that the work will be done in the right way.
5. oppose: v 反对、对抗；名词：opposition , 形容词：opposed
1). What he said was totally opposed to the facts.
2). Many people oppose building a new highway because of the great cost.
6. tradition: n 传统，由此可以联想到：
traditional: a; traditionally: ad; 反义词为：modern
1). _____ Chinese medicine is believed to be effective for many diseases.
2). It's important to keep up the fine ____ of plain living and hard work.
3). Christmas is ____ a holiday for a family to get together.
Answers: Traditional, tradition, traditionally
7. consideration: n 考虑、体谅、照顾，由此可以联想到：
Consider: v 考虑；considerate: a 体谅的，be considerate of; considerable: a 相当多的。请练习一下：
1). Losing 30 pounds changed her appearance _____.
2). It is very ____ of you to send me a birthday card.
3). The matter is receiving the serious ____ of the manager.
4). He left behind him a ____ amount of debt.
Answers: considerably, considerate, consideration, considerable
8. disabled: a 残疾的，伤残的，由此可以联想到：
able: a 有能力的；be able to do sth; unable: a 没有能力的；enable: v 使人能够enable sb to do sth; ability: n 能力；disable: v 使人残疾
1). As long as they are physically ____, they tend to live on their own.
2). The _____ to be clearly heard is extremely important for any speaker.
3). I'd like to go to the cinema, but I'm _____ to.
4). Education should ____ every student to develop morally, intellectually and physically.
5). A car accident ____ him from playing football.
6). Special care should be given to the ______.
Answers: able, ability, unable, enable, disabled(v), disabled(a)
9. prohibition: n 禁止、禁令，prohibit: v prohibit sb from doing sth;
10. sensitive: a 敏感的， be sensitive to sb/sth; 同根词：sensible: a 明智的，be sensible of sth
1). I am sensitive to your criticism.
2). It's sensible of you to make such a decision.
Analyze the important sentences among the text
1. Affected with a serious disease, Van Wendel was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating. (p2)
译：因患有严重的疾病，Van Wendel再也不能清楚地讲话了，他知道他已经没有康复的可能，其病情正在迅速恶化。
句子分析：Affected with a serious disease是过去分词短语做原因状语，可以改写成原因状语从句：because he was affected with a serious disease, ….另外，there was no hope of recovery和that his condition was rapidly deteriorating都是动词knew的宾语。词组：be affected with sth患有…疾病。如：
All the cows in the farm are affected with mad-cow disease.
hope of recovery:康复的希望。
2. Van Wendel's last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and showed on TV last year in the Netherlands. (p3)
译：Van Wendel在他的医生给她进行最后结束生命的那一阵之前的后三个月的生活被拍成了电影并于去年在荷兰的电视上首次播映。
句子分析：该句的主语较长，were之前均是。其中，核心名词Van Wendel's last three months of life，后面的before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor是动名词的被动语态做定语。film这里当动词用，拍电影。
3. The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown, it starts a nationwide debate on the subject. (p3)
译：这个节目此后被二十个国家所购买。每次放映，都引起一场关于这个主题的全国性的大讨论。
句子分析：这是一个常考句子。考点一：since: adv 从那以后；考点二：each time是名词作时间状语，前面不用介词；考点三：debate on sth关于…的讨论。
4. However, doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago are usually not prosecuted. (p4)
译：然而，在荷兰议会两年前提出的议案的指导原则下执行安乐死的医生，通常是不会被起诉的。
句子分析：该句核心内容有三点：carry out …实施，执行；under…guidelines在…原则下，under是按照，根据的意思；introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago是过去分词短语做定语，修饰guidelines。
5. Should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others? (p5)
译：医生应该被允许去结束他人的性命吗？
句子分析：该句中主要核心内容是：情态动词的被动语态。情态动词+be+动词过去分词。如：In hot days, flowers must be watered every day.
6. Cicely Saunders, President of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement, argues that euthanasia doesn't take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying. (p8)
译：C.S是国家收容所委员会的主席和收容运动的发起人，认为安乐死并没有考虑到照顾临终病人有多种方式。
句子分析：主语Cicely Saunders，President of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement是主语的同位语，谓语后面是一个宾语从句，而其中又包括一个小的宾语从句。重要词组：take sth into account = take sth into consideration将…考虑在内。如：when judging his performance, don't take his age into account. 另一个词组：care for关心某人。
7. It's very easy in society now for the elderly, the disabled and the dependent to feel that they are burdens, and therefore that they ought to opt out. (p8)
译：这很容易使老人们，残疾人和依靠别人生存的人感觉到他们是负担，因此应该选择离开人世。
句子分析：该句it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式，to feel that they are burdens, and therefore that they ought to opt out。另外还请注意：the elderly, the disabled and the dependent是属于：the + adj 所构成的固定表达方式，相当于elderly people, disabled people and dependent peoole,是复数概念，因此若作主语句子的谓语动词应用复数形式。如：
In our country, the old are taken good care of by the young.
词组：opt out选择放弃。如：I think I'll opt out the game.
自考英语二复习资料第五章|
自考-英语二复习资料第四章
举办机构：东方学习网 教育咨询 作者：东方之子 发布时间：20##-07-02 （阅读次数： 100）
Learn new words and phrases
1. resolve: v 旋转，常见搭配关系为：resolve around sb/sth围绕…转。
She spends all of her time resolving around her family.
The earth resolves around the sun.
2. solar: a 太阳的，日光的
solar energy太阳能；solar system太阳系；solar month阳历月
3. concerned: a 有关的、担心的
Her job is something concerned with computer.
He is concerned about the result of the exam.
4. colored: a 有色的，对比；colorful: a 丰富多彩的
I like orange-colored coat.
Everybody likes colorful life.
5. religion: n 宗教，religious: a 虔诚的；
请对比：region: n 地区；regional: a 地区的
6. circumstance: n 情况、境遇；
Under no circumstances can we waste time.
7. a great many = a number of = many很多，修饰复数名词。而a great deal of + u.n
A great many students are absent today.
I have wasted a great deal of time.
8. above all: 首先、首要
After the war, he longed above all to see his wife and family.
9. as a rule: 通常、一般而言
As a rule, I only watch sports news.
Analyze the important sentences among the text:
1. First of all, let us consider the earth as a planet revolving around the sun. (p1)
译：首先，让我们把地球看作是围绕太阳运行的一颗行星。
句子分析：first of all首先，词组：consider sth as sth把…当作…，与之类似的词组还有：
look up sth as sth; review sth as sth; treat sth as sth…; revolving around the sun是现在分词短语作定语修饰a planet。
2. These nine planets, together with the sun, make up what is called our solar system. (p1)
译：这九大行星和太阳一起构成我们所说的太阳系。
句子分析：该句主语为：These nine planets；谓语是make up；what is called our solar system是宾语；together with the sun是状语，而并非句子主语。关于该语法内容请见本讲后面的grammar---主谓一致。
3. How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy is largely a mystery …… (p1)
译：这个奇妙的星系是怎样起源的？什么使它保持极其精确的运转，很大程度上现在还是一个谜。
句子分析：这也是一个主语很复杂的句子：How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy是主语，它是一个主语从句。关于该语法内容请见本讲后面的grammar---主谓一致。
4. The total water area is about three times as large as the land area. (p4)
译：水域的总面积大约是陆地面积的三倍大。
句子分析：该句的核心句型是A + be + 倍数+ as + adj + as + B.
e.g. The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific Ocean.
5. These currents are important because they affected the climate of the land areas close to where they flow and also because they carry large quantities of microscope animal and vegetable life which forms a large part of the food for fishes. (p5)
自考英语二复习资料第四章|
自考-英语二复习资料第三章
举办机构：东方学习网 教育咨询 作者：东方之子 发布时间：20##-07-02 （阅读次数： 356）
Learn new words and phrases
1. astronomer: n 天文学家；astronomy: n 天文学
2.explode: v 爆炸,由此联想：explosive: a 爆炸性的/n 炸药；explosion: n 爆炸
1). When the bomb______, many people were seriously wounded.
2). The unexpected ________ frightened the little girl.
3). It might be possible to convert _____ energy into heat.
Answers: exploded, explosion, explosive
3. density: n 密度；联想产生：dense: a 密度大的，反义词：sparse;
densely: ad高密度地；densely-populated人口稠密的；sparsely-populated人口稀疏的
1). The ____ fog kept the travelers from finding the correct direction.
2). The business area of the city is _____ populated.
3). This liquid has a much greater ____ than water.
Answers: dense, densely, density
4. shrink: v 收缩、退缩、缩水
1). As a result of careless washing, the jacket has shrunk to a child's size.
2).The girl shrinks at the sight of blood.
5. measurement: n 衡量、测量；
由此联想：measure: n措施/v 衡量、测量；measurable: a 可衡量的，可测量的
1). We must take _____ to protect our environment.
2). We have come within ______ distance of success.
3). Clocks give us a ______ of time.
4). There the rainfall is ______ not in inches but in feet.
Answers: measures, measurable, measurement, measured
6.implication: n 含义、暗示；imply: v 暗示
7. basis: n 基础、根据，
由此可以联想得到：base: n 底部；v 以…为底，为根据；basic: a 基础的，根本的；
basically: ad 根本上来说,
1). If you want to improve your English, you must have a solid ______.
2). The furniture of out dorm is really _____: two beds, two chairs and tables.
3). The charges are false for they are not ______ on proven facts.
4). Since no better plan can be worked out, we have to adopt the ____ workable one.
Answers: basis, basic, based, basically
8. observatory: n 天文台；由此可以联想得到：
observe: v 观察；observation: n 观察；observer: n 观察家
9. convincing: a 有说服力的，使人信服的；convince: v 使人信服；convinced: a 感到有说服力的，常见搭配：convince sb of sth; convince sb that
1). He gave us a convincing speech.
2). He convinced me f his sincerity.
10. operate: v 运转、操作、动手术；operation : n 手术，操作；operator: 操作者
11. research into对…进行研究
She is researching into possible cures for AIDS.
12. swallow up: 吞没、耗尽
Many small businesses have been swallowed up by large companies.
13. apply to sb/sth：适用于某人/某事，请对比：
apply to sb for sth向某人申请某事；apply A to B将A 应用于B
1). You should apply what you have learned to your work.
2). I applied to him for a new job.
3). The study method doesn't apply to everyone
Analyze the important sentences among the text
1. Well, it's difficult to answer this question, since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here.(p1)
译：哦，这个问题很难回答，因为我们通常用来描述一种科学现象的现有术语在这里不够用。
句子分析：it是形式主语，to answer this question是句子主语；since引导原因状语从句，we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon是定语从句，修饰terms; inadequate: 不充分的，不合格的。
2. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space not a thing into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape---not even light. (p1)
译：天文学家和科学家认为黑洞是一个空间区域，而不是一个物体，物质会掉进黑洞而没有物体可以从中逃脱出来，即使是光也不行。
句子分析：into which和from which引导两个定语从句，介词：into和fall搭配；from 和escape搭配。这种介词+which的定语从句的形式请多注意。
3. The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point. (p2)
译：（关于黑洞形成的）理论就是一些星球的密度增长到某个特定的点就会爆炸。
句子分析：这是一个主系表结构句。that用来引导表语从句，不可省略。其中又包含一个when引导的时间状语从句。to a particular point是达到某一个特定的点的含义。
4. But if the star is very large (much bigger than our sun) this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results. (p2)
译：但如果星球很大（比我们的太阳还要大得多），其收缩过程可能很剧烈，以致于产生了黑洞。
句子分析：这是一个if引导的条件状语从句，so…that表示如此…以致，是结果状语从句。
如：I'm so tired that I can even sleep on my way home.
5. Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole. (p2)
译：假想一下地球收缩到弹球儿那么大，但仍具有同样的质量和更强的吸引力，你就会对黑洞的力量又某种概念。
句子分析：该句的主要结构为imagine….and you ……事实上相当于if you imagine…, you will have some idea….. 这种句子结构在历年的考试中曾出现过。请记住：祈使句+ and + 陈述句= if引导的条件状语从句。如：Hurry up and you can catch the last train!
另外，该句还有两个定语成分reduced to the size of a marble和having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull用来修饰the earth.前者为过去分词，而后者为现在分词。词组：
have some idea of sth对…有所了解
6. It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. (p3line13--14)
译：只是近来科学家才开始对黑洞进行具体的研究。
句子分析：本句的核心结构为it is…that的强调句型，强调时间状语only recently。词组：research into sth对…进行研究。
7. The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems. (p4)
译：有关黑洞最有说服力的证据来自对双星体系的研究。
句子分析：该句主语evidence，谓语comes from；宾语research into binary star systems。
The most convincing是定语，修饰evidence.其中请注意convincing:令人信服的，通常修饰物的形容词多以-ing结尾；而修饰人的多以-ed结尾。如：
I feel excited after hearing the surprising news.
8. Matter from the one which we can see is being pulled towards the companion star. (p4)
译：我们所看到的星球的物质正在被吸引到伴星去。
句子分析：主语matter; 谓语is being pulled，这是一个进行被动语态；towards the companion star介词宾语；from the one which we can see定语。
9. On the other hand, scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. (p5line4--6)
译：另一方面，科学家也提出有一天高科技会利用黑洞的力量为人类服务。
句子分析：请注意在本句中suggest不是建议的含义，是指出、指明的意思。advanced高级的、先进的；make use of sth利用…，该词组可以拓展成：make good use of 好好加以利用；make full use of充分加以利用。
10. They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of apace and time.(p5)
译：他们展示给我们一个不同于我们自己的世界运行方式的世界，并对我们最基本的时空经验提出了质疑。
句子分析：这个句子复杂在于：从which引导的很长的定语从句，特别注意;operate：v 操作；in a way以某种方式；be different from同…不同；question: v 质疑，询问。
自考英语二复习资料第三章|
自考-英语二复习资料第二章
重点单词、词组详讲
1. interview: n/v 采访、面试；interviewer: n 采访者； interviewee: n 被采访者
e.g. 1>. Who's the most famous person you've ever interviewed on TV?
2>. In a TV interview last night, she denied she had any intention of resigning.
2. criticism: n 批评，评论； criticize: v 批评； critical: a 批评的、挑剔的、关键的；critic: n 评论家, 请填填看。
1> He is a literary ______.
2> We are at a _______time in our history.
3> He can't take ________.
4> The boy was ______ by his father for being late for school.
Answers: critic, critical, criticism, criticized
3. indifference: n 冷漠、漠不关心；indifferent: a 冷漠的，反义词：enthusiastic: 热情的
cf: different: a 不同的，名词：difference; 反义词：same.
4. inefficiency: n 无效，由此联想得到：
efficient: a 高效率的； efficiency: n inefficient: a 低效率的
5. conservative: a 保守的、保存的； conserve: v 保存； conservation: n
6. apply to sb for sth: 向某人申请某物
e.g. The student applied to the embassy for a visa.
7. take the trouble to do sth: 不辞劳苦、费力地做某事
e.g. If you took the trouble to listen to what I was saying, you'd know what I was talking about.
8. put oneself in somebody's place: 设身处地…
If you put yourself in your mother's place, you will understand why she is so worried about you.
9. in hand: 手头上有，进行中
I've got enough money in hand to buy a new car.
10. turn down: 调小，降低，拒绝
Turn down the TV, for the baby is sleeping.
He turned down the job because the pay isn't good enough.
课文难句分析
1. The key words here are preparation and confidence, which will carry you far. （p2）
译：这里的关键词是准备和自信，它们将使你前程远大。
分析：which will carry you far非限定性定语从句，修饰preparation and confidence。另外请注意：key关键的；preparation是prepare的名词；confidence: n 信心。Confident: a 有信心的；self-confidence: 自信心。
2. Find out all you can about the job you are applying for and the origination you hope to work for. (p4)
译：了解你所申请的工作和你希望为之工作的组织。
分析：you are applying for定语，修饰the job; you hope to work for定语修饰the origination。词组：apply to sb for sth向某人申请什么。
3. It shows an unattractive indifference to your employer and to your job. (p6)
译：它表明你对雇主和你的工作的态度冷漠，不感兴趣。
分析：it主语；shows谓语；an unattractive indifference宾语；to your employer and to your job间接宾语。Show sth to sb=show sb sth.另外，请注意：indifference: 冷漠，漠视。
4. He wants somebody who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job. (p7)
分析：who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job全部都是定语，修饰somebody。注意介词with表示带有。。； have interest in sth对…有兴趣。
5. Anything that you find out about the prospective employer can be used to your advantage during the interview to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for. (p8)
译：你找到的任何有关未来雇主的信息在面试中都能为你所用，以表示你费了心思去掌握一些关于你希望为其工作的人的事实。
分析：从这个句子的长度大家也能看出这是一个复杂句。主体结构为：anything can be used to your advantage. that you find out about the prospective employer是定语从句；during the interview状语；to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for是目的状语；who you hope to work for是另外一个定语从句修饰the people. 词组：to your advantage: 对你有利；work for sb为某人工作。
6. Do not be afraid to ask for clarification of something that has been said during the interview if you want to be sure what was implied, but do be polite. (p10)
译：面试中如果你想确切地知道某些话的含义，不要害怕请对方解释清楚，但一定要有礼貌。
分析：基本句型：not be afraid to do sth; 不要害怕去做某事；ask for clarification要求澄清；that has been said during the interview定语，修饰something; what was implied宾语；do be polite: 其中do为了强调，如：do be careful! I do love you! He does lie to us!
7. Have the letter inviting you for an interview ready to show in case there is any difficulty in communication. (p16)
译： 拿着邀请你面试的通知书，以防万一交谈出现困难时显示。
分析：这是一个祈使句。Have动词，拿着；the letter宾语；inviting you for an interview现在分词做定语；ready to show状语；in case there is any difficulty in communication条件状语从句；词组：there is some difficulty in sth/doing sth在…方面有困难。如：We have some difficulty speaking English fluently.
自考英语二复习资料第二章|
自考-英语二复习资料第一章
举办机构：东方学习网 教育咨询 作者：东方之子 发布时间：20##-07-02 （阅读次数： 142）
重点单词扩充讲解：
1. organizational: a 组织上的
由此我们可以联想到：organize: v 组织； organization: n 组织； organizer: n 组织者
请看下列习题，选择该组词里恰当的词填空：
1). Last week, our school ________ a spring outing.
2). The task calls for the highest _________ skill.
3). China has joined World Trade __________.
4). He is the __________ of the speech contest.
Answers: organized, organizational, Organization, organizer
2. objective: n 目标； a 客观的，反义词subjective: 主观的
3. predict: v 预言、预示；
由此我们可以联想到：prediction: n 预言； predictable: a 可预测的； predictor: n 预言家
4. simplify: v 简化
由此我们可以联想到：simple: a 简单的； simply: ad 简单地，仅仅地； simplification: n 简化； simplified: a 被简化的。
Exercises for the above words:
1). The machine is _____ in operation but complex in structure.
2). Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet in the original is beyond our capacity while ____ edition is quite easy.
3). There is no point in arguing about it, because it is _______ a question of procedure.
4). The ______ of working process freed the workers fro heavy labor.
Answers: simple; simplified; simply; simplification
5. tendency: n 趋势、倾向；tend : v 倾向于…， tend to do sth
e.g. old people have the tendency of getting fatter.
Or old people tend to get fatter.
6. managerial: a 经理的、经营上的；
由此我们可以联想到：manage: v管理、经营； management: n; manager: n 经营者，管理者； manageable: a 可管理的、可经营的。
7. argue: v 争辩、争论，常用固定搭配：argu with sb about/over sth由于某事而同某人争论； argue sb into doing sth说服某人做某事； argue sb out of doing sth说服某人不要做某事。
e.g. 1>. The young couple always argue with each other over their child’s
education.
2>. I argued him out of going on such a dangerous journey.
8. define: v 给…下定义； definition: n 定义
9. profitability: n 赚钱， 获利
由此我们可以联想到：profit: n 利润； profitable: a 有利可图的, 有好处的；
profitless: a 没有利润的。
1). He has made a _____ from running a small restaurant.
2). The deal was ______ to all of us.
3). They valued _______ differently, which led to disagreement as to the correctness of decision.
Answer: profit, profitable; profitability.
10. correctness: n 正确性； 字根：correct: a 正确的； v 纠正， correction: n 纠正； incorrect: a 不正确的。
11. unintended: a 非计划中的，
由此我们可以联想到：intend: v 打算，计划；intention: n ； intended: a 计划中的
课文难句讲解、分析
1. A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.(p1)
译：决策就是从几种可以选择的做法中作出选择。
分析：该句是主系表结构。made from among alternative courses of action that are available是过去分词短语做定语修饰a choice; 其中that are available是定语从句修饰courses of action.
像这样一环修饰一环的句子结构在英文中很普遍，因此为了看懂句子大家必须学会分析。这是整个英语学习过程中很重要的能力！
2. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. (p1)
译：做出决策的原因是因为存在问题，目标或目的有错误，或者有某种东西防碍着它们的实现。
分析：该句又是主系表结构。That引导三个并列的表语从句，①a problem exists，②goals or objectives are wrong；③something is standing in the way of accomplishing them。 短语：make a decision:做出决策；stand in the way: 阻挡、防碍
3. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions. (p2)
译：通常管理者必须对未来的情况做出最佳预测，从而使偶然性尽可能少地发生，但因为不确定性总是存在，所以决策常伴随着风险。
分析：前半句是主谓宾结构。what the future will be是at的宾语；as little as possible做leave的宾语；since引导原因状语从句，相当于because.
4. If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made. (p3)
译：如果没有选择，就不会有决策。
分析：这是一句很简单的条件状语从句，但它有一个很重要的考点：to be made。这是动词不定式做定语修饰decision，有将来意味。比如：The last question to be discussed today is how to divide the work among ourselves.
5. For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. (p3)
译：对于管理者而言，每次决策都受到政策、程序、法律以及惯例等因素制约。
分析：这句话的考点是based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like。同样是过去分词短语做定语修饰constraints。其中词组：base…on以…为基础。 如：The film is based on s short story by Jack London.
6. But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives. (p4)
译：但是这种简化的倾向使得他们看不到其他可供选择的方法。
分析：该句主语the tendency to simplify，谓语blinds; them是宾语。to simplify是定语，修饰the tendency；to other alternatives是宾补。其中短语：blind sb to sth:使…看不见…；
we shouldn’t let our prejudices blind us to the facts.
7. Because individuals (and organizations) frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. (p6 line 4--6)
译：因为个人（和组织）关于如何达到目的常有不同的观点，哪种是最优的选择可能要看是谁做出决策。
分析：这是一个由because引导的原因状语从句。其中how to attain the goals做介词about的宾语，who makes the decision做介词on的宾语。
8. Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. (p7 line 2--4)
译：其中有一些目标比其它的更重要，但其顺序和重要程度因人和不同的部门而异。
分析：请注意比较级more important than，词组：vary from person to person译成中文：因人而异，可以推出：因季节而异vary from season to season….
9. When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, production managers see production problems, and so on. (p7 line 5--7)
译：当面对同一件日常事情时，销售经理倾向于看销售问题，而生产经理则会看生产相关的问题，等等。
分析：前半部分为常考内容，它是when + 过去分词短语，构成时间状语部分。其中词组：
be presented with = be faced with当面对…
When faced with difficulties, we should be brave..
10. People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. (p9)
译：人们经常假设一项决策是孤立的现象。
分析：句子结构简单：主谓宾（从句）。其中assume: = imagine; isolated: adj 孤立的。
phenomenon: n 现象；复数变化较特殊：phenomena
自考英语二复习资料第一章|