（顶头空2行）目 录（4号黑体，居中）
摘要…………………………………………………………………………………1 关键词………………………………………………………………………………1 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………1 Key words……………………………………………………………………1 引言（或绪论）……………………………………………………………………1
一、×××××………………………………………………………………Y
（一）×××××…………………………………………………………………Y
1．××××× ……………………………………………………………………Y
（1）×××××……………………………………………………………Y
（2）×××××………………………………………………………Y
（3）×××××………………………………………………………………Y
2．×××××…………………………………………………………………………Y
3．××………………………………………………………………………………Y
（二）×××××…………………………………………………………………Y
1．×××………………………………………………………………………… Y
二、×××××…………………………………………………………………Y ……………………………………………………………（略）
X ×××××（正文第X章）………………………………………………………Y 参考文献………………………………………………………………………………Y 附录A ××××（必要时）………………………………………………………Y 附录B ××××（必要时）………………………………………………………Y 图1 ××××（必要时）………………………………………………………Y 图2 ××××（必要时）………………………………………………………Y 表1 ××××（必要时）……………………………………………………………Y 表2 ××××（必要时）……………………………………………………………Y 致谢……………………………………………………………………………………Y
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毕业论文题目（3号黑体）
摘要：××××××××××××××××××（200—300字，五号仿宋体）×××××××××××××××××……
关键词：××× ×××× ××××× ×××（3-5个，五号仿宋体） （左右缩进二字）
Title（3号Times New Romar）
Abstract： ××××××（五号Times New Romar，200—300个实词）××××××××××××××××××××××……
Key words: ×××；××××；×××××；×××（3-5个实词，五号Times New Romar）
（左右缩进二字）
正文
引言×××××（小四宋体）××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××……。
一、 ××××××××× （楷体四号）
（一）××××××××××（黑体小四号，不加标点，下文另起一行）
1．××（宋体小四号加粗）××××。××××××（宋体小四）××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××。
（1）××（宋体小四号）××××。××××××（宋体小四）××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××。
（2）××（宋体小四号）××××。××××××（宋体小四）××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××
2．××（宋体小四号加粗）××××。××××××（宋体小四）××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××
（二）××××××××××（黑体小四号，不加标点，下文另起一行）
二、 ××××××××× （楷体四号）
（一）××××××××××（黑体小四号，不加标点，下文另起一行）
1．××（宋体小四号加粗）××××。××××××（宋体小四）××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××× 2
×××××××。
（1）××（宋体小四号）××××。××××××（宋体小四）××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××。
（2）××（宋体小四号）××××。××××××（宋体小四）×××××××××××××××××××××××
2．××（宋体小四号加粗）××××……
（二）××××××××××（黑体小四号，不加标点，下文另起一行） ……
致谢
××××××（小四宋体）×××××××××××××××××××……
参考文献（脚注）：
1.期刊著录格式
[1] 作者姓名.参考文献题目[J]. 期刊或杂志等名称，年份，期数.如：
[1] 刘凡丰. 美国研究型大学本科教育改革透视[J]. 高等教育研究，2003 (1).
2.图书著录格式：
[2] （古代加朝代名）作者姓名.著作名称[M].出版社社址（城市），出版社名称，出版年
份，页码. 如：
[2]（明）或（埃及）谭丙煜.怎样撰写科学论文[M].沈阳：辽宁人民出版社，1982：5-6.
3.硕士、博士论文著录格式：
[3] 作者姓名. 参考文献题目[D].南京：南京农业大学，2002：页码.
4.报纸著录格式：
[4] 作者姓名. 参考文献题目[N].人民日报，2005-06-12-10.（最后数字为版页）
5.论文集著录格式：
[5] 作者姓名. 参考文献题目[A].主编者姓名.论文集名称[C].城市：出版单位（社），年代：
页码.
6.国外原著及译为中文的著作著录格式：
[6] (国别名称)作者姓名. 参考文献题目[M]. 译者姓名，译.城市：出版单位，年代：页码.
（多个译者可写为：***，***，***，等译.）
7． 网站资料使用格式：
[7] 作者名，文章名，网址名，原文网址链接。
文献类型标志说明：普通图书 M ，会议记录C，汇编G，报纸N，期刊J，学位论文D，报告R。
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第二篇：3.外语系毕业论文格式要求1
外语系本科毕业论文格式要求
Format Requirements for Bachelor’s Thesis
（Department of Foreign Languages and Literature, Shantou University, revised in Fall 2010 ）
To the Student
The requirements set forth in this file apply to the bachelor's thesis, which is a report of original research and scholarly work that is shared with the academic community and is made available to the public. Length requirement: no less than 3,000 words.
RESEARCHING IN THE HUMANITIES
Research in the humanities generally involves interpretation of a text or a work of art within a historical and cultural context, frequently bringing to bear a particular type of analysis and often relying on establishing connections, attributing significance, and exploring contradictions or ambiguities. Scholars in the humanities typically use library resources in at least three ways: to obtain primary sources to be interpreted or analyzed; to find secondary sources; to put primary sources in a critical context to seek answers to specific questions that arise during research.
Research in the humanities is often interdisciplinary, crossing boundaries between literature and history, philosophy and art, or music and religion. It also resists categorization and uses terminology that is less solid and agreed upon than in other fields. Researchers in the humanities are more likely to draw research material from texts and artifacts than from original data gathering and experimentation. Because of this they must be prepared to be flexible, both in search terminology and search strategy tolerant of multiple perspectives on the same object of study.
These format standards have been developed to ensure a degree of consistency in the written presentation of this research across academic disciplines, and to allow for binding requirements. You have the primary responsibility for both the content and the format of the thesis.
Note: Please do not use a previously accepted thesis as a format model.
To Professor
The written presentation of the student's research is a reflection on you as well as the student and the university. It is your responsibility to see that the quality of the written work meets the highest standards. You must serve as an editor for content, style, spelling, and grammar.
Thesis format standards
The main sections of the thesis are the title page, preliminary pages, main body, references, and appendices.
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Layout requirements
1. Spacing
Double space throughout, with the exception of the title page, approval page (if there is one), captions, table or figure headings, extensive quotations, footnotes or endnotes, entries in the References section, entries in the Table of Contents, and appendices.
2. Font
Any standard font is acceptable (e.g. Times New Roman, and Arial); however, the same font should be used throughout. Use a font size of 12. The only allowable exceptions to this font size are captions (not smaller than 9 point) and headings (not larger than 20 point). Use of italics is restricted to foreign words, book or periodical titles, taxonomic names, letters used as statistical symbols or algebraic variables, test scores and scales, and judiciously placed special emphasis.
3. Margins
ALL pages must have the following: 1.5" left margin (to allow room for binding), 1" top, bottom, and right margins
Paper
White paper, 8.5" x 11". Exceptions are allowed only for photographic plates and pocket material.
4. Overall appearance
The thesis that is submitted to the Teaching Affairs Office and The Department of Foreign Languages and Literature must be free from errors. All corrections should be made before the final copy is printed. Overstrikes, cross-outs, handwritten additions or corrections, lines from paste-ups, dots or shading in the background, smudges, and use of correction fluid are not acceptable in the final copy.
5. Printing the final copy
Print on one side of the page only. You may run the required paper directly through a laser or ink jet printer. The print must be sharp and of uniform darkness.
6. Use of Copyrighted Material
You are required to obtain permission from the author or publisher to quote extensively from copyrighted material or to use a copyrighted work such as an illustration in its entirety. Permission is usually granted on condition that special acknowledgment is made. If payment is required, it is your responsibility. Plagiarism is illegal, and means you automatically fail.
7. Numbering
All preliminary pages are numbered with lower case Roman numerals, centered at the bottom of the page, with the bottom of the number at least 1/2 inch from the edge of the page. The exception is the title page, which is counted but not numbered.
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8. Type and sequence
A. Title Page Required
The title page is counted but not numbered. Follow the format shown in the sample pages.
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The Search for Identity: On Clarissa Dalloway’s
Feminist Awareness in Mrs. Dalloway
（Centered, and font size: 14. Font size of the rest of the thesis is 12.
Fonts can be Times New Roman or Arial）
A Graduation Thesis
Submitted to the Department of Foreign Languages and Literature
In Fulfillment of the Study of ENG4910
For the Degree of Bachelor of Arts
欧阳淑铭
Shantou University
30 Apr. 2009
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Title:
Author: Student’s Name
Advisor: Supervisor’s Name ( xxx)
Abstract [(Centered), about 200 words]
Note: Replace ―Bibliography‖ with ―Works Cited‖ and follow the MLA style for theses on literature and other areas unless you director insists on APA style.
B. Abstract Required
The abstract is a succinct summary of the dissertation. It contains a brief description of the problem, a brief statement about the method or procedures used, and a concise account of the findings. Although it may extend beyond one page, the abstract should not exceed 200 words.
C. Dedication Optional
May be combined with acknowledgements. Center the text horizontally on the page. There is no heading on this page.
D. Table of Contents Required
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The Table of Contents lists all sections that follow it. Chapter or section titles, and primary and secondary subdivisions should be listed exactly as they appear in the text, along with page numbers. Type TABLE OF CONTENTS centered at the top of the page, double space and begin the entries. Single space within entries, and double space in between entries. Figures and Tables are listed separately.
E. List of Figures Required if figures appear in the thesis
Includes charts, graphs, illustrations, diagrams, maps, pictures, photographs and other similar non-text items. Include a separate list on a separate page for each type of illustrative material. List the number, caption, and page number of each figure, including any figure in the appendices. Figures should be numbered consecutively throughout.
F. List of Tables Required if tables appear in the thesis
List the number, caption, and page number of each table, including any figure in the appendices. Tables should be numbered consecutively throughout.
G. List of Abbreviations (or List of Symbols, or Nomenclature)
Optional, include as necessary.
H. Acknowledgments Optioanl
Center the heading ACKNOWLEDGMENTS at the top of the page, double space, and begin the remarks.
I. Frontispiece (illustration) or Epigraph (quotation) Optional
The source of the epigraph is listed below the quotation, but is not listed in the bibliography unless it is also cited in the main text.
Main Body
Page Numbering
Beginning with the text of the thesis, the page numbering changes to Arabic numerals, placed in the lower, right-hand corner, with at least 1/2" clearance from each edge. The first page of the main text restarts the pagination sequence, and is page 1.
Note:
A heading or subheading should never appear at the bottom of a page without at least two lines of text under it.
Tables and Figures
Margins
All illustrative materials must maintain the same margins as the rest of the thesis.
1.5" left margin, 1" top, bottom, and right margins.
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Legibility
All illustrative material must be large enough to be easily read, including printouts from statistical programs and spreadsheets. It may be necessary to enlarge a series of tables or figures and place them on separate pages. Minimum font size is 9.
Placement within text
Figures and tables should be placed close to their reference within the text, preferably on the same page. Alternatively, they may be placed at the end of each chapter. Whatever method is chosen, it should be followed consistently throughout. Since no further editing is done once the thesis is submitted, the instruction "Insert Table/Figure X About Here" is not acceptable.
Reference to Tables and Figures
Refer to all tables and figures by number, not by a phrase such as "the following table".
Landscape format
In order to maintain the required page margins for tables or figures, it may be necessary to print them in landscape format. The top margin will now be 1 1/2" and will be the edge that is bound. However, the page number must be placed as though the page was in portrait format and appear in the same location as other pages.
Oversize Pages
In order to maintain the legibility of a group of tables and figures, it may be necessary to place them on an oversize 11" x 17" page. The 11" left edge must have at least a 1.5" margin. Fold the page so that the left and right edges are aligned with the other pages of the thesis. Folds should be at 1.5" from the left side or 1" from the right side to avoid damage to the oversize page in the trimming and binding process. The page number must appear in the same location as other pages.
Figure Captions
If space permits, the caption should appear on the same page as the figure. Font size must not be smaller than 9 point.
Use of Color
Please use labels, patterns, or symbols as keys to graphs, maps, etc., rather than color in illustrations.
Photographs
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Scanning is the preferred method for including photographic illustrations in the thesis. If photographic plates are used, have them produced on a lightweight stock. Captions and page numbers may be typed directly on the plate. Include the plates in the pagination even if you cannot place a page number on them.
References and Bibliography
MLA and APA standard style manuals may be used as a guide in formatting references to works cited in the thesis. References may be placed at the end of the main text. Endnotes and/or footnotes may also be used. Whatever format is chosen, it must be followed consistently throughout the thesis.
Information sources that are not cited in the thesis, but provide additional background for the topic may be listed as a bibliography
Appendices
Many theses will not need this section. Material that supports the research, but is not essential to an understanding of the text, is placed in the appendices. Examples include raw data, extensive quotations, and survey or test instruments.
Appendices should be designated A, B, C, etc. If there is only one appendix, it is simply called Appendix, not Appendix A. Each appendix and its title (for example, Appendix A, Raw Data for Time-to-Degree) are listed in the Table of Contents. A separate display page, giving the appendix designation and title, may precede each appendix. If used, the page number of the display page is the one listed in the Table of Contents.
All material included in the appendices must meet minimum font and margin requirements.
Sample Pages for WORKS CITED in MLA Style
An alphabetized list of works cited, which appears at the end of your research paper, gives publication information for each of the sources you have cited in the paper.
PAPER REFERENCES
[Remember to double space and indent all but first lines]
BOOK, ONE AUTHOR MLA 5.6.1
Kaku, Michio. Hyperspace: A Scientific Odyssey through Parallel Universes, Time
Warps and the Enth Dimension. New York: Oxford UP, 1994.
BOOK, TWO OR THREE AUTHORS MLA 5.6.4
Maddock, Richard C., and Richard L. Fulton. Marketing to the Mind: Right Brain Strategies for Advertising and Marketing. Westport, CT: Quorum, 1996.
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BOOK, MORE THAN THREE AUTHORS MLA 5.6.4
Gilman, Sandra, et al. Hysteria Beyond Freud. Berkeley: U of California P, 1993.
BOOK, AN EDITOR MLA 5.6.2
Lopate, Philip, ed. The Art of the Personal Essay: an Anthology from the Classical Era to the Present. New York: Anchor-Doubleday, 1994.
BOOK, AN EDITOR IN ADDITION TO AN AUTHOR MLA 5.6.12
Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer. Ed. F. W. Robinson. Boston: Houghton, 1957. PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED SCHOLARLY ARTICLE REPRINTED IN A COLLECTION OF ESSAYS MLA 5.6.7
Frye, Northrop . "Literary and Linguistic Scholarship in a Postliterate Age." PMLA 99 (1984):990-95. Rpt. in Myth and Metaphor: Selected Essays, 1974-88. Ed. Robert D. Denham. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1990. 18-27.
EXERPTED SOURCES FROM MULTIVOLUME CRITICAL ANTHOLOGIES (includes Contemporary Literary Criticism, Twentieth-Century
Literary Criticism, etc.) MLA 5.6.7
Daches, David. "W. H. Auden: The Search for a Public". Poetry 54 (1939): 148-56. Rpt. in Poetry Criticism.
Ed. Robyn V. Young. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 1991. 332-33.
ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE MLA 5.6.8
Gates, David M. "Astronomy." Encyclopedia Americana. 1996 ed.
ARTICLE FROM A MAGAZINE MLA 5.7.6
Simons, John. "Improbable Dreams." U. S. News and World Report 22 Mar. 1997: 4-7.
ARTICLE FROM A WEEKLY NEWS SERVICE (such as CQ Researcher or Issues and Controversies on File) MLA 5.7.6
Jost, Kenneth. "Independent Counsels Re-examined." CQ Researcher 7 May 1999: 377-84. NEWSPAPER ARTICLE MLA 5.7.5
Feder, Barnaby J. "For Job Seekers, a Toll-Free Gift of Expert Advice." New York Times 22 Mar. 1994, late ed.: A1+.
ARTICLE IN A SCHOLARLY JOURNAL WITH CONTINUOUS PAGINATION MLA 5.7.1 Scotto, Peter. "Censorship, Reading, and Interpretation: A Case Study from the Soviet Union." PMLA 109 (1994): 61-70.
ARTICLE IN A SCHOLARLY JOURNAL THAT PAGES EACH ISSUE SEPARATELY MLA
5.7.2
Hallin, Daniel C. "Sound Bite News: Television Coverage of Elections, 1968-1988." Journal of Communication 42.2 (1992): 5-24.
WEB SITES [MLA 5.9.1.-5.9.4]
NO AUTHOR MLA 5.9.2
Dutch Recipes. 9 Jun. 1998. 16 Sept. 2003 </victorian/verona/190/eten.htm>.
AUTHOR, NO DATE MLA 5.9.1
Dawe, James. The Jane Austen Page. 16 Sept. 2003 <http://jamesdawe.com/austen.html>. ONLINE PERIODICAL MLA 5.9.4. a-b
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Majid, Anouar. "Living with Ismam." The Chronicle of Higher Education 14 Mar. 2003. 27 Oct. 2003.
<http://chronicle.com/prm/weekly/v49/i27/27b01001.htm>.
ONLINE GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION MLA 5.9.3d
United States. Dept. of Justice, Natl. Inst. of Justice. Prosecuting Gangs: A National Assessment. By Claire Johnson, Barbara Webster, and Edward Connors. Feb. 1995. 20 Oct. 2003.
</txtfiles/pgang.txt>.
DATABASES [MLA 5.9.7]
PROQUEST MLA 5.9.7 If periodical is a scholarly journal such as Lancet, instead of date, use volume no.
Lichtblau, Eric. ―Administration Plans Defense of Terror Law.‖ New York Times 19 Aug. 2003, late ed. (East Coast): A-1. ProQuest. ProQuest Direct. Kingwood Coll. Lib., Kingwood. 15 Sept. 2003 >.
EBSCOHOST (includes Academic Search Premier, Business Source Premier, Health Source) MLA 5.9.7
"Diabetes Increases Risk for Caesarean Delivery." Nutrition Research Newsletter Oct. 1999: 6-7. Health Source. Ebscohost. Kingwood Coll. Lib., Kingwood. 27 Oct. 2003
<>.
LITERATURE RESOURCE CENTER MLA 5.9.7
Colmer, John. "E. M. Forster: Overview." Reference Guide to English Literature. 2nd
ed. Ed. D. L. Kirkpatrick. 2nd ed. St. James P, 1991. Reproduced in Literature Resource Center. Gale Group. Kingwood Coll. Lib., Kingwood. 18 Oct. 2003 <>. Grieder, Josephine. "Orthodox and Paradox: The Structure of 'Candide.' " French Review 57.4 (1984): 485-92. Literature Resource Center. Gale Group. Kingwood Coll. Lib., Kingwood. 23 Oct. 2003 <>.
NETLIBRARY MLA 5.9.7
Burner, Eric. And Gently He Shall Lead Them. New York: NYU P, 1994. Kingwood Coll. Lib., Kingwood. 27 Oct. 2003 <>.
ONLINE WEEKLY NEWS SERVICE (includes CQ Researcher and Issues & Controversies on File) MLA 5.9.7
Bettelheim, Adriel. "Public Broadcasting: Should the Government Subsidies Continue." CQ Researcher. 29 Oct. 1999: 929-52. CQ Researcher. Congressional Quarterly. Kingwood Coll. Lib., Kingwood. 18 Oct. 2003 <>.
Note: Please check on the Department Website for APA and MLA manuals.
MLA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
MLA in-text citations are made with a combination of signal phrases and parenthetical references.
A signal phrase indicates that something taken from a source (such as a quotation, summary, paraphrase, or fact) is about to be used; usually the signal phrase includes the author's name. The parenthetical reference, which comes after the cited material, normally includes at least a page number. In the following example, the elements of the in-text citation are shown in red.
One driver, Peter Cohen, says that after he was rear-ended, the guilty party emerged from his vehicle still talking on the phone (127).
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Readers can look up the author's last name in the alphabetized list of works cited, where they will learn the work's title and other publication information. When readers decide to consult the source, the page number will take them straight to the passage that has been cited.
NOTE: If your cited material runs to more than one page, give the range of pages (such as 235-36 or 399-400).
The following models illustrate the MLA style of in-text citation, set forth in the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th ed. (New York: MLA, 2003).
Basic rules for print and electronic sources
The MLA system of in-text citations, which depends heavily on authors' names and page numbers, was created in the early 1980s with print sources in mind. Because some of today's electronic sources have unclear authorship and lack page numbers, they present a special challenge. Nevertheless, the basic rules are the same for both print and electronic sources.
The models in this section (items 1–5) show how the MLA system usually works and explain what to do if your source has no author or page numbers.
1. Author named in a signal phrase
Ordinarily, introduce the material being cited with a signal phrase that includes the author's name. In addition to preparing readers for the source, the signal phrase allows you to keep the parenthetical citation brief.
Christine Haughney reports that shortly after Japan made it illegal to use a handheld phone while driving, "accidents caused by using the phones dropped by 75 percent" (A8).
The signal phrase—"Christine Haughney reports that"—names the author; the parenthetical citation gives the page number of the newspaper article in which the quoted words may be found. Notice that the period follows the parenthetical citation. When a quotation ends with a question mark or an exclamation point, leave the end punctuation inside the quotation mark and add a period after the parentheses: ". . . ?" (8).
2. Author named in parentheses
If the signal phrase does not name the author, put the author's last name in parentheses along with the page number.
Most states do not keep adequate records on the number of times cell phones are a factor in accidents; as of December 2000, only ten states were trying to keep such records (Sundeen 2). Use no punctuation between the name and the page number.
3. Author unknown
Either use the complete title in a signal phrase or use a short form of the title in parentheses. Titles of books are underlined; titles of articles and other short works are put in quotation marks.
As of 2001, at least three hundred towns and municipalities had considered legislation regulating use of cell phones while driving ("Lawmakers" 2).
CAUTION: Before assuming that a Web source has no author, do some detective work. Often the author's name is available but is hard to find. For example, it may appear at the end of the source, in tiny print. Or it may appear on another page of the site, such as the home page.
NOTE: If a source has no author and is sponsored by a corporate entity, such as an organization or a government agency, name the corporate entity as the author (see ).
4. Page number unknown
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You may omit the page number if a work lacks page numbers, as is the case with many Web sources. Although printouts from Web sites usually show page numbers, printers don't always provide the same page breaks; for this reason, MLA recommends treating such sources as unpaginated.
The California Highway Patrol opposes restrictions on the use of phones while driving, claiming that distracted drivers can already be prosecuted (Jacobs).
When the pages of a Web source are stable (as in PDF files), however, supply a page number in your in-text citation.
NOTE: If a Web source uses paragraph or section numbers, give the abbreviation "par." or "sec." in the parentheses: (Smith, par. 4).
5. One-page source
If the source is one page long, MLA allows (but does not require) you to omit the page number. Many instructors will want you to supply the page number because without it readers may not know where your citation ends or, worse yet, may not realize that you have provided a citation at all.
NO PAGE NUMBER GIVEN
Milo Ippolito reports that the driver who struck and killed a two-year-old while using her cell phone got off with a light sentence even though she left the scene of the accident and failed to call 911 for help. In this and in similar cases, traffic offenders distracted by cell phones have not been sufficiently punished under current laws.
PAGE NUMBER GIVEN
Milo Ippolito reports that the driver who struck and killed a two-year-old while using her cell phone got off with a light sentence even though she left the scene of the accident and failed to call 911 for help (J1). In this and in similar cases, traffic offenders distracted by cell phones have not been sufficiently punished under current laws.
Variations on the basic rules
This section describes the MLA guidelines for handling a variety of situations not covered by the basic rules just given. Again, these rules on in-text citations are the same for both traditional print sources and electronic sources.
6. Two or more titles by the same author
If your list of works cited includes two or more titles by the same author, mention the title of the work in the signal phrase or include a short version of the title in the parentheses.
On December 6, 2000, reporter Jamie Stockwell wrote that distracted driver Jason Jones had been charged with "two counts of vehicular manslaughter . . . in the deaths of John and Carole Hall" ("Phone" B1). The next day Stockwell reported the judge's ruling: Jones "was convicted of negligent driving and fined $500, the maximum penalty allowed" ("Man" B4).
Titles of articles and other short works are placed in quotation marks, as in the example just given. Titles of books are underlined.
In the rare case when both the author's name and a short title must be given in parentheses, separate them with a comma.
According to police reports, there were no skid marks indicating that the distracted driver who killed John and Carole Hall had even tried to stop (Stockwell, "Man" B4).
7. Two or three authors
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Name the authors in the signal phrase, as in the following example, or include their last names in the parenthetical reference: (Redelmeier and Tibshirani 453).
Redelmeier and Tibshirani found that "the risk of a collision when using a cellular telephone was four times higher than the risk when a cellular telephone was not being used" (453).
When three authors are named in the parentheses, separate the names with commas: (Alton, Davies, and Rice 56).
8. Four or more authors
Name all of the authors or include only the first author's name followed by "et al." (Latin for "and others"). Make sure that your citation matches the entry in the list of works cited.
The study was extended for two years, and only after results were reviewed by an independent panel did the researchers publish their findings (Blaine et al. 35).
9. Corporate author
When the author is a corporation or an organization, name the corporate author either in the signal phrase or in the parentheses.
Researchers at the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis found that the risks of driving while phoning were small compared with other driving risks (3-4).
In the list of works cited, the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis is treated as the author and alphabetized under H.
When a government agency is treated as the author, it will be alphabetized in the list of works cited under the name of the government, such as "United States." For this reason, you must name the government in your in-text citation.
The United States Department of Transportation provides nationwide statistics on traffic fatalities.
10. Authors with the same last name
If your list of works cited includes works by authors with the same last name, include the author's first name in a signal phrase or first initial in the parentheses.
Estimates of the number of accidents caused by distracted drivers vary because little evidence is being collected (D. Smith 7).
11. Indirect source (source quoted in another source)
When a writer's or a speaker's quoted words appear in a source written by someone else, begin the citation with the abbreviation "qtd. in."
According to Richard Retting, "As the comforts of home and the efficiency of the office creep into the automobile, it is becoming increasingly attractive as a work space" (qtd. in Kilgannon A23).
12. Encyclopedia or dictionary
Unless an encyclopedia or a dictionary has an author, it will be alphabetized in the list of works cited under the word or entry that you consulted—not under the title of the reference work itself. Either in your text or in your parenthetical reference, mention the word or the entry. No page number is required, since readers can easily look up the word or entry.
The word crocodile has a surprisingly complex etymology ("Crocodile").
13. Multivolume work
If your paper cites more than one volume of a multivolume work, indicate which volume you are referring to, followed by a colon and the page number in the parentheses.
Terman's studies of gifted children reveal a pattern of accelerated language acquisition (2: 279). If your paper cites only one volume of a multivolume work, you will include the volume number 13
in the list of works cited and will not need to include it in the parentheses.
14. Two or more works
To cite more than one source, separate the citations with a semicolon.
The dangers of mountain lions to humans have been well documented (Rychnovsky 40; Seidensticker 114; Williams 30).
Multiple citations can be distracting, however, so you should not overuse the technique. If you want to alert readers to several sources that discuss a particular topic, consider using an information note instead.
15. An entire work
To cite an entire work, use the author's name in a signal phrase or a parenthetical reference. There is of course no need to use a page number.
Robinson succinctly describes the status of the mountain lion controversy in California.
16. Work in an anthology
Put the name of the author of the work (not the editor of the anthology) in the signal phrase or the parentheses.
In Susan Glaspell's "A Jury of Her Peers," Mrs. Hale describes both a style of quilting and a murder weapon when she utters the last words of the story: "We call it--knot it, Mr. Henderson" (302).
In the list of works cited, the work is alphabetized under Glaspell, not under the name of the editor of the anthology.
Glaspell, Susan. "A Jury of Her Peers." Ed. Ann Charters and Samuel Charters. 2nd ed. Boston: Bedford, 2001. 286-302.
17. Literary works without parts or line numbers
Many literary works, such as most short stories and many novels and plays, do not have parts or line numbers that you can refer to. In such cases, simply cite the page number. At the end of Kate Chopin's "The Story of an Hour," Mrs. Mallard drops dead upon learning that her husband is alive. In the final irony of the story, doctors report that she has died of a "joy that kills" (25).
18. Verse plays and poems
For verse plays, MLA recommends omitting page numbers in the parenthetical citation. Instead, include act, scene, and line numbers that can be located in any edition of the work. Use arabic numerals, and separate the numbers with periods.
In his famous advice to players, Shakespeare's Hamlet defines the purpose of theater, "whose end, both at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as 'twere, the mirror up to nature" (3.2.21-23).
For a poem, cite the part (if there are a number of parts) and the line numbers, separated by a period. When Homer's Odysseus comes to the hall of Circe, he finds his men "mild / in her soft spell, fed on her drug of evil" (10.209-11). For poems that are not divided into parts, use line numbers. For a first reference, use the word "lines": (lines 5-8). Thereafter use just the numbers: (12-13).
APA Style: The Social Sciences
In most social science classes, you will be asked to use the APA (American Psychological Association) system for documenting sources, which is set forth in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed. (Washington: APA, 2001). APA recommends in-text 14
citations that refer readers to a list of references.
An in-text citation names the author of the source (often in a signal phrase), gives the date of publication, and at times includes a page number in parentheses. At the end of the paper, a list of references provides publication information about the source; the list is alphabetized by authors' last names (or by titles for works without authors). There is a direct connection between the in-text citation and the alphabetical listing. In the following example, that connection is highlighted in red.
IN-TEXT CITATION
Rumbaugh (1995) reported that "Kanzi's comprehension of over 600 novel sentences of request was very comparable to Alia's; both complied with requests without assistance on approximately 70% of the sentences" (p. 722).
ENTRY IN THE LIST OF REFERENCES
Rumbaugh, D. (1995). Primate language and cognition: Common
ground. Social Research, 62, 711-730.
NOTE: Indent the entry in your list of references as shown here unless your instructor suggests otherwise.
APA in-text citations
The APA's in-text citations provide at least the author's last name and the date of publication. For direct quotations and some paraphrases, a page number is given as well.
The following models illustrate the APA style of in-text citation.
NOTE: In the models in this section, notice that APA style requires the use of the past tense or the present perfect tense in signal phrases introducing cited material: Smith reported, Smith has argued.
1. Basic format for a quotation
Ordinarily, introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses. Put the page number (preceded by "p.") in parentheses after the quotation.
Hart (1996) wrote that some primatologists "wondered if apes had learned Language, with a capital L" (p. 109).
If the signal phrase does not name the author, place the author's last name, the year, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation. Use commas between items in the parentheses: (Hart, 1996, p. 109).
2. Basic format for a summary or a paraphrase
Include the author's last name and the date either in a signal phrase introducing the material or in parentheses following it. A page number is not required for a summary or a paraphrase, but include one if it would help readers find the passage in a long work. According to Hart (1996), researchers took Terrace's conclusions seriously, and funding for language experiments soon declined.
Researchers took Terrace's conclusions seriously, and funding for language experiments soon declined (Hart, 1996).
3. A work with two authors
Name both authors in the signal phrase or parentheses each time you cite the work. In the parentheses, use "&" between the authors' names; in the signal phrase, use "and."
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Greenfield and Savage-Rumbaugh (1990) have acknowledged that Kanzi's linguistic development was slower than that of a human child (p. 567).
Kanzi's linguistic development was slower than that of a human child (Greenfield & Savage-Rumbaugh, 1990, p. 567).
4. A work with three to five authors
Identify all authors in the signal phrase or parentheses the first time you cite the source.
The chimpanzee Nim was raised by researchers who trained him in American Sign Language by molding and guiding his hands (Terrace, Petitto, Sanders, & Bever, 1979).
In subsequent citations, use the first author's name followed by "et al." in either the signal phrase or the parentheses.
Nim was able to string together as many as 16 signs, but their order appeared quite random (Terrace et al., 1979).
5. A work with six or more authors
Use only the first author's name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or the parentheses.
The ape language studies have shed light on the language development of children with linguistic handicaps (Savage-Rumbaugh et al., 1993).
6. Unknown author
If the author is unknown, mention the work's title in the signal phrase or give the first word or two of the title in the parenthetical citation. Titles of articles and chapters are put in quotation marks; titles of books and reports are italicized.
Chimpanzees in separate areas of Africa differ in a range of behaviors: in their methods of cracking nuts, for example, or in their grooming rituals. An international team of researchers has concluded that many of the differing behaviors are cultural, not just responses to varying environmental factors ("Chimps," 1999).
NOTE: In the rare case when "Anonymous" is specified as the author, treat it as if it were a real name: (Anonymous, 2001). In the list of references, also use the name Anonymous as author.
7. Organization as author
If the author is a government agency or other corporate organization, name the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source.
According to the Language Research Center (2000), linguistic research with apes has led to new methods of treating humans with learning disabilities such as autism and dyslexia.
If the organization has a familiar abbreviation, you may include it in brackets the first time you cite the source and use the abbreviation alone in later citations.
FIRST CITATION
(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2001)
LATER CITATIONS
(NIMH, 2001)
8. Two or more works in the same parentheses
When your parenthetical citation names two or more works, put them in the same order that they appear in the reference list, separated by semicolons.
Researchers argued that the apes in the early language experiments were merely responding to cues (Sebeok & Umiker-Sebeok, 1979; Terrace, 1979).
9. Authors with the same last name
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To avoid confusion, use initials with the last names if your reference list includes two or more authors with the same last name.
Research by E. Smith (1989) revealed that . . .
10. Personal communication
Interviews, letters, e-mail, and other person-to-person communications should be cited as follows: One of Patterson's former aides, who worked with the gorilla Michael, believes that he was capable of joking and lying in sign language (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2000).
Do not include personal communications in your reference list.
11. An electronic document
When possible, cite an electronic document as you would any other document (using the author-date style).
R. Fouts and D. Fouts (1999) have explained one benefit of ape language research: It has shown us how to teach children with linguistic disabilities.
Electronic sources may lack authors' names or dates. In addition, they may lack page numbers (required in some citations). Here are APA's guidelines for handling sources without authors' names, dates, or page numbers.
UNKNOWN AUTHOR
If no author is named, mention the title of the document in a signal phrase or give the first word or two of the title in parentheses. According to a BBC article, chimpanzees at sites in West Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda exhibit culture-specific patterns of behavior when grooming one another ("Chimps," 1999).
UNKNOWN DATE
When the date is unknown, APA recommends using the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date"). Attempts to return sign-language-using apes to the wild have had mixed results (Smith, n.d.). NO PAGE NUMBERS
APA ordinarily requires page numbers for direct quotations, and it recommends them for summaries or paraphrases from long sources. When an electronic source lacks stable numbered pages, your citation should include—if possible—information that will help readers locate the particular passage being cited.
When an electronic document has numbered paragraphs, use the paragraph number preceded by the symbol ? or by the abbreviation "para.": (Hall, 2001, ?5) or (Hall, 2001, para. 5). If neither a page nor a paragraph number is given and the document contains headings, cite the appropriate heading and indicate which paragraph under that heading you are referring to:
According to Kirby (1999), some critics have accused activists in the Great Ape Project of "exaggerating the supposed similarities of the apes [to humans] to stop their use in experiments" (Shared Path section, para. 6).
NOTE: Electronic files using portable document format (PDF) often have stable page numbers. For such sources, give the page number in the parenthetical citation.
12. Indirect source
If you use a source that was cited in another source (a secondary source), name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include it in your parenthetical citation, preceded by the words "as cited in." In the following example, Booth is the 17
secondary source.
Linguist Noam Chomsky has dismissed the studies on Kanzi with a flippant analogy: "To maintain that Kanzi has language ability is like saying a man can fly because he can jump in the air" (as cited in Booth, 1990, p. A3).
13. Two or more works by the same author in the same year
When your list of references includes more than one work by the same author in the same year, use lowercaser letters ("a," "b," and so on) with the year to order the entries in the reference list. Use those same letters with the year in the citation.
Research by Kennedy (2000b) has yielded new findings about the role of gender in the functioning of small groups.
Do not include personal communications in your reference list.
APA Style: The Social Sciences
In most social science classes, you will be asked to use the APA (American Psychological Association) system for documenting sources, which is set forth in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed. (Washington: APA, 2001). APA recommends in-text citations that refer readers to a list of references.
An in-text citation names the author of the source (often in a signal phrase), gives the date of publication, and at times includes a page number in parentheses. At the end of the paper, a list of references provides publication information about the source; the list is alphabetized by authors' last names (or by titles for works without authors). There is a direct connection between the in-text citation and the alphabetical listing. In the following example, that connection is highlighted in red.
APA list of references. (Use the websites provided for details).
In APA style, the alphabetical list of works cited, which appears at the end of the paper, is titled "References." The models in this section illustrate the APA style for entries in the list of references, set forth in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed. (Washington: APA, 2001). Observe all details: capitalization, punctuation, use of italics, and so on. For a sample list of references, see the . (See also advice on .)
Note: I have prepared this by combining materials from many websites with my own writing and editing. This is not meant to be used for any kind of profit-making.
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