外文文献及翻译格式

时间:2024.3.19

附件3:

本科毕业设计

(本科毕业论文)

外文文献及译文

文献、资料题目:Advanced Encryption Standard

文献、资料来源:期刊(著作、网络等)

文献、资料发表(出版)日期:2000.3.25

院 (部): 土木工程学院

专    业: 土木工程

班    级: 土木013

姓    名: 张三

学    号: 2001888888

指导教师: 张九光

翻译日期: 2005.6.30


外文文献: 

Advanced Encryption Standard

For  the past three years,the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has been working to develop a new encryption standard to keep government information secure.The organization is in the final stages of an open process of selecting one or more algorithms,or data-scrambling formulas,for the new Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and plans to make adecision by late summer or early fall.The standard is slated to go into effect next year.

    AES is intended to be a stronger,more efficient successor to Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES),which replaced the aging DES,which was cracked in less than three days in July 1998.

     “Until we have the AES,3DES will still offer protection for years to come.So there is no need to immediately switch over,”says Edward Roback, acting chief of the computer security division at NIST and chairman of the AES selection committee.“What AES will offer is a more efficient algorithm.It will be a federal standard,but it will be widely implemented in the IT community.”

    According to Roback,efficiency of the proposed algorithms is measured by how fast they can encrypt and decrypt information,how fast they can present an encryption key and how much information they can encrypt.

    The AES review committee is also looking at how much space the algorithm takes up on a chip and how much memory it requires.Roback says the selection of a more efficient AES will also result in cost savings and better use of resources.

     “DES was designed for hardware implementations,and we are now living in a world of much more efficient software,and we have learned an awful lot about the design of algorithms,”says Roback.“When you start multiplying this with the billions of implementations done daily,the saving on overhead on the networks will be enormous.”

   

……

 


中文译文:

先进加密标准

在过去三年中,(美国)国家标准与技术局(NIST)已在研究开发一种新的加密标准,以确保政府的信息安全。该组织目前正处于为新的先进加密标准(AES)选择一个或几个算法或数据打乱公式的开放过程的最后阶段,并计划在夏末或秋初作出决定。此标准内定明年实施。

    AES预定为比三层数据加密标准(3DES)更强、更高效的后续标准,3DES替代了老化的DES加密标准,DES在1998年7月在不到三天的时间内就被破译了。

  NIST计算机安全部的代理主管兼AES选择委员会主席Edward Roback说:“在我们拥有AES之前,3DES还将在今后几年提供保护。所以没有必要马上转换。AES所提供的是一种更有效的算法。它将是一项联邦标准,但它将在IT界广泛实施。”

    据Roback称,提议中的算法的效率是通过对信息加密和解密有多快、给出加密密钥有多快以及能对多少信息加密等几个方面进行测量的。

    AES评价委员会也要看算法占据芯片上多少空间和需要多少内存。Roback说,选择一个更高效的AES也会带来成本的节省和资源的更好利用。

    Roback说:“DES是为硬件实现而设计的,而我们现在处于软件更高效的世界,我们对算法的设计有极多的了解。当我们开始大规模使用此算法,每天实现几十亿次的加密时,(算法带来的)网络开销的节省将是巨大的。”

  ……


第二篇:外文文献及翻译格式模版


外文文献及翻译格式模版

外文文献及翻译格式模版

毕业设计

外文文献及译文

外文文献及翻译格式模版

文献、资料来源: 网络

文献、资料发表(出版)日期:2012,2 院 (部): 信息与电气工程学院 专 业: 电气工程与自动化 班 级: 电气084

姓 名: 邓红坤

学 号: 2008121017

指导教师: 王克河

翻译日期: 2012、2、29

山东建筑大学毕业设计(或毕业论文,二选一)外文文献及译文

外文文献: INTELLIGENT BUILDING ALARM BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to an intelligent alarm system for 5 detecting hazardous situations in a building informing building occupants of optimal escape routes or survival strategies and assisting emergency personnel in rescuing people inside the building. Building hazards, including fire, earthquakes, intruders, etc., have the potential for large numbers of casualties. Effective building alarm systems must have the capability to process a plurality of input types to determine the nature of the situation involving danger to persons in the building. The building alarm system must also have more than simple audio/visual outputs for helping people in the building find safe escape routes. Use of the term building in this invention refers to any structure including, but not limited to, office buildings, commercial buildings, factory/warehouses, residential homes, etc. Aspects of building alarm systems are described 20 in, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,686,434; 4,511,886; 3,634,846; 4,614, 968; 4,775,853; 5,267,180; 5,281,951, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Detection of hazards that may exist in a building is crucial in the proper functioning of an intelligent building alarm system. Current sensor technology allows for the accurate monitoring of many building parameters including, but not limited to, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons, temperature, vibration, etc. Accurate sensor readings using sophisticated sensor technology can minimize the occurrence of costly false alarms.

"Expert systems" are becoming more extensively used as a problem solving tool. An intelligent building alarm can benefit from the use of expert system concepts. Many different possibilities for hazards, and dealing with them, must be analyzed to adequately alert persons in a building of dangerous situations. Expert systems are designed to make use of pooled knowledge resources from a group of experienced persons having with considerable experience in 40 diverse fields relating to emergency situations including, but not limited to, fire fighting, toxic fume detection, earthquake physics, human tolerance to hazards, medical problems, etc.

- 1 -

山东建筑大学毕业设计(或毕业论文,二选一)外文文献及译文 "Fuzzy logic" is a logic system that is a superset of Boolean logic. Since the world is primarily analog in nature, 45 many situations cannot be adequately modeled using simple Boolean true/not true logic. Simply concluding that an event, element, or condition is either "X" or is not "X" is seldom adequate in making a complex decision. For example, the temperature in one room of a building during a fire in the building cannot simply be distinguished as a danger or not a danger. Other factors, such as gas concentration, smoke occurrence and density, flames, etc., also limit an analysis of possible danger when simply considered as, for instance, high danger or not high danger. Fuzzy logic helps model problems involving humanistic issues by allowing membership in more than one set and allowing a membership transition band from one set to another set. A preferred alarm system will have the capability of transferring and processing data from one, more than one or many input devices. Current information networking technology provides for low cost and standardized hardware and software systems with the performance capacity to handle many input and/or output connections. Awire or cable based communications system will be used to facilitate communications within a single buildingor, also a possibility within a cluster of buildings. Alternatively, radio communications can be used for a building alarm system, avoiding a failure or miscommunication due to damage to cables in a hardwired alarm system. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides for assisting people at risk, including emergency personnel, involved in dangerous situations such as those created by fires in buildings, earthquakes affecting a building, building collapse, toxic fumes in a building, presence of air borne bacteria in the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system (HVAC), terrorist attacks, or any other dangers that may exist in a building, boat, plane, train, or other structure. Sensor units are located in a plurality of locations throughout a structure to provide adequate sensor input and output coverage for the structure. The sensor unit or plurality of sensor units are activated to sample a variety of environmental factors. The sensor output signals broadcast to a central point monitored by software and/or emergency personnel. Collected information includes; localized temperature, smoke levels in the structure, toxic gas levels, critically significant sounds (including speech), optical information, location position of hazards and sensor units, and other types of useful information. Expert system software, running on a computing device or CPU, processes the

- 2 -

山东建筑大学毕业设计(或毕业论文,二选一)外文文献及译文 source collected data to assist the emergency personnel in determining the best plan of action and implementation of the plan for the safety of persons in the building. Sensor units are attached to walls, ceilings, cabinets, and other locations appropriate for sensor coverage of a particular area. The sensor unit is equipped with the necessary transducers to allow for the detection of temperature, smoke levels, toxic chemical levels, and the like in a particular area of a building. Some of the sensors will be common to all applications, but some will be application specific. For example, all applications will have a sensor for detecting temperature but some may contain transducers for the detection of gasoline or other combustible hydrocarbons at a refinery that would not be necessary at other buildings where these flammable gases are not present. The sensor unit may also contain an analog or digital camera. The camera constantly monitors the vicinity of the camera for data useful to emergency personnel. Computer vision algorithms are employed to make determinations of the type of hazards existing in the camera's vicinity or help determine the presence or absence of people in view of the camera. A camera responding to other non-visible wavelengths of light, such as infrared, can help determine the type and location of flames, hot spots, people, etc. The sensor unit may also contain a microphone for audio input. In some hazardous conditions, audio cues may be of great benefit for emergency personnel in determining the type and location of certain types of hazards. For example, if one or more people have taken control of the building through the use of firearms, the location of assailants can be determined through sounds and noises produced by the attackers. Multiple sensor units pick up a sound, possibly a gunshot, at different locations and can, through the use of signal processing algorithms, determine the location of the firearm. A microphone may also "pickup" human speech to be processed by speech recognition algorithms. Speech recognition algorithms having a speaker independent capability, allow voices to be recognized without prior speech recognition input training. For a limited vocabulary system, a speaker independent speech recognition is realizable with currently available

technology. Building residents and visitors can be trained on the speech recognition system, to

- 3 -

山东建筑大学毕业设计(或毕业论文,二选一)外文文献及译文 obtain a working knowledge of the words known by the speech recognition component of the intelligent building alarm system in that building. A sensor unit may have warning output capabilities as well as the previously described input sensing functions. A light may provide various selected colors for various selected situations and flashing functions to provide visual 1° warnings to persons in the building. Specific colors may represent the danger level in the area surrounding the particular sensor unit. For example, if the light emits a green light, it may represent that the area is safe and if the light emitted is red, the area is unsafe and should be avoided because of dangers. Another important possible warning output is an audio speaker. A speaker allows for emergency personnel to interact with persons in the building who may be confused or disoriented due to smoke, flames, injury, or other conditions. If persons are in an area where hazards exist, they can be warned by the emergency personnel using the speaker at a given sensor unit location. The audio speaker may also be used for simple emergency condition warning in much the same way as conventional fire alarms. Audio from the speaker in the sensor unit will be useful to a person who can't see due to smoke in the building. The sound emitted from the audio speaker can be used as a directional beacon in a visually challenging environment. The endangered person in the building can be directed through verbal commands from emergency personnel or simply follow a warning audio signal emitted from the speaker. Information from the sensor unit must be delivered to a central base unit to be processed or monitored by emergency personnel. Commands from emergency personnel to control output of the sensor unit also must also be delivered to the sensor unit. Bi-directional communications are accomplished by two different means; hardwiring and radio broadcast. An antenna on the sensor unit provides for transmit and receive functions associated with the radio broadcast. Hardwired communications are accomplished through a cable and connector that is plugged into a socket. Redundant communications are contemplated in this invention due to the importance placed on this type of emergency information. Even if the building has been damaged and the hardwired communications have been disrupted, radio communications will still function. Sensor units are equipped with Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers to identify the location of the sensor units. 50 Position information is transmitted to the base unit with other

- 4 -

山东建筑大学毕业设计(或毕业论文,二选一)外文文献及译文 information to be used both for verification of sensor unit placement and as input to emergency decision making algorithms implemented by the current invention. The sensor unit is initially placed in a specific location in the building but may be displaced due to a variety of factors including earthquakes, explosions, vandalism of the unit, etc. For example, if a building has been damaged due to an earthquake or explosion it is desirable to know how far the sensor unit may have moved from its original location. If the broadcast positions of the sensor unit before and after the damaging event differ by a substantial amount, emergency personnel have important information about the extent of damage to that portion of the building. GPS positioning in the sensor units also allows for easy relocation of the sensor units. When a new facility is constructed, sensor units from the old building can be moved 4 to the new building without having to notify the base unit of the new location of the sensor unit in the new building location. Recognition of the new sensor unit positions would automatically be accomplished when the sensor unit goes online and begins broadcasting its new position. This is a significant time saving feature for a facility containing many sensor units. Another benefit resulting from the use of GPS associated with the sensor units is seen in the use of portable sensor units. Where a hazardous event requires evacuation of a building, a portable sensor unit is acquired from a known location providing information similar to the fixed units. A radio broadcast signal to the base unit provides constantly updated position information to the emergency personnel. Communications with the portable sensor unit allows the emergency personnel to direct the individual to safety. The invention utilizes expert system algorithms to make decisions relating to danger assessment and provides help for emergency personnel in rescuing people inside a building experiencing a hazardous condition. Persons with detailed knowledge in areas related to emergency situations and human safety and tolerances to specific hazards provide input to a knowledge base for the expert system. Using this knowledge, intelligent decisions can be made relating to possible hazardous situations and the rescue of people in a building.

- 5 -

山东建筑大学毕业设计(或毕业论文,二选一)外文文献及译文

中文译文:

智能大厦报警 发明背景

本发明涉及一种智能报警系统,这种报警系统能检测5种危险的情况在大楼内,通知住户最佳逃生路线或生存战略,并协助紧急救援人员在大厦内抢救人民。建筑的危害,包括火灾,地震,入侵者,等等,有可能大于10的伤亡人数。

有效的报警系统必须有能力处理多个确定对人有危险性质的输入类型的情况,在建筑内。该报警系统的建设也必须有更多简单的音频/视频输出,能帮助人们在建筑内找到安全逃生路线。

这个发明在长期使用的建筑里是指任何结构的建筑,所以不限于,写字楼,商业楼宇,工厂/仓库,住宅,建筑等。在美国,报警系统的专利号被描述为20。3686434;4511886;3634846;4614,968;4775853;5267180;5281951,每一个都能纳入本参考。

用智能报警系统的合适功能检测可能存在于一个建筑内的危险是至关重要的。电流传感器技术可以准确监测许多建筑参数,不只限于一氧化碳,碳氢化合物(公司),温度,振动,精确的传感器读数使用三级精度的传感器技术可以尽量减少假警报。

“专家系统”正变得越来越广泛用来作为一种解决问题的工具。智能大厦报警可以受益于使用专家系统的概念。必须充分分析许多个不同的可能性的危害,处理他们,做到能提醒在建筑物内危险情况下的人们。专家系统的目的是利用知识资源汇集一批经验丰富的人,这些拥有相当丰富的经验的人在不同的领域涉及紧急情况,但不紧限于,消防,有毒烟雾探测,地震物理,人体耐受危险,医疗问题,等等。

“模糊逻辑”是一个逻辑系统,是一个超集的布尔逻辑。由于世界主要是模拟性质,许多情况下无法使用简单的布尔真/不正确的逻辑充分模拟。简单地得出结论认为,事件的元素,或条件,要么是“×”或不“×”是很少适合作出复杂的决定。例如,在有50个房间的建筑物内的一个房间的温度,火灾不能简单地被区分为危险或不危险。其他因素,如气体浓度,烟气发生与密度,火焰,等等,也限制了分析可能的危险时,简单地认为,例如,高危险或不危险。模糊逻辑有助于涉及人文的模型问题,允许成员在一个以上的设置和允许会员过渡带从一组到另一组。

一个首选的报警系统将有传输和处理数据的能力从一个,超过一个或多个输入设备中。当前信息网络技术提供了低成本、标准化的硬件和软件系统,这些系统的性能有能力处理

- 6 -

山东建筑大学毕业设计(或毕业论文,二选一)外文文献及译文

多输入和/或输出连接。电线或电缆通过65通信系统将被用来促进通信在一个单一的buildingor,也是一种可能性在一个建筑群中。另外,无线通讯可用于报警系统,避免失败或失误是由于损坏电缆有线报警系统。

本发明的概要

本发明提供协助为处于危险之中的人,包括救援人员,涉及危险的这些情况例如造成火灾的建筑物,受地震影响的建筑,危楼,有毒气体的建筑,包含空气传播细菌的供暖,通风,空调系统(空调),恐怖袭击,或可能存在于一个建筑中任何其他的危险,船,飞机,火车,或其他结构。传感器的单位是位于在整个结构多个地点提供足够的传感器的输入和输出覆盖结构。该传感器或多个传感器的单位被激活去简化各种环境因素。该传感器输出信号广播到一个中心点被软件或急救人员监控。收集的信息包括;局部温度,烟雾水平的结构,毒性水平,极显着的声音(包括语音),光信息,位置的位置和传感器的单位,和其他类型的有用的信息。专家系统软件,运行在计算设备或处理器,处理收集数据,协助急救人员为人身安全和建筑的安全确定最佳的行动方案和实施计划。

传感器单元连接到墙壁,天花板,橱柜,和其他合适的地点覆盖特定区域。该传感器单元配备必要的传感器可以检测温度,烟雾,有毒化学物质的水平在建筑物的特定地区。一些传感器拥有共同的应用程序,但一些具有特定的应用。例如,所有的应用都有一个传感器检测温度,但在炼油厂有些可能含有传感器检测汽油或其他可燃的碳氢化合物,就没有必要在这些可燃气体是不存在的其他建筑物应用

该传感器单元也可能包含一个模拟或数字相机。摄像机不断监测附近的有用的相机数据提供给急救人员。计算机视觉算法是用来确定在相机的附近危害的类型或帮助确定出现或消失的人在相机的视野下。相机响应其他不可见光的波长,如红外线,可以帮助确定火焰,热点,人等等的类型和位置。

该传感器单元也可能包含一个麦克风音频输入。在一些危险的条件下,音频线索可能非常有利于应急人员确定的某些类型危害的类型和位置。例如,如果一个或更多的人已经控制了整个建筑通过使用灭火器,袭击者的位置可以通过攻击者的声音和噪声确定。多个传感器单元检测声音,可能是枪声,在不同地点,通过使用信号处理算法确定枪支的位置。

麦克风也可以用语音识别算法处理人的语音。语音识别算法有一个独立的扬声器,即使没有识别输入训练也能识别现有的语音。在有限的词汇系统,3扬声器独立的语音识别可以实现在现有的技术下。居民和游客可被训练利用语音识别系统,获得工作知识的话已知的语音识别部分的建筑智能化用此建筑中的5种报警系统。

- 7 -

山东建筑大学毕业设计(或毕业论文,二选一)外文文献及译文

一个传感器单元可能有报警输出功能,以及先前描述输入传感功能。光可提供在不同的选择的情况下的各种选择的颜色和闪烁功能提供视觉1°警告向大楼里的人。具体的颜色可能是在特定的传感器单元周边地区的危险的水平。例如,如果光源发出绿色的光,它可能代表的区域是安全的,如果所发出的光是红色的,则该地区是不安全的,由于危险应该避免

另一个重要的可能的警告输出是一个音频扬声器。这种扬声器允许紧急人员与那些由于烟雾,火焰,受伤,或其他条件在大楼谁内可能是混淆或迷失方向的人互动。如果有人是在一个存在危险的领域,他们可以由应急人员使用在一个给定位置的传感器单元的扬声器发出警告。音频扬声器也可用于简单的紧急情况的预警在许多方面和传统的火灾报警器是一样的作用。传感器单元中的25个音频扬声器将是有用的对于那些由于在建筑物内的烟雾而什么都看不到的人。在视觉上具有挑战性的环境中,音频扬声器发出的声音可以作为定向信标。在建筑内处于危险的人可以直接通过紧急人员口头命令或扬声器发出的音频信号来作为导向

来自传感器单位的信息必须被传递到中央基本单位进行处理或被紧急人员监测。来自应急人员的命令去控制传感器单位的输出也必须被传递到传感器单元。双向通信是通过不同的手段:硬件或电台广播。传感器单元的天线提供了发送和接收功能,与电台广播连接。有线通信是通过一个电缆和插入插座的连接器。冗余通信发明的设想是由于重视对这类紧急情况信息。即使建筑物遭到破坏,硬通讯已经中断,无线电通讯仍将工作。

传感器单元都配备全球定位系统(全球定位系统)接收器,以确定传感器单元的位置。位置信息被传输到基本单元与其他信息用于验证传感器单元的位置和作为输入的应急决策算法的实施通过目前的发明。该传感器单元最初是放置在楼上一个特定的位置但是可能由于各种因素,包括地震,爆炸,单位破坏等被代替。例如,如果一个建筑已经损坏,因地震或爆炸,我们想知道传感器单元可能已经移动了多远从它原来的位置。如果知道传感器单元的广播位置在损害事件发生之前与之后之间的不同,急救人员有重要信息判断建筑物损坏的程度。

全球定位系统定位的传感器单元也是容易搬迁的传感器单元。当一个新的设施被建造,传感器单元由旧建筑可以移动到新建筑而不用通知基站单元传感器单元在新建筑的新位置。新的传感器单元位置的识别会自动完成,当传感器单元在线广播它开始的位置时。对含有许多传感器单元的设施会节省大量的时间

另一个好处是因带有全球定位系统的传感器的单位被认作便携式传感器单元。在一个

- 8 -

山东建筑大学毕业设计(或毕业论文,二选一)外文文献及译文

危险的事件中需要对建筑物进行疏散,便携式传感器单元获得信息从一个已知位置,就像固定单位提供的信息。传送到基本单元的无线电广播信号向紧急人员提供不断更新的位置信息。与便携式传感器单元之间的通讯允许紧急人员引导人到安全的地方。

本发明利用专家系统的算法作出关于危险评估的决定和为救援建筑物内遇到危险情况的人的应急人员提供帮助。对相关领域紧急情况,人类安全和公差的具体危害具有详细知识的人向专家系统提供输入信息。利用这种知识,对可能的危险情况和在一个建筑物内的救援作出智能的决定。

- 9 -

更多相关推荐:
外文文献翻译——顾客满意度

韩国网上购物者满意度的决定因素摘要这篇文章的目的是确定可能导致韩国各地网上商场顾客满意的因素。假设客户的积极认知互联网购物的有用性,安全,技术能力,客户支持和商场接口积极影响客户满意度。这也是推测,满意的顾客成…

五分钟搞定5000字-外文文献翻译

五分钟搞定5000字-外文文献翻译,你想要的工具都在这里。【大四的时候写毕业论文老师就要求得翻译外文文献并写入论文】20xx-02-0316:00|(分类:论文锦囊)五分钟搞定5000字-外文文献翻译工具大全h…

城市规划外文文献翻译范本

浙江师范大学本科生毕业论文设计外文文献翻译毕业设计题目翻译1题目城市设计和人类健康条件的关系翻译2题目将法规和一体化反映在道路设计之中学院旅游与资源管理学院专业城市规划班级姓名学号要求每篇在3000字以上翻译准...

外文文献翻译范例

华中科技大学文华学院毕业设计论文外文文献翻译题学生学部专业指导本科学生用目红安创业大厦设计姓名徐犹生学号07020xx11119系城市建设工程学部年级07建筑学一班教师管毓刚职称或学位讲师20xx年6月8日13...

外文文献及译文模板

原文与译文原文与译文原文AMoreCompleteConceptualFrameworkforSMEFinanceAllenNBergerBoardofGovernorsoftheFederalReserveS...

毕业论文外文文献翻译范文样本

华中科技大学文华学院毕业设计论文外文文献翻译题学生学部专业指导本科学生用目姓名学号系年级教师职称或学位20年月日1234

外文文献翻译格式要求

外文文献翻译格式要求1摘要关键词宋体五号其中摘要和关键词为宋体五号加粗行间距设置为18磅段前段后间距设置为05行对齐方式选择两端对齐方式各个关键词之间以分号或者隔开最后一个关键词后不加标点2正文一级标题采用黑体...

(范例)外文翻译格式

本科毕业设计论文外文翻译译文学生姓名院系经济管理学院专业班级市场营销0301班指导教师完成日期20xx年3月22日日本的分销渠道对于进入日本市场的挑战与机会DistributionChannelsinJapan...

3000单词外文文献翻译范文

南京航空航天大学金城学院毕业设计论文外文文献翻译系部专业学生姓名指导教师经济系国际经济与贸易学号曹冬艳职称讲师20xx年4月ResearchontheAgriculturalProductsExportinSh...

外文文献翻译

小微企业财务工作存在的问题及对策龚丽丽小微企业是小型企业微型企业家庭作坊式企业个体工商户的统称其分布广数量众多在国民经济中具有不可替代的重要地位和作用由于小微企业经营规模小资金有限业务比较单一组织结构简单组织制...

示范文:外文文献及翻译

本科生毕业设计论文外文原文及译文所在系管理系学生姓名XXXX专业工商管理班级工商X01班学号07020xx0指导教师XXXX20xx年6月外文文献原文及译文TheEvolutionoftheCultureofE...

外文翻译范文 5

本科毕业设计论文外文参考文献译文及原文学院机械工程学院专业机械设计制造及其自动化年级班别20xx级2班学号1045522208学生姓名丁瑞指导教师田桂中20xx年5月1日目录外文参考文献原文1INTRODUCT...

外文文献翻译(53篇)