大学英语语法总结

时间：2024.4.14

大学英语语法总结

一. 四六级中虚拟语气用法的总结

虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达：

a. 非真实的情景，不可能发生的事，即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况，或说话人主观愿望。

b. 与客观事实相反地情景，即强制性虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、劝告这一类的意思上，表示强烈的要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。

c. 虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的，其特点是主从句时态的不一致，而且一般有明显得标志。

虚拟语气的考点为：would rather＋that从句＋一般过去时：It is vital／ necessary／ important／ urgent／ imperative／ desirable／ advisable／ natural／ essential＋that＋动词原形；It is time／abouttime／hightime＋that＋一般过去时：proposal／suggestion＋that＋动词原形；lest＋that＋should＋动词原形；if only＋that＋would＋动词原形。

If 句型 (共有三种句型) 非真实条件句

1. 与现在的事实相反：

从句用一般过去时，主句的谓语用would (could, might) ＋动词原形

If I were Bill Gates, I would not work so hard every day.

2. 与过去的事实相反：

从句用过去完成时，主句的谓语用would (could, might) ＋现在完成时

If I had gone to America when I graduated from middle school, I would have got my PhD degree.

3. 与将来的事实相反：

从句用should (were to，did) + 动词原形，主句的谓语用would (could, might) ＋动词原形

If it should/were to snow tomorrow, I would go skiing.

注意：

在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was

If I were you, I would go to look for him.　　如果我是你，就会去找他。

If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。

虚拟条件句的倒装

虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。

　 Were they here now, they could help us.

　=If they were here now, they could help us.

　 Had you come earlier, you would have met him

　=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.　

　 Should it rain, the crops would be saved.

　=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.

典型例题

　 to do the work, I should do it some other day.

A. If were I　　 B. I were　C. Were I　D. Was I

　答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Weren't I to do.

混合条件句

主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。例如：条件句动作发生在过去，主句的动作发生在现在)谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。

　　If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.

　（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）

　　If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在).

Wish 句型表达“但愿…，要是…多好”的语气

表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：

　　　　　　　　　　　　　真实状况　wish后　　　　　

从句动作先于主句动词动作　　现在时　　过去时

（be的过去式为 were）　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

从句动作与主句动作同时发生　过去时　　过去完成时

（had + 过去分词）　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

将来不大可能实现的愿望　　　将来时　would/could +

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　动词原形　　　　

　I wish I were as tall as you.　我希望和你一样高。

　He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。

　I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。

Wish to do表达法

Wish sb / sth to do

I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.

I wish the manager to be informed at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.)

在强制性语气的宾语从句中的运用

即表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形，其中should 经常被省略。这类动词包括：

suggest, propose, recommend, demand, order, command, desire, require, insist, advise, decree (发布命令；下令), determine, prefer, stipulate, move(动议，规定)，direct(命令)，maintain(坚持)，decide，ask

I suggest that you (should) not be late again next time.

I prefer that you ( should ) not do that. 我认为你还是别干那件事的好。

注意一：

以上动词转化为名词(如：suggestion, proposal, demand, order, command, advice, desire, requirement, request, agreement, determination, preference , resolution, indication 等)后接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句要求用虚拟语气，其谓语部分用“(should)+ 动词原形” (should可省略)。

例：1998年6月四级第68题

　　We are all for your proposal that discussion .

　　a. be put off 　　b. was put off 　　c. should put off 　　d. is to put off

全句意思是：我们都赞成你的建议，把讨论推迟。答案是A。

We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off.

His demand is that all of us (should) be present at the meeting.

注意二：

以上这类动词中有时候有的动词的宾语从句不用虚拟语气，必须根据句子的意思来判断。

What he said suggested(表明)that he did not agree with us.

It is/was + 形容词 / 过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形

这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性，即某人对某事的反应。

important, natural, desirable, possible, astonishing, advisable(可取的，明智的), anxious, appropriate, compulsory(义务的；强制的；强迫的), crucial (至关紧要的), eager, essential, fitting, imperative (命令的，强制的，必要的), improper, natural, necessary, obligatory (义不容辞的，必须的), preferable, proper, urgent, vital, willing shocked, requested

It was essential that the application forms be sent back before the deadline.

It is requested that a vote be taken. 有人提请投票表决。

It is necessary that we all should do our best to protect environment around us.

注意：

表示不可思议、滑稽、不可想象、令人吃惊这样的形容词如amazing, strange, odd, ridiculous, surprising, unthinkable，incredible等后的that从句中should一般不省略，而且翻译为“竟然”，表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感。

It is surprising that they should pass the time like that.

It is incredible that Jane should have finished her paper so soon.

It is strange that there should be any hope of finding the lost child.

would rather…， would sooner…， had rather…， would just as soon…， would prefer… 意为“宁可，但愿”

从句用虚拟语气，若表示现在或将来的事情，谓语用过去时；若表示过去的动作，用过去完成时。

I would rather that you painted the room green.

I’d just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.

在lest that …， for fear that…， in case that … 表示“唯恐，以免”

引导的表示消极意义的目的主语从句中常用虚拟语气，从句用 should +动词原形。

He put his coat over the child for fear (lest )that he should catch cold.

He emphasized it again and again lest she (should) forget.

Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot (注意：该句陈述某一事实)

含蓄虚拟条件句

含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现由if引导的条件句，而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如：without, but for, otherwise，or, but that, given, provided, supposing, were it not for等等。

Without your help, we couldn’t have finished the work on time.

But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last night.

I wouldn't have succeeded without your help.

We didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.

虚拟语气在定语从句中的应用

It’s (about/high/ good ) time that…，表示“该是。。。的时候了”，含有 “晚一点” 的意思，表示建议现在应该做什么事，从句一般用一般过去时。

例：1995年6月四级第43题

　　It's already 5 o'clock now. Don't you think it's about time ?

　　A. we are going home 　　 B. if she leaves

　　C. we went home 　　　　D. if she had left

现在已经十六点钟了，难道你不认为该回家了吗？（答案是C）

It’s time you went to bed.

It’s high time that we took action.

虚拟语气在状语从句中的应用

虚拟语气在as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句中的应用（谓语动词形式与wish后的宾语从句基本相同）

　　（一）表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有怀疑，谓语动词用过去式。例如：

　　① He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened.

　　他感到仿佛唯独他要对发生的一切负责。

　　② He acts as if he were / was a TV expert.

　　他做起事来好象是个电视专家。

　　（二）表示过去想象中的动作或情况，谓语动词用过去完成式。

　　例：1992年四级试题

　　The tree looked as if it for a long time.

　　A. hasn't watered 　　　　B. didn't water

　　C. hadn't bee watered 　　 D. wasn't watered

那棵树看上去好象很久没人给浇水了。（答案是c）

在lest 引导的状语从句中，谓语动词多用虚拟语气，(should )+ 动词原形。例如：

　　例：1998年1月四级第38题

　　The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he himself.

　　a. injure　　 b. injured 　　c. had injure　　 d. would injure

这个疯子被关进墙上装有衬垫的病房，以免伤了他自己。（答案是a）

在if only 引起的感叹句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式或过去完成式。

　　例：1993年6月四级第70题

　　Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I your advice.

　　A. follow 　　B. had followed 　　C. would follow 　　D. have followed

if only 引出感叹句，意思是“要是……多好”，表示说话人的一种愿望，希望发生（事实上不可能发生）与过去事实相反的情况。本句的全句意思是：“看我现在的处境多糟糕！要是我听从你的劝告多好”。事实上，句中的“我”没有听从劝告，所以处境很糟糕。题中空格处应当用虚拟语气，答案是B。

比较if only与only if

only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。

I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。

If only the alarm clock had rung.　　　当时闹钟响了，就好了。

比较need "不必做"和"本不该做"

didn't need to do表示：过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。.

needn't have done表示：过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。

典型例题

　There was plenty of time. She .

A. mustn't have hurried　 B. couldn't have hurried　　C. must not hurry　 D. needn't have hurried

　答案D。needn't have done. 意为"本不必"，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。

　Mustn't have done 用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done, "不可能已经"。 must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时）。

二．独立主格结构的用法说明与注意点

一、有关独立主格结构的基本概念

独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点：

1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。

2. 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。

3. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。

二、独立主格结构的常见形式

1. 名词（代词）+现在分词

The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。

We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。

The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。

2. 名词（代词）+过去分词

The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。

The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。

More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。

3. 名词（代词）+不定式

Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。

So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。

4. 名词（代词）+介词短语

The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。

A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。

He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。

5. 名词（代词）+形容词或副词

He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。

She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。

6. There being +名词（代词）

There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。

There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。

7. It being +名词（代词）

It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。

It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。

注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。如：

Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。

He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。

He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。

She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。

He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。

I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。

He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。

All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。

I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。

独立主格结构的构成形式的相关练习：

1、逻辑主语+V-ing

这种构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作不是整句主语发出的动作，而是其逻辑主语发出的动作。如：

1. no bus, we had to walk home.

A.There being B.Being C.Having been D.There was

2. no bus, we had to walk home.

A.As there being B.As there was C.Being D.There was

3. Sunday, the library doesn't open.

A.Being B.There being C.It being D.Having been

4. Sunday, the library doesn't open.

A.As it being B.Being C.It is D.As it is

2、逻辑主语+V-ed

该构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者。如：

1. , the train started.

A.The signal given B.Giving the signal B.The signal being given D.The signal giving

2. , the train started.

A.After having given the signal B.After the signal given C.Giving the signal D.After the signal was given

3. , the text became easier for us to learn.

A.Explaining new words B.New words explained C.Being explained new words D.Having explained new words

4. , the text became easier for us to learn.

A. When new words were explained B.Explaining new words B.New words explaining D.Being explained new words

3、逻辑主语+形容词（副词）

该结构相当于一个未带动词的“主—系—表”结构。如：

1. , the patient can leave the hospital.

A.Better conditions B.Conditions better C.Conditions are better D.Being better conditions

2. , the patient can leave the hospital.

A.If better conditions B.If conditions better C.If conditions are better D.Being better conditions

3. , we’d like to go outing.

A.Being Sunday B.Sunday OK C.Sunday is OK D.If Sunday OK

4. , we’d like to go outing.

A.If Sunday is OK B.Sunday being OK C.Sunday OK D.A,B and C

5. , you can wait a while.

A.The play being still on B.The play still on C Being still on the play D.A and B

6. , so you can wait a while

A.The play is still on B.The play being still on C.As the play is still on D.The play still on

4、逻辑主语+介词短语

该结构相当于不带动词的“主—系—介词短语”结构。如：

1.The boy followed the nobleman here, .

A.a sword in hand B.a sword in his hand B.Being a sword in hand D.sword in hand

2.The boy followed the nobleman here .

A.with a sword in his hand B.with a sword in hand C.with a sword being in hand D.a sword being in hand

3.He left the office, .

A.tears being in eyes B.tears in eyes C.being tears in eyes D.with tears being in eyes

4.He left the office .

A.with tears being in eyes B.with tears in her eyes C.being tears in eyes D.tears being in eyes

二、独立主格结构在整句中可作以下成分：

1、原因状语

该结构在句中作原因状语时相当于一个原因状语从句。如：

1. no bus, we had to walk home.

A.There being B.As there was C.There was D.A and B

2. Sunday, the library doesn't open.

A.It being B.As it is C.Being D.A and B

3. , I had to ask for two days’ leave.

A.Mother being ill B.Bother ill C.As mother was ill D. A,B and C

4. , we have to work late into the night.

A.The exam near B.The exam being near C.As the exam is near D. A,B and C

2、时间状语

独立主格结构作时间状语时相当于一个由when, as soon as, after等引导的时间状语从句。如：

1. , the train started.

A.The signal given B.After the signal was given C.Given the signal D.A and B

2. , the text became easier for us to learn.

A. New words explained B.When new words were explained C.When teacher explained new words D.all above

3、条件状语

独立主格结构作条件状语时可以改为由if引导的条件状语从句。如：

1. , we'll go to visit the Great Wall.

A.Weather permitting B.If weather permits C.If permitting D.A and B

2. , the patient will recover himself soon.

A.If the treatment is in time B.The treatment in time C.The treatment being in time D.A,B and C

4、伴随状语

独立主格结构作伴随状语时相当于一个介词短语或并列谓语。如：

1.We have lessons every day, .

A.Sunday included B.Sunday including C.Sunday is including D.all the above

2.The boy fell asleep, .

A.cap on head B.with a cap on head C.a cap on was on head D. all the above

3.Father came home,

A.a dog following him B.a dog followed him C.being followed by a dog D.all the above

with + 复合宾语结构常见类型及其用法

Composed by Chinephone Lew

“with + 复合宾语”结构是指“with +宾语（名词或代词）+ 非谓语动词（分词、不定式）、介词短语、形容词或副词等”所构成的一种介词短语。该结构内部若是动词，则其非谓语形式的选用要注意三点：若内部动词表示将来（无论主动还是被动），则用不定式；若内部动词表示被动且属过去，则用过去分词；若内部动词表示持续主动动作，则用现在分词。该结构在句子中可以作以下几种成分：

1、原因状语

1.With the man us ahead, we had no trouble finding the village.

A.To guide B.Guiding C.Guided D.To have guide

2.With a lot of work , she doesn’t have time to rest. A.to do B.to be done C.doing D.done

3.With the machine all the time, we finished harvesting crops in time.

A.to work B.worked C.working D.Being working

2、时间状语

1.The street looks more beautiful with all the lights .A.are on B.on C.to be on D.been on

2.With our problem , we all felt happy.

A.to settle B.to be settled C.settled D.being settled

3.With his work , the secretary began to walk home. A.to do B.doing C.done D.to be done

3、伴随状语

1.She left the offices with tears .

A.in her eyes B.in eyes B.being in eyes D.to be in eyes

2.The man found the door with both his eyes .

A.to be closed B.being closed C.closed D.closing

3.We felt uncomfortable with two waitresses .

A. standing by B.to be standing by C.stood by D.being standing by

4.The murderer was brought in, with his hands .

A.to be tied behind B. tied behind C.tying behind D.being tied behind

5.You can’t see well .

A. with the glasses on B.being on the glasses C.with the glasses to be on D.with the glasses

4、后置定语

1.Do you know the man a book in his hand? A.with B.having C.being D.A and B

2.Please offer your seat to the woman a baby in her arms.A.carrying B.having C.with D.all the above

分词、独立主格和“with + 复合宾语”作状语的区别

分词结构、独立主格结构、with + 复合宾语结构在句中均可作状语，其区别是这样的：

一、分词在句中作状语时句子的主语是分词的逻辑主语，即主句主语是分词的动作执行者（用现在分词）或动作承受者（用过去分词或现在分词被动式）。这种情况下的分词短语可以改为相应的状语从句或并列谓语。

分词短语在句中常作以下状语：

1、原因状语

1. late, we had to walk home. A.Being B.As we were C.We being D.A and B

2. busy, they had no time to play. A.As they were B.Being C.Because they were D.all the above

2、时间状语

1. the students' homework, the teacher found a lot of mistakes.

A.When he was correcting C.When he corrected C.Correcting D.all the above

2. by your teachers, you are supposed to be modest.

A.When you are praised B.Praised C.When praised D.all the above

3、条件状语

1. more time, he is sure to finish his test paper. A.If he is given B.If given C.Given D.all the above

2. another chance, I'll do my job better.A.If I have B.If having C.Having D.all the above

4、伴随状语

1.Father came back, a bag of money on his left shoulder.

A.carrying B.he was carrying C.and he was carrying D.all the above

2.Father came back, by a monkey.

A.and he was followed B.followed C.and was followed D.all the above

二、独立主格结构和with + 复合宾语结构在句子中作状语时，这种结构内部的分词或介词短语的逻辑主语不是整句的主语，即主句主语与分词的逻辑主语不一致。如：

1. , we’ll go fishing in the country.

A.Permitting weather B.Weather permitted C.Weather permitting D.Permitting

2. , he finished playing the game of chess.

A.His eyes closing B.With his eyes closed C.Closing his eyes D.Closed his eyes

3. , I couldn’t get the book I wanted.

A.Closed B.Library closed C.Closing library D.With library closing

三、使用分词短语、独立主格结构、with + 复合宾语结构分别在句子中作状语时要注意：它们与主句之间不应有从属连词（如when, if, as soon as, as, while等）或并列连词（如and, but, or, so等）。例如：

1. the teacher told the class to go through the text

A.Checking the answers B.Checking the answers and C.When checking the answers and D.all the above

2. a rainy day, so all the farmers had to stay inside.

A.It being B.Being C.It was D.all the above

3.As a little sick, he remained at the clinic.

A.feeling B.he felt C.he felling D.all the above

四、在使用独立主格结构、with +复合宾语结构、分词结构作句子的状语时，一定要看句子主语同这些结构的逻辑关系。

1、当句子主语与该状语内部动词之间有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系时，该状语可用分词结构或从句表示。

1. in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.

A.Lost B.As he was lost C.He lost D.A and B

2. for the bus at the stop, he suddenly caught sight of a thief.

A.Waiting B.When he was waiting C.As he was waiting D.all the above

2、若句子主语与状语内动词之间不存在逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系且状语内有自已的逻辑主语。则该状语不能用分词结构，只能用独立主格结构、with +复合宾语结构或从句。如：

1.The soldier fell asleep .

A.with the candle burning B.burning the candle C.when he was burning the candle D.when burning the candle

2. , the Tiananmen Square looks more beautiful.

A.Being on B.When being on C.With all the lights on D.When it turns on all the lights

3. the notice, he had an idea.

A.When he was watching B.Watching C.When watching D.all the above

4. the notice, an idea came to his mind.

A.When he was watching B.Watching C.When watching D.all the above

三．非谓语动词

非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。

1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别

(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。

Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)

It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)

(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。

不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。

Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验)

Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)

(3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。

It took me only five minutes to finish the job.

2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别

(1)不定式作表语

1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。

To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。

What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。

2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。

To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。

To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。

3)如果主语是以aim， duty， hope， idea， happiness， job， plan， problem， purpose， thing， wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明　　作用。

His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。

The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.

The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant．

(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。

Our work is serving the people．我们的工作是为人民服务。

His hobby is collecting stamps．他的爱好是集邮。

(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。

People cannot but feel puzzled， for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.

His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected．

(3)分词作表语

分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite， interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有：

interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的

exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的

delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的

disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的

encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的

pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的

puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的

satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的

surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的

worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的

Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。

The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。

The argument is very convincing．他的论点很令人信服。

They were very excited at the news．听到这个消息，他们非常激动。

3．不定式和动名词作宾语的区别

英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：

(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语

1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语

attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视

afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望

arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算

begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏

appear似乎，显得 determine决定 manage设法

cease停止 hate憎恨，厌恶 pretend假装

ask问 dread害怕 need需要

agree同意 desire愿望 love爱

swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望

bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供

beg请求 fail不能 plan计划

bother扰乱；烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢，宁愿

care关心，喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备

decide决定 learn学习 regret抱歉，遗憾

choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明

claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺，允许

start开始 undertake承接 want想要

consent同意，赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝

decide决定 learn学习 vow起

contrive设法，图谋 incline有…倾向 propose提议

seek找，寻觅 try试图

2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式

ask要求，邀请 get请，得到 prompt促使

allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢，宁愿

announce宣布 force强迫 press迫使

bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求

assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定，表示

advise劝告 exhort告诫，勉励 pray请求

authorize授权，委托 help帮助 recommend劝告，推荐

bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒

beg请求 induce引诱 report报告

compel强迫 invite吸引，邀请， summon传唤

command命令 intend想要，企图 show 显示

drive驱赶 mean意欲，打算 train训练

cause引起 instruct指示 require要求

deserve应受 leave使，让 tell告诉

direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱

entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫

enable使能够 need需要 urge激励，力说

encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要

condemn指责，谴责 lead引起，使得 teach教

entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望

(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语

acknowledge承认，自认 cease 停止 mention说到，讲到

admit 承认 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜欢，讨厌

advocate：提倡，主张 complete完成 dread可怕

appreciate 感激，欣赏 confess坦白 endure忍受

avoid避免 contemplate细想 enjoy享有，喜爱

bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒

can't help不禁 delay延迟 escape逃跑，逃避

can't stand受不了 deny否认 excuse借口

consider 考虑 detest嫌恶 fancy幻想，爱好

favor 造成，偏爱 mind 介意 repent悔悟

figure描绘，计算 miss错过 resent怨恨

finish完成，结束不得 pardon原谅，饶恕 resist抵抗，阻止

forgive原谅 permit 允许 resume恢复

imagine设想 postpone延迟，延期 risk冒险

involve卷入，包含 practise 实行，实践 suggest建议

hate讨厌 prevent阻止 save营救，储蓄

keep保持 quit放弃停止 stand坚持，忍受

loathe非常讨厌，厌恶 recall回想

例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。

(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别

1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做）

forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）

2）stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事

stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事

3）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做）

remember doing记得做过某事(已做)

4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾

regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔

5）try to do努力、企图做某事

try doing试验、试一试某种办法

6) mean to do打算，有意要…

mean doing意味着

7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情）

go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情）

8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）

proposing doing建议（做某事）

9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为；+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念

（注)如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。例如：

I should like to see him tomorrow．

10) need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义；+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。

Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?

You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要记着是明天动身。

I don't regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过)

I regret to have to do this， but I have no choice．我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没办法。(未做但要做)

You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心。

Let's try doing the work some other way．让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。

I didn't mean to hurt your feeling．我没想要伤害你的感情。

This illness will mean (your) going to hospital．得了这种病(你)就要进医院。

4．不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别

(1）不定式作定语

1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系

He was the last one to leave school yesterday．昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。

The train to arrive was from London．将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。

2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系

Get him something to eat．给他拿点儿东西吃。

She has a lot of work to do in the morning．早上他有很多工作要做。

3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。

I need a pen to write with．我需要一支笔写字。

There is nothing to worry about．没有什么值得发愁的。

4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如：

ability能力，本领 drive赶，驾驶 movement运动，活动

ambition抱负，野心 effort努力，尝试 need需要，需求

campaign战役，运动 failure失败，不及格 opportunity机会

chance机会 force力，压力，要点 promise许诺，希望

courage勇气 intention意向，意图 reason理由，原因

decision决定 method方法，方式 light光，光线，亮光

determination决心，决定 motive动机，目的 struggle奋斗，努力，

tendency倾向，趋势 wish希望，愿望，祝愿

5）被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next， second, last, only和not a，the等限定词时候，只能用不定式。

6）不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。

John will do anything but work on a farm．除了农活，约翰什么都愿意干。

7）如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语，或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语，则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如： tend to do---tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to do

His wish to buy a car came true．他要买辆车的愿望实现了。

Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us．

他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。

He is always the first to come and the last to leave．

他总是第一个到来，最后一个离去。

(2)分词作定语

分词作定语时有下面几个特点：

1)现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意。

2)现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。

He rushed into the burning house．他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。

The child standing over there is my brother．站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。

The room facing south is our classroom．朝南的房间是我们的教室。

Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗?

He is an advanced teacher．他是个先进教师。

3）下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义，这点要注意：

departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come

(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系

一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如：

Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?

你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？

Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?

你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗？

5．不定式和分词作状语的区别

（1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。

现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。

1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。

He went out shutting the door behind him.

他出去后将门随手关上。

Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.

由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。

2）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。

Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.

如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。

Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.

在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。

(2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别

1)分词作状语一般表示伴随，而不定式常常表示目的。

They stood by the roadside talking about the plan．他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)

They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan．他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)

2)分词作状语放在句子开头，除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时，除了表示目的以外，还表示结果或原因。

Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch．由于在专心读书，他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)

Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before．他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)

Reading carefully，you'll learn something new．只要你仔细阅读，你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)

His family was too poor to support him．他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果)

The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf．这男孩个子不够高，手伸不到书架。(结果)

We are glad to hear the news．我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)

（3）下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的：

a：not/never too…to, too…not to , but/only too… to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义

b：做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾，常见的不定式动词有：find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。

c：不定式做状语时，其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则用for引导主语。

6．非谓语动词常考的其它结构

（1)疑问词+不定式结构

疑问词who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如：

When to start has not been decided．何时动身尚未决定。(主语)

I don't know what to do．我不知道该怎么办。(宾语)

The difficulty was how to cross the river．困难在于如何过河。(表语)

I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。（双重宾语）

注）A.有时疑问词前可用介词，如：

I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。

B.动词know 后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语，只能跟疑问词（如：how, what）+不定式：

While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.

(2)介词except和but作“只有…，只能…”讲时跟不定式结构（but与不带to的不定式连用）。

When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.

(3)不带to的不定式

1）在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有：

feel 觉得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear听到

watch注视 listen to听 perceive察觉，感知

notice注意 see看见 look at看 hear听

On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.

2)另一类是某些使役动词，如make, let，have等。如：

Let him do it.让他做吧。

I would have you know that I am ill．我想要你知道我病了。

(注)：

①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时．其后的不定式一般需带to，如：

He was seen to come．

The boy was made to go to bed early.

②在动词find与help之后，不定式可带to亦可不带to，如:

He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season．他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏，感到惊讶。

3)在do nothing／anything／everything but(except)结构中。例如：

Last night I did nothing but watch TV．昨天晚上，我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。

但是，如果谓语动词不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。

The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．医生除了让他戒烟，其它什么都没有说。

There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent．除了保持沉默以外，他们没有别有别的办法。

（4）不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构

1)不定式的逻辑主语为：for +名词(或代词宾格)+ 不定式。例如：

I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我发现他—个人干这活是不可能的。

(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如：

It was wise of him to do that．他那样做是明智的。

2)动名词的逻辑主语为；①人称代词的所有格+动名词；②名词's+动名词。例如：

Tom insisted on my going with them．他坚持要我和他们一起去。

He dislikes his wife's working late．他不喜欢他妻子工作得很晚。

3)某些形容词，如：careless等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语。这类词主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等

It is very kind of you to help me．你帮助我太好了。

间或也可用for + there to be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）。

It's a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遗憾了公司里有这么多的麻烦。

7．非谓语动词中的有关句型

（1）动名词作主语的句型

1）Doing...+ v. Reading is an art.阅读是门艺术。Seeing is believing.眼见为实。

2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名词+doing sth.

It is no use crying.哭没有用。It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。

It is a great fun playing football．打篮球很有趣。

It is a waste of time trying to explain．设法解释是浪费时间。

3)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sth．

It is useless speaking.光说没用。

It is nice seeing you again．真高兴又遇到了你。

It is good Playing chess after supper．晚饭后弈棋挺好。

It is expensive running this car．开这种小车是浪费。

四．名词性从句用法

名词性从句包括：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，多由连词that，wh- 疑问词或由what，whatever等关系代词引导，其中同位语从句在四级考试中最常见。

1. 主语从句

1) 主语从句在句子中充当主语，句子的谓语动词用第三人称单数。如：

Why he refused to work with you is still mystery.

Whoever comes is welcome.

2) 主语从句前的that不能省略，仅起连接作用，有时为了保持句子平衡，that从句后置，而由it作形式主语。如：

That he became a lawyer may have been due to his mother’s influence.

It is not true that he has moved to New York.

2. 宾语从句在句子中充当宾语，如：

I don’t know where the sound came from.

Don’t be satisfied with what you have achieved.

3．当从句放在系动词 be, look, remain, seem等后即构成表语从句。

The trouble is that I have lost his address.

It seemed that the night would never end.

4. 同位语从句

1) 同位语从句是对与之同位的名词中心词作进一步解释，能接名词性从句的常见名词有: idea, fact, news, belief, hope, evidence, opinion, problem, truth, answer, proposal, theory, decision, discovery, problem, thought, understanding 等。

The news that he has passed the examination is exciting.

2) 同位语从句与定语从句的区别在于：定语从句是对先行词加以修饰、限制，而同位语从句时说明名词中心词的具体内容；that在定语从句中充当成分，为关系代词，而在同位语从句中不做任何成分,仅起连词作用。如：

The fact that we talked about is very important. (定语从句)

The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.( 同位语从句)

5. whether与if 在名词性从句中的用法区别

if一般只用于引导宾语从句，而 whether可引导包括宾语从句在内的其他名词从句。

1) 连词whether引导的主语从句，表语从句不能用if来替换。

Whether he will attend the meeting is uncertain.

The question is whether he will come.

2) 宾语从句中，whether常与or not搭配，可以说whether or not，而不说if or not。

I don’t care whether or not she will attend the meeting.

3) whether可用在介词后，或带to不定式前，if则不可。

She doesn’t know whether to get married now or wait.

I haven’t settled the question of whether I’ll go back home.

4）某些动词后面(如discuss)只能用whether ，不用if。

We discussed whether we should go on climbing.

另外补充

名词性从句是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功同名词一样。

一．主语从句

主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。

1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较

It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：

It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.

It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.

It is in the morning that the murder took place.

It is John that broke the window.

2. 用it 作形式主语的结构

(1) It is ＋名词＋从句

It is a fact that …事实是…

It is an honor that…非常荣幸

It is common knowledge that…是常识

(2) it is ＋形容词＋从句

It is natural that…很自然…

It is strange that…奇怪的是…

(3) it is ＋不及物动词＋从句

It seems that…似乎…

It happened that…碰巧…

(4) it ＋过去分词＋从句

It is reported that…据报道…

It has been proved that…已证实…

3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况

(1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。

(2) It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right)

That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong)

(3) It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right)

That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong)

(4) It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. (right)

Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. (wrong)

(5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：

Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right)

Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong)

4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别

What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：

1) What you said yesterday is right.

2) That she is still alive is a consolation.

二．宾语从句

宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。

1. 作动词的宾语

(1) 由that引导的宾语从句（that 通常可以省略）,例如：

I heard that he joined the army.

(2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如：

1) She did not know what had happened.

2) I wonder whether you can change this note for me.

(3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：

She told me that she would accept my invitation.

2. 作介词的宾语

例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.

3. 作形容词的宾语

例如：I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.

That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：

Anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。

4. It 可以作为形式宾语

It 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。例如：

We heard it that she would get married next month..

5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词

这类动词有Allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。例如：

I admire their winning the match. (right)

I admire that they won the match. (wrong)

6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词

有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有Envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：

He impressed the manager as an honest man. (right)

He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (wrong)

7. 否定的转移

若主句谓语动词为Think, consider, wuppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：

I don’t think this dress fits you well.（我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。）

三．表语从句

表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如：

1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.

2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people

3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.

4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.

四．同位语从句

同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。

1. 同位语从句的功能

同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：

1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.

2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.

2. 同位语在句子中的位置

同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：

He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.

3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别

(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。

(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：

1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）

2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分

五．倒装

一般来说，倒装分为全部倒装和部分倒装，有的倒装是因为语法需要而出现的，有的倒装则是因为结构平衡的需要而出现的。

一、全部倒装

1. 以here, there，now, then开头的句子，谓语动词要放在句子的主语之前，这种句子中的谓语动词通常是不及物动词。

如：

Here comes the train!

There goes the bell!

注意：如果句子的主语是人称代词，则不能使用倒装结构。

如：

Here it comes! / There it does!

2. 有些动词短语以副词out, in, up, down, away等结尾，构成不及物动词短语。这时，为了使句子更形象，常将这些副词提前到句首。这时，句中的谓语动词要放在句子主语的前面，构成全部倒装。（注意，这时句子的主语也必须是名词。如果是人称代词，也不能使用倒装结构。）

如：

Up went the rocket.

Up it went.

3. 为了强调表示地点的介词短语，常将这个介词短语放在句首，构成全部倒装。注意，这时句子的谓语动词通常是不及物动词。如：

In the front of the lecture hall sat the speaker.

4. 表语置于句首，且主语较长或结构较复杂的句子要用全部倒装。如：

Gone are the days when we ha nothing to eat.

5. so/ neither/ nor 表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者，其倒装结构为“so/ neither/ nor+助动词/系动词/情态动词”，这里的主语同前一个句子的主语指的是同一人或物。如：

She has finished her homework, so has her brother.

She hasn’t gone there, neither/ nor has he.

但如果so表示强调，即强调前面所说的情况的真实性时，其结构是“so+主语+助动词/系动词/情态动词”，这里的主语同前一个句子的主语指的是同一人或物。如：

She knows little English, so she does.

她英语懂得不多，的确如此。

二、部分倒装

1．用于疑问句中。如：

How did you do that?

Did you see the film yesterday?

2．用于省略if的虚拟条件状语从句中。如果我们将连词if省略，应把were，had，should提到主语前面。如：

If you had come yesterday, you would have seen him.

---Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him.

3．用于as引导的让步状语从句中。As引导的让步状语从句引起的倒装有以下几种形式：

1）副词置于句首。如：

Much as I like it (=Although I like it very much), I will not buy it.

2）动词置于句首。如：

Wait as you may (= Although you may wait), he will not see you.

3）形容词或名词置于句首。如：

Proud as the nobles are (=Although the nobles are proud), they are afraid to see me.

Child as he is (=Although he is a child), he can tell right from wrong.

注意：如果名词前有形容词修饰时，as引导的倒装句中要保留不定冠词。如：

A bad-tempered man as he is (=Although he is a bad-tempered man), he loves me deeply.

4．具有否定意义的副词或连词（not, hardly, no sooner, not until, seldom, not once, at no time, never, little等）置于句首时，句子（主句）采用部分倒装。

Little do we know about him.

No sooner had he closed his eyes than he fell asleep.

Seldom does he come back on Sundays.

Not until he came back did I know about it.

5． only修饰句子的状语（从句）位于句首时，句子9主句）要用部分倒装。如：

Only then did I realize the important of English.

Only when a child grows up does he understand his parents’ intentions.

但如果only修饰的是句子的其它成分，则无需倒装。如：

Only socialism can save China. (only修饰的是句子的主语，故仍用正常语序)

6． not only…but also…连接两个并列分句时，第一个分句应使用部分倒装。如：

Not only does he do well in his lessons, but also he often helps others with their lessons.

7． so…that结构中的倒装。有时要强调so 所修饰的形容词或副词，常将so连同它所修饰的形容词或副词一起提到句首。这时，主句要用倒装结构。如：

He runs so fast that he is far ahead of others.

---So fast does he run that he is far ahead of others.

He is so clever that he can work out all the difficult problems in the book.

--So clever is he that he can work out all the difficult problems in the book.(全部倒装)

六．主谓一致

在大学英语四级测试的“词汇与结构”一题中，考查主语和谓语一致关系的试题居多。所以主谓一致是各类一致关系中应该重点掌握的内容。现代英语主谓一致大致要遵循以下三条原则：

　　1）语法一致原则。主语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数，谓语动词用复数形式。

　　【例如】

　　My friend has no intention of going shopping with me.

　　My friends have no intention of going shopping with me.

　　2）意义一致原则。主语和谓语的一致不是由主语的语法形式来决定，而是由主语所表达的意义决定。

　　【例如】

　　The class are busying writing English passages.

　　The United States is a developed country which has advanced science and technology.

　　带有复数词尾的学科名称、国家等在意义是表示单数概念，用单数动词。

　　3）就近原则。谓语动词的单、复数取决于最靠近它的主语。由either...or，neither...nor，not only...but also连接或由here，there等引导的句子，谓语动词遵循这一原则。

　　【例如】Neither my friends nor I was able to persuade him to accept our advice.

　　Either he or she has broken the window, for there is no one else there.

　　There is a teacher and fifty students in the classroom.