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时间:2024.3.23

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第二篇:《动物营养学报》英文论文格式模板


1 《动物营养学报》英文论文格式模板

Effects of Dietary Energy Level on Growth Performance and Carcass

Composition of Wujin Pigs

ZHANG Xi ZHAO Su-mei GE Chang-rong LAI Hua LI Chang-qiang GAO Shi-zheng?

(Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China)

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24 Abstract: (Objective)The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of dietary digestible energy levels on growth performance and carcass composition in Wujin pigs, and to investigate the most suitable dietary energy density for maximum growth potential and best carcass composition using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model. (Method) The experimental approach was by single factor random allotment. Ninety pigs were randomly allotted into five groups of 18, and fed diets containing 14.22, 13.60, 12.98, 12.36 and 11.74 MJ/kg of digestible energy. (Result) Results showed that the daily gain was reduced and the feed gain ratio increased gradually with reduction in dietary energy levels. No significant differences were found in the groups at body weight of 15~30 kg (P>0.05). At the body weight of 60 and 100 kg, lean meat weight, lean meat ratio and loin eye area were increased, but fat weight, fat percentage and back fat thickness were decreased with reduction in dietary energy levels. From the fitting curve, the most suitable dietary energy levels for best growth performance at body weights of 15~30 kg, 30~60 kg and 60~100 kg were 14.01, 13.15 and 12.98 MJ/kg, respectively. Using lean meat ratio, back fat thickness and loin eye area to represent the carcass composition, the optimal dietary energy densities were 11.13, 11.36 and 11.71 MJ/kg at 15~30 kg, 30~60 kg and 60~100 kg, respectively. (Conclusion)Optimum dietary energy levels were 13.55, 12.81 and 13.20 MJ/kg for a combination of growth performance and carcass composition. Key words: Digestive energy; Growth performance; Carcass composition; Wujin pigs Wujin pigs is a typical Chinese local breed in Yunnan province and its feeding is based on the availability of natural resources in the local area. Wujin pigs grows slowly and its body fat is high, but its meat is very good, especially in its

Date recerved: 2007-12-22

Financial support: Key Project of Yunnan Natural Science Foundation (2005C0008Z)

Author information: ZHANG Xi, professor, major in animal nutrition and feed science. E-mail: zhangxi_km@hotmail.com

? Corresponding author: GAO Shi-zheng, professor, major in animal nutrition. E-mail: gaoszkm@126.com

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30 content of intramuscular fat which is higher than that in other breeds of pigs. Traditionally, it is an ideal material for producing the high quality Xuanwei ham in China[1-2]. Efforts have been made to hybridize this Chinese local pigs breed with foreign breeds to improve growth performance and to obtain the best carcass traits, but there has been limited research in the traditional feeding model. To improve the feeding model, therefore, it is necessary to investigate the most suitable dietary energy levels for Wujin pigs, based on the Chinese Feeding Standard for Local Pigs[3] and NRC (1998)[4]. This study used fitting curves and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation to investigate dietary energy levels for best growth performance and carcass composition. 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS 1.1 Experimental design The experiment was designed by single factor random allotment. Ninety Wujin pigs with an initial live weight of (15±?1.51) kg were divided into 5 dietary treatment groups based on different dietary energy content and crude protein content (18%, 16% and 14%) at three growing finishing stages (15~30 kg, 30~60 kg , and 60~90 kg body weight). 1.2 Pigs and Housing All experimental procedures were approved by the Yunnan Agricultural University Committee on Laboratory Animal Care. Groups of six pigs were housed in one pen with a half slatted floor in an insulated but unheated shed at the research station of Yunnan Agricultural University. The pigs were fed twice daily at 08:00 and 15:30, respectively. 1.3 Diets The five dietary energy densities were derived from recommendations of the Chinese Feeding Standard for Local Breed Pigs[3] (group III, DE: 12.98 MJ/kg) and the United States NRC (1998)[4] (group I, DE: 14.22 MJ/kg). The other groups completed the series with increments of 0.62 MJ/kg; i.e., the dietary energy levels of group Ⅰto group Ⅴ were 14.22, 13.60, 12.98, 12.36 and 11.74 MJ/kg, respectively. Composition and calculated nutrient contents of the experimental diets are presented in Table 1. 1.4 Growth performance The feed intake was recorded daily. The pigs were weighed monthly, and at the beginning and the end of the experiment. The average daily gain and the feed gain ratio were calculated. 1.5 Carcass composition Six pigs from each group were slaughtered at 30, 60 and 100 kg body weight. The pigs were fasted for 24 h before being slaughtered and weighed. Different parts of the carcass were separated and measured including loin eye area, back fat thickness, lean meat weight, fat weight, bone weight, skin weight so that the slaughter percentage, lean meat percentage, fat percentage, the ratio of lean meat to fat were calculated[4].

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1 2 3 4 5 1.6 Calculations and statistics 1.6.1 Statistical analysis Significant differences and regression analyses were conducted with SAS and EXCEL software. 1.6.2 Model of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation ????

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Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (DM basis, %)

Items Ingredients Corn Wheat bran Soybean meal Fish meal Soybean oil CaHPO4 Limestone Met Lys NaCl Premix1) Total

Nutrient levels2) DM DE (MJ/kg)3) CP NDF ADF Ca TP AP Lys

15~30 kg

Ⅰ 63.19 7.00 18.61 6.00 2.96 0.10 0.85 - - 0.30 1.00 100.00 88.39 14.22 18.69 9.22 3.54 0.58 0.98 0.27 0.66

Ⅱ 62.46 10.00 19.16 5.00 0.90 0.20 0.90 - 0.08 0.30 1.00 100.00 88.97 13.60 18.74 10.32 3.94 0.55 0.97 0.28 0.64

Ⅲ 57.32 17.93 17.38 5.00 - 0.05 1.00 - 0.03 0.30 1.00 100.00 88.86 12.98 18.73 12.69 4.74 0.55 0.96 0.29 0.64

88.31 12.36 18.77 15.55 5.73 0.54 0.96 0.27 0.65

88.13 11.74 18.79 18.56 6.77 0.54 0.98 0.29 0.65

Ⅳ 48.31 27.93 15.90 4.80 - 0.20 0.90 - 0.67 0.30 1.00 100.00

Ⅴ 39.49 38.35 14.23 4.60 - 0.15 0.94 - 0.94 0.30 1.00 100.00

88.47 14.22 16.48 9.28 3.46 0.45 0.77 0.20 0.55

88.94 13.60 16.44 10.86 3.98 0.47 0.79 0.21 0.56

68.67 7.00 14.40 5.00 2.90 - 0.72 - - 0.30 1.00 100.00

Ⅱ 66.80 12.00 12.98 5.00 1.11 - 0.81 - - 0.30 1.00 100.00

30~60 kg

Ⅲ 62.50 19.00 11.36 5.00 0.03 - 0.81 - - 0.30 1.00 100.00 88.89 12.98 16.42 12.97 4.70 0.46 0.79 0.21 0.54

88.47 12.36 16.44 15.82 5.67 0.45 0.78 0.20 0.55

88.85 11.74 16.52 19.70 7.03 0.44 0.77 0.21 0.55

Ⅳ 53.79 29.00 9.54 5.00 - 0.01 0.80 0.57 - 0.30 1.00 100.00

Ⅴ 43.22 42.00 8.48 4.00 0.08 - 0.89 - 0.04 0.30 1.00 100.00

88.43 14.22 14.28 9.38 3.41 0.37 0.69 0.14 0.46

88.88 13.60 14.25 10.96 3.93 0.36 0.68 0.13 0.44

73.79 7.00 10.93 3.50 2.70 - 0.75 - 0.02 0.30 1.00 100.00

Ⅱ 71.84 12.00 9.56 3.50 1.01 - 0.75 - 0.04 0.30 1.00 100.00

60~100 kg

Ⅲ 66.44 20.00 7.80 3.50 0.16 - 0.75 - 0.05 0.30 1.00 100.00 88.62 12.98 14.25 13.33 4.74 0.35 0.69 0.14 0.46

88.76 12.36 14.27 15.46 5.47 0.36 0.68 0.13 0.45

88.77 11.74 14.32 19.77 6.96 0.37 0.69 0.13 0.46

Ⅳ 59.00 27.62 6.56 3.50 - 0.50 0.96 0.50 0.06 0.30 1.00 100.00

Ⅴ 48.40 42.00 4.59 2.80 - - 0.81 - 0.10 0.30 1.00 100.00

Premix provided the following per kilogram of diet: VA 8 267 IU; VD 22 480 IU; VE 66 IU; menadionine (as menadionine pyrimidinol bisulfite complex) 6.2 mg; VB1 (thiamine) 3.31 mg; VB2

(riboflavin) 10 mg; VB6 (pyridoxine) 3.31 mg; VB12 45 μg; D-calcium pantothenic acid 37 mg; niacin 66 mg; D-biotin 331 μg; folic acid 2.5 mg; VC 83 μg. Zn 127 mg; Fe 127 mg; Mn 20 mg; Cu 12.7 mg; I 0.80 mg; Se 0.3 mg.

2) 3)

Calculated values.

The values of digestive energy were obtained and calculated from the digestive energy values of each feed ingredient in The Database of Chinese Feeds (2007).

2 RESULTS

2.1 Growth performance

The effects of dietary composition and DE levels on growth performance of Wujin pigs fed from 15 to 100 kg body weights were shown in Table 2. Increasing dietary composition and energy levels significantly reduced feed intake during different growth stages (P<0.01). There were no significant effects of dietary composition and energy levels on daily gain at 15~30 kg (P>0.05). However, there was significant difference in the daily gain among the different groups at body weights 30~60 kg and 60~100 kg (P<0.01 or P<0.05). The feed gain ratio were significantly increased with dietary energy reductions during the whole growth-finishing stages (P<0.01 or P<0.05). With decreasing energy levels, groups I to group V reached 100 kg body weight in 158, 163, 168, 176 and 185 days, respectively.

Table 2 Growth performance of Wujin pigs at various dietary digestive energy levels

Growth stage

Groups

(kg)

Ⅰ Ⅱ

15~30 kg

Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅰ Ⅱ

30~60 kg

Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅰ Ⅱ

60~100 kg

Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅰ

15~100 kg

15.08±1.24

103.76±2.59

1.77±0.02Bb

163

538.96±9.56A

3.28±0.05Ab

15.32±1.20 15.20±0.68 15.22±0.77 15.08±0.60 15.17±0.59 29.33±1.08 29.77±0.97 30.00±0.71 29.37±2.26 29.60±1.53 57.97±1.20 59.33±1.29 58.70±1.87 59.83±2.51 58.33±1.78 15.00±1.02

(kg) 30.23±1.14 30.17±1.11 30.32±1.24 30.23±1.21 30.12±1.11 60.42±1.32 60.52±1.99 60.22±1.26 60.50±1.61 60.05±0.93 101.48±1.59 103.76±2.59 102.92±2.24 100.96±2.17 102.68±1.06 101.48±1.59

intake (kg/d) 1.02±0.05A 1.03±0.04A 1.04±0.01A 1.09±0.02B 1.11±0.02B 1.69±0.02A 1.72±0.02A 1.75±0.06AB 1.80±0.06BC 1.86±0.06C 2.08±0.02Aa 2.14±0.02Bb 2.16±0.05Bbc 2.20±0.05Bc 2.26±0.04Cd 1.73±0.03Aa

days (d) 34 35 36 37 37 50 52 52 56 59 74 76 80 83 89 158

438.73±26.92 427.62±23.68 419.44 ±28.11 409.46±22.14 404.05±31.88 621.67±27.78A 591.35±40.63AB 581.09±34.43AB 555.95±45.71BC 516.10±25.47C 584.23±19.68Aa 573.68±50.91Aa 543.75±8.97ABa 493.15±57.27Bb 493.63±33.42Bb 545.57±9.10A

2.33±0.16Aa 2.42±0.13ABa 2.49±0.17ABCab 2.66±0.15BCbc 2.77±0.24Cc 2.72±0.12Aa 2.92±0.22ABab 3.02±0.17ABbc 3.26±0.32BCc 3.62±0.21Cd 3.56±0.09Aa 3.57±0.32Aab 3.97±0.07Ab 4.51±0.51Bc 4.60±0.35Bc 3.16±0.08Aa

Daily gain (g/d)

F/G

Ⅳ Ⅴ

14.90±1.51 15.85±1.51

100.96±2.17 102.68±1.06

1.84±0.02Cd 1.90±0.01De

176 185

487.31±5.75C 467.12±9.71D

3.77±0.09Cd 4.08±0.10De

Different capital superscripts in the same line of the same stage mean significant difference (P<0.01), different superscripts in the same line of the same stage mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 Carcass composition

The effects of dietary energy levels on carcass composition at 30, 60 and 100 kg body weights were shown in Tables 3, 4 and 5. ??

2.3 Optimal dietary energy levels for best growth performance

The fitting curves of daily gain and energy level were calculated (Fig.1). ??

动物营养学报英文论文格式模板

动物营养学报英文论文格式模板

2.4 Optimal dietary energy levels for the best carcass composition

动物营养学报英文论文格式模板

2.4.1 Optimal dietary energy levels for the maximum lean meat percentage

The fitting curves of lean meat percentage and energy level were calculated at 30, 60 and 100 kg according to the equation: y=a+bx+cx2+dx3 (Fig.2). Optimal dietary energy levels to reach the maximum lean meat percentage were 11.13, 11.91 and 11.71 MJ/kg, respectively. ??

2.5 The optimal dietary energy level for the best growth performance and carcass composition

The fitting curves were attained using daily gain and lean meat percentage, back fat thickness and loin eye area (Fig.5, Fig.6 and Fig.7), and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation values were calculated (Table 7). ?? 3 DISCUSSIONS

The aim of the NRC (1998) recommended nutritional requirement, based on corn and soybean meal, is to

2

Fig. 1 Fitting curves of daily body gain with energy levels at different growth stages

obtain the best growth performance of American swine. It does not, however, provide the best nutritional requirements for different countries and regions [8-9]. Chinese local breeds of swine have some disadvantages, such as slower growth rate and higher fat deposition compared with foreign breeds [10-13] and the nutritional recommendations of NRC (1998) are not fitted to Chinese local swine. Therefore, Chinese feeding standards of fatty pigs during the growth-finishing stages are being developed according to the characteristics and nutritional requirement of local breeds. Wujin pigs, as one of the Chinese local breeds of swine, has excellent meat quality, but there is little information about the effects of dietary energy on its growth performance and carcass composition.

Energy is necessary for fat and protein deposition. Suboptimal energy levels reduce growth performance and carcass protein deposition. Previous studies showed that there was a linear relationship between daily gain and dietary energy levels for Landrace, Duroc and Pietrain pigs [16-18]. Our results showed that reducing dietary energy levels reduced the average daily gain (ADG) although feed efficiency increased. Days taken for pigs to reach 100 kg body weight were 158, 163, 168, 176 and 185 with reductions in dietary energy levels (14.22, 13.60, 12.98, 12.36 and 11.74 MJ/kg, respectively). Moreover, our results showed that there were significant differences in ADG and feed efficiency between the NRC (1998) recommendations and the Chinese feeding standard. This result indicated that dietary composition and energy levels significantly affected growth performance. The fitting curves of daily gain and dietary energy level showed that the relationship between daily gain and energy level was linear and that the optimal dietary energy level to attain the maximum potential growth was 14.01, 13.15 and 12.98 MJ/kg at body weights 15~30 kg, 30~60 kg and 60~100 kg, respectively. These data indicated that the optimal dietary energy level of Wujin pigs was higher than that of the Chinese standard of local breeds at 15~60 kg body weight, and nearly equaled the Chinese standard at 60~100 kg body weight.

Increasing dietary energy levels can enhance carcass fat deposition and back fat thickness and reduce loin eye area and lean meat percentage [19-26]. Our results showed that dietary energy levels could significantly affect carcass composition. However, various energy levels could affect carcass composition differently during different growth stages. At 30 kg body weight, dietary energy levels significantly affected lean meat percentage, fat weight and loin eye area. At 60 and 100 kg body weight, lean meat weight, lean meat percentage and loin eye area increased and fat weight, fat percentage and back fat thickness decreased with reduction in dietary energy level. The fitting curves showed that lean meat percentage and loin eye area decreased linearly with increasing dietary energy level during different stages. Back fat thickness increased linearly with increasing dietary energy levels at 60 and 100 kg body weight. Dietary energy level did not significantly affect back fat thickness at 30 kg body

weight, possibly due to a limited capacity to deposit fat at that body weight. Considering the effect of dietary energy level on lean meat percentage, back fat thickness and loin eye area, the optimal dietary energy levels attained by the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model were 11.13, 11.36 and 11.71 MJ/kg at 15~30 kg, 30~60 kg and 60~100 kg body weight, respectively, and were lower compared with the Chinese feeding standard of local breeds. This suggested that the optimal dietary energy level to attain the best carcass composition was lower than the Chinese feeding standard of local breeds, irrespective of growth performance.

Because of the slower growth, higher fat deposition and poorer carcass composition, it is necessary to consider fully the growth performance and carcass composition in order to reach the greatest potential of Wujin pigs during feeding. The present study showed by fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of daily gain and carcass composition that the optimal dietary energy level was 13.55 ,12.81 and 13.20 MJ/kg at 15~30 kg, 30~60 kg, 60~100 kg body weights, respectively, which was higher at 15~30 kg and 60~100 kg body weights and lower at 30~60 kg body weight compared with the Chinese feeding standard of local breeds.

4 CONCLUSIONS

① Dietary energy level had significant effects on growth performance. The optimal dietary energy levels to attain the best growth potential were 14.01, 13.15, and 12.98 MJ/kg at 15~30 kg, 30~60 kg and 60~100 kg body weights.

② Dietary energy level could significantly affect carcass composition. The optimal dietary energy levels to reach the best carcass composition were 11.13, 11.36 and 11.71 MJ/kg at the three body weights, respectively. ③ Considering growth performance and carcass composition, the optimal dietary energy levels to attain the best growth performance and carcass composition were 13.55, 12.81 and 13.20 MJ/kg during the 15~30 kg, 30~60 kg and 60~100 kg growth stages.

REFERENCE:

[1] Wang Z Q, Rong Y X. Study on Dahe black pig and (Da He) Wujin pig. Yunnan Agricultural Science and

Technology, 2004, Suppl: 41-44. (in Chinese)

[2] Yang C K. Yunnan local pig commercial extention, Pig Science, 2006, 4: 23-24. (in Chinese)

[3] Zhang H F, Zhang Z Y. Animal Nutritional Parameter and Feeding Standard: Feeding standard of Chinese

fatty during growth-finishing pig: Chinese Agricultural Publisher, 1998, 96. (in Chinese)

[4] National meat quality research seminar of swine. The measurement method of meat quality for swine. 4

North-east feeding swine, 1987, 3: 7.

[5] Peng Z Z, Sun Y Y. Fuzzy mathematics and implications. Wuhan: Wuhan University Publishers, 2002,

122-131. (in Chinese)

[6] Liu C H, Wang Y F. Grey association analysis and comprehensive evaluation evaluation of pig meat quality.

Chinese Husbandry Magazine, 2003, 39 (2): 19-21 (in Chinese).

[7] Bruns K W, Pritchard R H, Boggs D L. The relationships among body weight, body composition, and

intramuscular fat content in steers. Journal of Animal Science, 2004, 82: 1315-1322.

??

乌金猪日粮能量水平对生长性能和胴体品质的影响

张 曦 赵素梅 葛长荣 赖 桦 李长强 高士争?

(云南农业大学云南省动物营养与饲料重点实验室,昆明 650201)

摘 要:(目的)本文旨在研究日粮不同能量水平对乌金猪生长性能及胴体品质的影响,采用模糊综合评定系统分析并确定最佳生长性能和胴体品质所需的日粮适宜能量水平。(方法)试验采用单因子随机分组设计,选取体重15 kg左右的乌金猪90头,随机分为5组,每组18头。日粮能量水平分别14.22、13.60、12.98、12.36和11.74 MJ/kg。(结果)结果表明,随日粮能量水平的降低,不同生长阶段的日增重逐渐降低,料重比逐渐升高,15-30 kg阶段日增重无显著差异(P>0.05)。在60和100 kg体重时随日粮能量水平的降低,瘦肉重、瘦肉率和眼肌面积增加,脂肪重、脂肪率和背膘厚降低。通过拟合曲线确定15~30 kg、30~60 kg和60~100 kg阶段最佳生长性能所需的日粮适宜能量水平分别为14.01、13.15和12.98 MJ/kg。确定15~30 kg、30~60 kg和60~100 kg阶段时最优胴体品质适宜的日粮能量水平分别为11.13、11.36和11.71 MJ/kg。(结论)综合评定生长性能和胴体品质,15~30 kg、30~60 kg和60~100 kg阶段乌金猪获得最佳生长性能的胴体品质的日粮适宜能量水平分别为13.55、12.81和13.20 MJ/kg。

关键词:消化能;生长性能;胴体品质;乌金猪

?通讯作者:高士争,教授,主要从事动物营养学研究。E-mail: gaoszkm@126.com (加尾注,如无通讯作者,则写“作者:姓名,职称,E-mail: ”)

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