初中英语语法归纳

时间:2024.3.15

初中英语语法

初中英语语法归纳:名词

初中英语学习最难的是语法,因为英语的语法跟汉语的语法有很大的不同。对于从小就生活在中国的同学们,学起英语语法来会显得特别吃力。下面为大家讲解一下初中英语名词的语法特点。

一、名词(n.) 表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词

(一)名词的分类

名词分为普通名词和专有名词,其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词,可数名词可用作单数,也可用作复数。

可数名词包括个体名词(表示一类人或物的个体。如:boy,desk,cat,window)和集体名词(由若干

个体组成的集合体。如:family,class,police)。

不可数名词包括物质名词(表示无法分为个体的实物。如:water,paper,silk,money)和抽象名词(表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它抽象概念。如:work,happiness,music,difficulty,housework)

专有名词表示个人、地方、机构、组织等。如:Tom,the Great Wall,the Spring Festival,France,the United States)

(二)名词的数

1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种:

(1)一般情况下,在词尾加s.

eg.book——books,dog——dogs,pen——pens,boy——boys

以轻辅音结尾的名词后的s的读音为[s],以浊辅音和元音结尾名词后的s读音为〔z〕。

(2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词名词变复数时,要在词尾加es.

eg.beach——beaches,brush——brushes,bus——buses,box—boxes(es读音为〔iz〕

(3)以―辅音字母+y‖结尾的名词,先变y为i,再加es.

eg.city——cities,family——families,documentary——documentaries,country——countries,

strawberry——strawberries(ies读音为[iz])

(注:以―元音字母+y‖结尾的词,直接在词尾加-s.eg.boys,holidays,days)

(4)以o结尾的名词,变复数时情况如下:

①,.tomato—tomatoes,potato—potatoes, hero—heroes negro ——negroes mongo——mongoesp

②结尾是两个元音字母的加s,eg.zoo—zoos,radio——radios ③某些外来词变复数时词尾加s,eg. piano—pianos 1

④一些名词的缩写形式变复数时,词尾加s,

eg.photo(photograph)——photos,kilo(kilogram)kilos

⑤zero变复数时,既可加s,也可加 eg.zeros/zeroes

(5)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时,先把f或fe变为v,再加es.

eg.wife——wives,leaf leaves,half——halves,knife—knives,thief——thieves(res读音为[vz]

(注意:roof的复数为roofs; scarf的复数为scarfs/scarves)

(6)有些名词由单数变复数时,不是在词尾加s或es,而是变换其中的字

eg.man——men,woman——women,policeman——policemen,Englishman——Englishmen,Frenchman——Frenchmen, foot——feet, tooth——teeth,

child——children,mouse—mice,Ox—Oxen(公牛)

(7)还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。

eg.Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish

(8)另一些名词本身即是复数形式,不可用作单数。

eg,people,police,trousers,pants,clothes,scissors

另外,①当一个名词作定语说明另一个名词时,这个名词一般用单数。

eg.an apple tree,five apple trees,a girl friend,two girl friends,a twin sister 但是,当man和woman作定语修饰复数名词时,就要用其复数形式。

eg.two men teachers,three women doctors

②可用―量词+of+名词复数‖这一结构表示可数名词的数量。

eg.a room Of students,two boxes Of pencils

2.不可数名词一般没有复数形式,它的―量‖的表示方式如下。

(1)表不定数量时,一般用much,(a)little,a lot of/lots of,some,any等词修饰。 eg,much money,a little bread

(2)表确定数量时,一般用―数词+量词+of+不可数名词。如:two/three/…+量词复数十of+不可数名词。

eg.a bag Of rice,two glasses Of milk,four bottles Of water

3.有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词,但词义有所不同。

eg: fruit水果——fruits表示不同种类的水果;food食物——foods各种食品;fish鱼——fishes鱼的种类;drink饮料、酒——a drink一杯/一份饮料、一杯酒; cloth布——,a cloth桌布、抹布; sand沙——sands沙滩; tea茶——a tea一杯茶;chicken鸡肉——a chicken小鸡;orange橘汁——an orange橘子; glass玻璃——a glass玻璃杯,glasses眼镜; paper纸——a paper试卷、论文;wood木头——a wood小森林;room空间、余地——a room房间

(三)名词的所有格(表示人或物的所属关系)

(1)有生命的名词所有格以及表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词所有格。 ①不是以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,在词尾加’s.

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eg.Mike’s watch;Women’s Day

②以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,只加’。

eg.teachers’office,students’rooms

③两个或两个以上名词并列,表示共同所有,只需在最后一个名词后加’s.

eg.Tom and Mike’s room汤姆和迈克的房间(表示汤姆和迈克共有一间房) ④两个或两个以上名词并列,表示分别所有,需在几个名词后都加’s.

eg.Mary’s and Jenny’s bikes玛丽和詹妮的自行车(表示玛丽和詹妮各自的自行车)

(2)无生命的事物的名词所有格常用of结构

eg.a map Of China,the beginning Of this game,the door Of the room

(3)特殊形式

①可用’s和of短语表示的名词所有格

eg.the boy’s name=the name Of the boy(男孩的名字)

the dog’s legs=the legs of the dog(狗的腿)

China’s population=the population Of China(中国的人口)

China’s capital=the capital of China(中国的首都)

②双重所有格

eg.a fiend of my mother’s我妈妈的一个朋友

a picture of Tom’s汤姆的一张图片

初中英语语法名词的知识点总结,希望对于同学们的英语学习有所帮助和裨益,祝大家的学习越来越好!

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初中英语语法归纳:连词

初中英语学习最难的是语法,因为英语的语法跟汉语的语法有很大的不同。初中英语连词有很多种。下面为大家讲解一下初中英语连词的用法。

连词是一种虚词,它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。

第一类表示并列关系的连词

并列连词:并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。

1) and 和

判断改错:

(错) They sat down and talk about something.

(错) They started to dance and sang.

(错) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.

(对) They sat down and talked about something.

(对) They started to dance and sing.

(对)I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.

解析:

第一句: and 连接两个并列的谓语,所以 talk 应改为 talked。

第二句:and 连接两个并列的动词不定式,第二个不定式往往省略to,因此sang 应改为 sing。

第三句:and 连接感观动词saw 后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构,因此whisper应改为whispering。

注意:1. and 还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。(or也有此用法) Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.

= If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.

One more effort, and you'll succeed.

= If you make one more effort, you'll succeed

2, A and B 当表示整体或者指同一人时谓语动词用单数, 当and连接的单数名词前分别有each,every,many等词修饰时,谓语也用单数。

bread and butter a knife and fork

The mother and teacher is very strict with her son.

No teacher and no student is allowed to smoke in class.

3. and连接的是两个相同意思的词,表示―渐渐‖,或加强语气

Read it again and again

2) both …and 两者都

She plays (both) the piano and the guitar.

3) neither…nor 意思为"既不……也不……"谓语动词采用就近原则,与nor后的词保持一致。

Neither you nor he is to blame.

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4) not only…but (also)不但······而且······

She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar.

注意: not only… but also 关联两个分句时,一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。 Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.

5) as well as 以及,也,与···同样

The teacher, as well as the students, is interested in the activity.

比较and和or

1) 并列结构中,or通常用于否定句,and用于肯定句。

2) 但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点:

There is no air or water in the moon.

There is no air and no water on the moon.

在否定中并列结构用or 连接,但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构,因此要用and。

第二类表示选择关系的连词

1) or 意思为"或则"。

Which do you prefer, tea, coffee, or juice ?

2) either…or 意思为"或者……或者 ……"。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。 Either you or I am right.

3) or else/ otherwise 否则

Be silent, or else you will be kicked out.

I am tired, otherwise, I would play.

第三类表示转折或对比关系的连词

1) but 但是 He is rich but unhappy.

while 然而,表示对比意味 Some people love cats, while others hate them. yet 然而 She said she would be late, yet she arrived on time.

however 然而,可是,不过 She does not like him, however, I like him.

2) not…but… 意思为"不是 ……而是……"

not 和but 后面的用词要遵循一致原则。

They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being. 第四类表因果关系的连词

1) for 因为,做并列连词使用时,是在对先行的句子补述原因或者理由,只可以连接句子与句子,通常不置于句首。

He is absent today, for he is ill.

2) so, therefore 因此

He hurt his leg, so he couldn't play in the game.

I think, therefore I am

3)then 那么,因而

Hide behind the wall, then they won’t see you.

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注意:

a. 两个并列连词不能连用,但therefore, then, yet.可以和并列连词连用。 You can watch TV, and or you can go to bed.

He hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldn't play in the game.

b. although… yet…,但although不与 but连用。

(错) Although he was weak, but he tried his best to do the work..

(对) Although he was weak, yet he tried his best to do the work.

从属连词

从属连词不同与并列连词,只能用来引导从句,而不能引导词或者词组。从属连词一般可以引导名词性从句和状语从句。

第一类引导名词性从句的从属连词

1) that 引导宾语从句或间接引语时,可省略。引导主语从句时不可以省略。 He said (that) he would come. 宾语从句

His mother told me (that) he is a good boy. 间接引语

That she is still alive is true. 主语从句

2) if/whether 是否

I wonder if he is at home.

I ask him whether he would come.

注意:只可以用whether的情况

介词后面 It will depend on whether it rains tomorrow.

whether···or not 固定搭配 Let me know whether you come or not.

动词不定式前 I don’t know whether to accept his advice.

第二类引导状语从句的从属连词

1) 连接时间状语从句的从属连词

before 在···之前 The war had been over before he came to China.

after 在···之后 He came to China after the war was over.

since 自从 I have lived in this city since I was born.

when/while 当··· The teacher entered the classroom, when all the students were playing

When I came into this room, I found him lying bed asleep (while后接的动词是延续性的动词)

as 当··· I saw her as I was getting on the bus.

till/until 直到 I didn’t go to sleep until/till I finished my homework.

as soon as 一···就··· As soon as he saw the policeman, the thief run away.

2) 连接地点状语从句的从属连词

where 在哪里 There were lots of parks where I lived.

3) 连接原因状语从句的从属连词

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because 原因,用于解释某事的原因,动机,强调直接原因和因果关系 I do it because I like it.

for 表因为,表间接的原因,用于说明,解释 I soon went to sleep, for I was tired since 表原因,比because弱,比as强,表一种已知的,显然的理由,常译为―既然 as 表原因时,意义最弱 As you are in poor health, you should do more exercises

4) 连接结果状语从句的从属连词

so···that··· 如此···以至于··· He is so kind that everybody likes him.

such···that··· He is such a kind man that everybody likes him

5) 连接目的状语从句的从属连词

that / so that / in order that 为了

Speak clearly that/so that/ in order that they may understand you.

6) 连接条件状语从句的从属连词

if 如果 If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go on a picnic.

unless 除非 (如果不 ) He will come unless it rains.

in case 万一 You may call this number in case I am not at home

7)连接比较状语从句的从属连词

than 比 It’s easier than I thought.

as/so···as···和···一样 She is as tall as you.

He is not as/so tall as his wife.

8)连接方式状语从句的从属连词

as 按照 Do as I told you.

Take things as they are.

as if / though 仿佛 He behaves as if/though he was a child.

9)引导让步状语从句的从属连词

although/though 尽管 Although Japan is small, the population is big. even if 即便 Even if it was snowing heavily, we went on running.

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初中英语语法归纳:副词

初中英语学习最难的是语法,因为英语的语法跟汉语的语法有很大的不同。初中也要副词用法有很多种。下面为大家讲解一下初中英语副词的用法。

副词在句中主要用作状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或句子。 初中英语副词的用法:

⑴ 修饰动词,表示时间、地点、程度、方式、频度等。一般位于动词之后,如果动词有宾语,则要位于宾语之后。频度副词常位于助动词和连系动词be 之后或实义动词之前。例如:He arrived only yesterday. 他是昨天才到的。There were clothes lying here and there on the floor. 地板上到处都是衣服。I have been terribly worried about you all day. 我一整天都非常为你担心。She plays the piano very well. 她钢琴弹得很好。The boy is always asking his parents for money. 那个男孩老是向他父母要钱。She never goes to the cinema. 她向来不看电影。

⑵ 修饰形容词、副词、介词短语,一般前置,只有enough例外,需要后置。例如:She seems quite happy. 她看上去相当愉快。You've done rather badly in the test. 你考得够糟糕的。The wind was right in our faces. 风迎面吹来。This girl is not old enough to go to school. 这个女孩还没有到上学的年龄。He didn't run fast enough to catch the train. 他跑得不够快,没有赶上火车。

⑶ 用作表语,多为与介词同形的副词和表示方位的副词。例如:Is anybody in? 里面有人吗?有人在家吗?Father is away. 父亲离家在外。I am downstairs and my brother is upstairs. 我住楼下,我哥哥住楼上。My friend is still abroad. 我的朋友还在国外。 ⑷ 少数表示地点或时间的副词还可用作定语,一般位于名词之后。例如:I hope you'll enjoy your stay here. 希望你在这里过得愉快。I met a friend of mine on my way home. 在我回家的路上,我碰到一位朋友。What did you think of the meeting yesterday? 你觉得昨天的会开得怎样?

⑸ 副词的比较等级用法与形容词一样。

初中英语副词的分类

1、 时间和频度副词:

now,then,often,always,usually,early,today,lately,next,last,already,generally,frequently, seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too, immediately, hardly,finally,shortly, before, ago,sometimes, yesterday.

2、 地点副词:

here, there, everywhere, anywhere, in, out, inside, outside, above, below, down, back, forward, home, upstairs, downstairs, across, along, round , around, near, off, past, up, away, on.

3、方式副词:

carefully, properly, anxiously, suddenly, normally, fast, well, calmly, politely, proudly, softly, warmly

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4、 程度副词,放在被修饰词之前:

much,little, very,rather,so,too,still, quite, perfectly, enough, extremely, entirely,almost, slightly.

5、 疑问副词,一般放在句首:

how, when, where, why.

6、关系副词,一般放在句首:

when, where, why.

7、连接副词:

how, when, where, why, whether.

初中也要重点副词注释:

1.as…as…常构成一些词组:as soon as…(一旦…就…), as well as…(同样), as+形容词/副词+as possible(尽可能……地)。如:Please ring me up as soon as you get to Beijing.(请你一到北京就给我写信。)/ Miss Gao hurried to the school gate as quickly as possible.(高小姐尽快地赶到了校门口。)

[注释] "as long / much as + 名词"可以表示"长达/多达…"的含义。如:The house costs as much as five hundred thousand yuan.(那幢房子花费高达50万元。)/ They stayed in the cave(山洞)as long as two weeks.(他们呆在山洞里长达两周。)

2. later、after、ago、before的用法:①"一段时间+later/ago"分别表示"(多久)以后/以前",主要用于过去时态。②"after/before+某个时刻"分别表示"在某时刻之后/之前",此时两个词是介词。③ago与before:ago只能用于过去时,before用于完成时。如:He had an accident a week ago.(一周前出了一个事故)/ Some years later, the boy became a very famous singer.(数年后这个男孩成了著名的歌唱家)/ Have you been there before?(你从前到过那儿吗?)/ After a few years he gave up smoking.(过了几年他戒了烟。)

3.above、below、over、under的用法:在上下方用above和below,在高低处用over和under.如:The stars are high above in the sky.(星星高挂在空中) / A plane flew over quickly.(一架飞机从头顶飞过。)

当above、below、over、under是介词性质时,意义相似。

4. too、also、either、nor的用法:too("也")用于肯定句和疑问句的末尾,且用逗号隔开;also("也")用于肯定句句子谓语动词之前;either("也")用于否定句末尾,也用逗号隔

开;nor("也不")用于倒装句句首;如:Are you American,too?(你也是美国人吗?)/ He is not happy and I am not happy, either.(他不愉快,我也不。) / He didn't watch the football game. Nor did I.(他没有看足球赛,我也没有。)/ You can also find the market is very good.(你还可以发觉那个市场很好。)

5. enough、too、so、very、quite、very much的用法: enough ("足够,十分")放在形容词或副词之后;too("太")、very("非常")、quite("相当")、so("如此地")等放在形容词或副词之前,very much("非常")放在动词之后。如:It's too/so/very/quite expensive.(它太贵/那么贵/非常贵/相当贵。)/ I don't like sweets very much.(我不很喜欢糖果) 9

[注意] very与 much的区别:very修饰形容词、副词的原级和现在分词形容词,much修饰形容词和副词的比较级;much还可以修饰疑问句和否定句中的动词,very不可以。如:He is very stupid.(他很笨)/ The film was very moving and everyone swept.(电影非常动人,大家都哭了)/ You must work much harder or you will fail to enter the good school.(你得学习更努力,不然你考不进那所好学校)/ I don't like him much.(我不太喜欢他)

6. sometimes、 sometime、 some times 、some time的用法:sometimes(有时)用于一般现在时、 sometime(在将来某时)用于将来时、 some times(数次)表示次数、some time(一些时间)表示一段时间。如:Sometimes they go hiking in the

mountains.(他们有时徒步旅行到山里去)/ I will stay here some time.(我会在这儿呆些时候的。)/ I will meet your father sometime.(我什么时候要见见你的父亲。)

7. how、what用于感叹句的用法:对句子中的形容词或副词感叹时用how,对人或事物(可能含有形容词作修饰语)进行感叹用what. 如:What a fine day (it is) today!(今天天气真好!) / How difficult (the problem is)!((问题)真难呀!)

8.already、yet的用法:在完成时中,already一般用于肯定句,yet一般用于否定句和疑问句。如:Have you done it already?(你已经做好了?) / I have not had my breakfast yet.(我还没有吃早饭呢。)

9. hard与hardly的用法:hard作为副词意思是:"努力地,猛烈地",hardly是否定词,意思是:"几乎不",一般与情态动词can/could连用。如:They study English very hard.(他们英语学得很刻苦)/ You can hardly see a person spit in a public place.(在公共场所你几乎看不到一个人随地吐痰)

10. like...very much、like...better(=prefer)、like...best的用法:三个短语分别表示"非常喜欢"、"更喜欢"、"最喜欢"。如:I like baseball very much.(我非常喜欢棒球)/ Do you like butter better than cheese?( / They like hamburgers best.

11."quite/what+a+形容词+名词"的用法:记住:①quite/such/what...+a+形容词+名词;②too/so/how+形容词+a+名词;③rather+a+形容词+名词 = a+ rather+形容词+名词。如:I have never seen such a strange guy(家伙).(我从未见过这样奇怪的家伙) / It is quite a nice day for a walk.(这真是散步的好日子)

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初中英语语法归纳:数词

初中英语的语法跟汉语的语法有很大的不同,初中英语数词是其中之一。表示数目和顺序的词叫数词,数词可分为基数词和序数词两类。下面为大家讲解一下初中英语连词的用法。

(一)基数词

基数词用来表示数目,或者说表示数量的词叫基数词。最基本的基数词如下表所示。 1 one 11 eleven 100 a hundred

2 two 12 twelve 20 twenty 1000 a thousand

3 three 13 thirteen 30 thirty 1,000,000 a million

4 four 14 fourteen 40 forty 10,000,000 ten million

5 five 15 fifteen 50 fifty 100,000,000 a hundred million

6 six 16 sixteen 60 sixty 1,000,000,000 a billion

7 seven 17 seventeen 70 seventy

8 eight 18 eighteen 80 eighty

9 nine 19 nineteen 90 ninety

10 ten

说明:

1.13—19是由个位数加后缀-teen构成。注意其中13、15的拼写是thirteen和fifteen。

2.20—90由个位数加后缀-ty构成,注意其中20—50的拼写分别是twenty, thirty, forty 和fifty;80的拼写是eighty。

3.其它非整十的两位数21—99是由整十位数加连字符―-‖,再加个位数构成。如: 81 eighty-one。

4.101—999的基数词先写百位数,后加and再写十位数和个位数。如: 691 six hundred and ninety-one。

5.1000以上的基数词先写千位数,后写百位数,再加and,最后写十位数和个位数。 如:5893 five thousand eight hundred and ninety-three。 在基数词中只有表示―百‖、―千‖的单位词,没有单独表示―万‖、―亿‖的单位词,而是用thousand(千)和million(百万)来表达,其换算关系为:1万=10 thousand;1亿=100 million; 10亿=a thousand million=a billion。

7.多位数的读法:

1)1000以上的多位数,要使用计数间隔或逗号―,‖。即从个位起,每隔三位加一个间隔或逗号。第一个间隔或逗号前是thousand(千),第二个间隔或逗号前是million(百万),第三个间隔或逗号前是a thousand million或a billion(十亿)。

2)每隔三位分段以后就都成了101—999。读的时候十位数(或个位数)的前面一般要加and。如:

888,000,000读作:eight hundred and eighty-eight million。

(二)基数词的用法

1.基数词的复数形式表示大量的数目。

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在这种情况下,表示单位的基数词(hundred, thousand, million, billion)不能在词尾加-s。

例如:

two hundred students 二百个学生

five thousand years 五千年

2.基数词的复数形式表示大量的 的数目,在这种情况下,表示单位的基数词词尾加-s,要与of短语连用。

3.基数词在句中的作用

基数词的作用相当于名词和形容词,它在句子中可充当主语,宾语,表语和定语。 例如:

Three and five is eight. 3+5=8

主语 表语

How many oranges do you want?你要多少桔子?

I want eight. 我要八个。

宾语

There are eight boats in the lake. 湖里有八条小船。

定语

(三)序数词

表示顺序的词,叫序数词。序数词用来表示数词顺序。除特殊情况外,序数词一般都由相应的基数词加后缀-th构成。

请见下表:

第一到第十 第十一到第十九 第二十以上

first eleventh twentieth

second twelfth thirtieth

third thirteenth fortieth

fourth fourteenth fiftieth

fifth fifteenth sixtieth

sixth sixteenth seventieth

seventh seventeenth eightieth

eighth eighteenth ninetieth

ninth nineteenth hundredth

tenth thousandth

说明:

1.英语中表示第一、第二、第三的序数词属特殊形式,要注意它们的拼写。

2.表示―几十‖的序数词通常是将基数词词尾y变成i再加上后缀-eth。

3.其余的二位数序数词是以相应的整十基数词加个位序数词。如:fifty-first(第五十一)。

4.少数序数词拼法不规则,如:fifth(第五),eighth(第八),ninth(第九),twelfth(第十

二)等。

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注意:

1.序数词可缩写为阿拉伯数字加序数词最后两个字母。

例如:

第一:(the) first=1 st

第二:(the) second=2 nd

第三:(the) third=3 rd

第五:(the) fifth=5th

第九十七:(the) ninety-seventh=97 th

第一百零一:(the) one hundred (and)first=101st

2.编了号的事物要用基数词表示顺序,但是基数词要后置。

例如:

第一课:Lesson One

第三十二页:Page 32

第305房间:Room 305

第12路公共汽车:Bas No.12

(四)序数词的用法

序数词和基数词一样,也能起名词或形容词作用,在句子中作主语、表语、宾语和定语。

例如:

The first is bigger than the second. 第一个比第二个大。

主语

Give me the first. 把第一个给我。

宾语

She’s often the first to go to school. 她经常第一个去上学。

表语

We’re going to learn the eighth lesson. 我们将要学习第八课。

定语

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初中英语语法归纳:主动语态

在初中的英语学习中,句子语态可以分为主动语态和被动语态两种。那么主动语态的句子需要有哪些语法要注意呢?主动语态和被动语态又会有什么区别呢?下面为大家讲解一下。 主动语态与被动语态的区别:

在主动语态中,主语后面接人(be +动词原型)

被动语态(be+动词过去分词)

在主动语态中,主语是谓语动词的使动方。在被动语态中,主语是谓语动词的受动方。 在语法结构上,主动语态和被动语态的区别主要在于,主动语态直接使用动词原形作为谓语,然后再在该动词原形的基础上施加时态和其他语法;而被动语态则使用系词+动词的过去分词作为谓语,各种时态和其他语法也施加在系词上。

举例:

1.主动语态:The snowslide killed him. 雪崩害死了他。

被动语态:He was killed by the snowslide. 他死于雪崩。

2.主动语态:We use electricity to run machines. 我们用电力来开动机器。 被动语态:Electricity is used to run machines. 电力被我们用来开动机器。

3.主动语态:Bell invented the telephone in 1876.贝尔于1876年发明了电话。 被动语态:The telephone was invented by Bell in1876.电话是贝尔于1876年发明的。

主动形式表示被动意义

大家都知道,用被动语态(形式)来表达被动意义,但有些句子用的却是主动形式,表达的却是被动意义。下面我们就来总结一下常见的用主动形式表示被动意义的几种形式。

1.连系动词(如:feel,taste,sound,smell,look等)用主动形式表示被动意义。如: This material feels very soft. 这块材料摸上去很柔软。

This apple tastes good. 这个苹果尝起来很好吃。

2. 有些表示主语内在性质或性能的不及物动词常与一些副词连用,用一般现在时的主动形式表示被动意义,其主语一般为事物。这些动词有:sell,read, write,wash,wear,last等。如:

The pen writes smoothly 这支笔写起来很流畅。

This kind of food sells well. 这种食物很畅销。

3. 动词need, want, require表示"需要时",后接动名词或不定式的被动式表示被动意义。如:

Your room needs cleaning/to be cleaned. 你的房间需要打扫一下。 My house requires repairing/to be cleaned. 我的房子需要修理一下。

4. 在"be worth doing"短语中,动作与主语之间存在动宾关系,用主动形式表示被动意义。如:

This book is well worth reading 这本书很值得一读。

5. 在"主语 +be + adj +to do"这个句型中,不定式动作与主语之间存在动宾关系,则用主动形式表示被动意义。如:

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This question is hard to answer. 这个问题很难回答。

English is easy to learn. 英语很好学。

6. Won't或wouldn't表示"不愿"时,后面的动词常用主动形式表示被动意义。如: The door won't open. 这门就是打不开。

This box wouldn't move. 这个盒子就是移不动。

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初中英语语法归纳:被动语态

初中英语学习最难的是语法,因为英语的语法跟汉语的语法有很大的不同。其中被动语态是初中英语学习的重点和难点。下面为大家讲解一下初中英语被动语态特点和用法。

一、被动语态的构成形式

1. 被动语态的基本时态变化

被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由be+过去分词构成,be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例,各种时态的被动语态形式为:

1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时

例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.

2) has /have been done 现在完成时

例All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.

3) am/is /are being done 现在进行时

例A new cinema is being built here.

4) was/were done 一般过去时

例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.

5) had been done 过去完成时

例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.

6) was/were being done 过去进行时

例A meeting was being held when I was there.

7) shall/will be done 一般将来时

例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.

8) should/would be done 过去将来时

例The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.

9) shall/will have been done 将来完成时(少用)

例The project will have been completed before July.

2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式

1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为:情态动词+be+过去分词。

例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.

2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被动结构时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。

例His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.

3) 当―动词+宾语+宾语补足语‖结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动结构中的主语,其余不动。

例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.

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4)在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式to要省略,但变为被动结构时,要加to。 例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.

5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如―动词+介词‖,―动词+副词‖等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。 例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.

3. 非谓语动词的被动语态

v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。

二、 如何使用被动语态

学习被动语态时,不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构,还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。

1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者 (这时可省 by 短语)。 例 My bike was stolen last night.

2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。

例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.

3. 为了更好地安排句子。

例The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. (一个主语就够了)

三、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型

一些表示―据说‖或―相信‖的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型―It+be+过去分词+that从句‖或―主语+be+过去分词+to do sth.‖。有: It is said that… 据说,It is reported that…据报道,It is believed that…大家相信,It is hoped that…大家希望,It is well known that…众所周知,It is thought that…大家认为,It is suggested that…据建议。

例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. (=The boy is said to have passed the national exam. )

四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义

1.英语中有很多动词如 break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物。

例 This kind of cloth washes well.

注意:主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。 试比较:The door won't lock. (指门本身有毛病)

The door won't be locked. (指不会有人来锁门, 指―门没有锁‖是人的原因)

2. 表示―发生、进行‖的不及物动词和短语,如:happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。

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例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢?

3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。

例Your reason sounds reasonable

五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义

在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。

1. 在need,want,require, bear等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。

例The house needs repairing(to be repaired).这房子需要修理。

2. 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式;而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。

例The picture-book is well worth reading.(=The picture-book is very worthy to be read.)

3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。

例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. (to do与things是动宾关系,与I是主谓关系。)

试比较:I’ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)

4. 在某些―形容词+不定式‖做表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时,这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant,interesting等。 例This problem is difficult to work out .(可看作to work out省略了for me).

5. 在too… to…结构中,不定式前面可加逻辑主语,所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。 例This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.

6. 在there be…句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动式作定语,重点在人,用被动形式作定语,重点在物。

例There is no time to lose(to be lost).(用 to lose可看成for us to lose;用to be lost,谁 lost time不明确。)

7. 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。

例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?

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初中英语语法归纳:句型结构

初中英语语法中,有很多特殊句型结构,牢记这些句型结构,以后再运用上就可以得心应手。下面是初中英语重点句型结构总结,希望能帮助到大家。

1 、see,hear,notice,find,feel,listen to,look at (感官动词)+ do eg: I like watching monkeys jump.

2 (比较级 and 比较级) 表示越来越……

3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟(容易) 补:a place of interest 名胜 4 agree with sb. 赞成某人

5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一种/样

6 all over the world = the whole world 整个 世界

7 along with 同……一道,伴随…… eg : I will go along with you 我将和你一起去The students planted trees along with their teachers. 学生同老师们一起种树。 8 As soon as 一……就……

9 as you can see 你是知道的

10 ask for ……求助 向……要……(直接接想要的东西) eg: ask you for my book 11 ask sb. for sth. 向某人什么

12 ask sb. to do sth. 询问某人某事 ask sb. not to do sth. 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时eg:I am sixteen. I am at the age of sixteen. 14 at the beginning of … ……的起初;……的开始

15 at the end of +地点/+时间 最后;尽头;末尾 eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 补:at least 至少

17 be /feel confident of sth. /that clause + 从句 感觉/对什么有信心,自信 eg: I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表:1 现在进行时 2 将来时

19 be able to (+ v.原) = can (+ v.原) 能够……eg: She is able to sing. She can sing. 补:base on 以……(为)根据

20 be able to do sth. 能够干什么 eg: She is able to sing.

21 be afraid to do (of sth. 恐惧,害怕……eg: I'm afraed to go out at night. I'm afraid of dog.

22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV. 我被允许看电视。I should be allowed to watch TV. 我应该被允许看电视。

23 be angry with sb. 生某人的气 eg: Don't be angry with me.

24 be angry with (at) sb. for doing sth. 为什么而生某人的气

25 be as … 原级 … as 和什么一样 eg: She is as tall as me. 她和我一样高。 26 be ashamed to

27 be away from 远离

28 be away from 从……离开

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29 be bad for 对什么有害eg: Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes. 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好。

30 be born 出生于

31 be busy doing sth. 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth. 忙于……

32 be careful 当心;小心 be close to … 离……很近

33 be different from … 和……不一样

34 be famous for 以……著名

35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好

36 be from = come from 来自eg:He is from Bejing. He comes from Bejing.Is he from Bejing? Does he come from Bejing?

37 be full of 装满……的 be filled with 充满eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water

38 be glad + to do/从句 做某事很高兴

39 be going to + v.(原) 打算,计划,准备……

40 be good at(+ doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于……

41 be good for 对什么有好处eg: Reading aloud is good for your English. 42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事

43 be helpful to sb. 对某人有好处eg: Reading aloud is helpful to you. 大声朗读对你有好处。Exercising is helpful to your bady. 锻炼对你的身体有好处。

44 be in good health 身体健康

45 be in trouble 处于困难中 eg : She is in trouble They are in tronble

46 be interested in 对某方面感兴趣

47 be late for = come late to 迟到 eg: Be late for class 上课迟到

48 be like 像…… eg: I'm like my mother.

49 be mad at 生某人的气

50 be made from 由……制成(制成以后看不见原材料) 补:be made in 在……生产或制造

51 be made of 由……制成(制成以后还看得见原材料)

52 be not sure 表不确定

53 be on a visit to 参观

54 be popular with sb. 受某人欢迎 补:be please with 对…感到满意

55 be quiet 安静

6 be short for 表……的缩写 eg: 陶 is short for 陶俊杰

57 be sick in bed 生病在床

58 be sorry to do sth. be sorry for sb. eg: I am sorry for you.

59 be sorry to hear that

60 be sorry to trouble sb.eg: I am sorry to trouble you.

61 be strict in doing sth. 严于做某事 eg: He's strict in obeying noles

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62 be strict with sb. 对某人要求严格eg: Some students are not strict with them selves. 这些学生对自己不严格。

63 be strict with sb in sth. 某方面对某人严格

64 be supposed to do 被要求干什么

65 be sure 表确定

66 be sure of doing sth. 对做某事有信心eg: He is sure of winning I am sure of learning English well

67 be sure of sth. 对做某事有信心eg: I'm sure of my head (my teacher). 我相信我的大脑(老师)。

68 be sure that sth. 对做某事有信心eg: I'm suer that he can pass the test. 我相信他能通过考试。

69 be sure to do sth. 一定会做某事 eg: We are sure to pass the test. 我们一定会通过这次考试We are sure to learn English well. 我们一定能学好英语。

70 be terrified of + 名/动 doing 害怕……

71 be terrified to do sth. 害怕做某事

72 be the same as … 和什么一样

73 be used to doing sth. 习惯做某事 eg: My father is used to getting up early. 我爸爸习惯早起。He is used to sleeping in class. 他习惯上课睡觉.He is used to working hard.He is used to hard work. 他习惯努力工作

74 be worth doing 值得做什么

75 be (feel) afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事

be afraid of sth. 害怕某物 be afraid that 丛句

76 because + 句子 because of + 短语

eg: He was late because he had a headache.

He was late because of his headache.

77 begin to do = start to do 开始做某事

start … with … = begin … with … 以……开始……

eg: Let's begin the game with the song. I begin to go home.

78 between … and … 两者之间

79 borrow sth. from sb. 向……借……

lend sth. to sb. lend sb. sth. 借给……什么东西

eg: I borrowed a pen from him. He lent a pen to me (he lent me a pen). 80 both = the same (as) = not different (from) 表相同

81 bother 打扰 bother sb. to do sth. 补:both … and … ……和……都 eg : I'm sorry to bother you ,but can you tell me to way to the station 我十分道歉打扰你,但是你能告诉我怎么去车站

The problem has been bothering me for weeks. 这个问题困扰了我几个周了。 He's bothering me to lend him money.

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82 by the end of 到……为止

83 call sb. sth. eg: We call him old wang.

84 care 关心

eg: Don't you care about this country's future? 你为什么不关心国家的未来。 85 catch up with sb. 赶上某人

86 chat with sb. 和某人闲谈 take sb. to + 地点 带某人去某地

87 come in 进来

88 come over to 过来

89 come up with 提出 eg: Can you come up with a good idea? 你能想出一个好办法吗?

90 communicate with sb. 和某人交流

91 consider + doing 考虑做……

eg: Why not consider going to lu zhou? 为什么不考虑去泸州?

92 dance to 随着……跳舞 eg: She likes dancing to the music. 她喜欢随着音乐跳舞。

93 decide to do sth. 决定做某事

94 do a survey of 做某方面的调查

95 do better in 在……方面做得更好 补:do well in 在……方面干的好

96 do wrong 做错 补:droup off 放下(某物)

97 Don't forget to do sth. 不要忘了做某事。

98 Don't mind +doing /从句 /名词. 不要介意……。

99 each + 名(单)每一个……

eg: Each student has many books. 每一个学生都有一些书。

100 end up + doing

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初中英语语法归纳:定语从句

为了提高同学们的英语复习效率,中国教育在线整理了初中英语语法之定语从句,定语从句是在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句。下面为大家详细讲解一下。

一 名词性从句:

1. 主要包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句. 一般由that 引起,也可由who, what, when, why, which, whom, whether, how 引起.

2. 主语从句很多情况下都可以放到句子后面,而用代词it作形式上的主语. :

3. 形式宾语

4. 由名词性关系代词whatever, whoever, whichever 等引起的宾语从句

5. whether and if 都能引导从句, 但用法有所不同. 当主语从句直接位于句首时,应用whether,而不用if. Whether 后能直接or not, 但if 不能.

Whether he will come or not is not known.

6. 在名词reason后的表语从句必须用that引导, 不可误用 because.

The reason why he is often late for class is that he has the bad habit of getting up late in the morning.

二: 定语从句

1. 引导定语从句的关系词有who, whom, whose, that, when, where, why and which. 在非限制定语从句中, 只可用which, who, whose, where , when., 如果指代前面整个句子, 多用which.

2. 当引导定语从句的先行词前有all, any, no, little, much, very first 等词, 或先行词前为形容词最高级所修饰时,或先行词为all, anything, nothing, something, everything 时,从句的引导词只能用that.

3. as 可做引导词引导定语从句, 多和such, the same 连用. As 引导的定语从句也可修饰整个句子, 既可放在先行词后,也可放在句子开头.

4. 介词+which/whom/whose从句

5. 代/名+介词+which 从句

6. 同位语从句和定语从句

三、定语从句的关系词

引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。

四、定语从句的分类

根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。

五、关系代词的用法

1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:

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Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语) The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)

2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如: The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)

The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)

3.who, whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom, 也可省略。例如:

The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)

Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)

注意:(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who, that, which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用―介词+which/whom‖结构。例如:

This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。

Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。

(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例如: This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。

(3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如: The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。

(4)关系词只能用that的情况:

a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:

He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。

b.被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:

Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?

c.先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:

This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。

d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.例如:

I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。

e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如:

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Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?

f.主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例如: There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。

(5)关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况:

a.先行词为that, those时,用which, 而不用that.例如:

What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么? b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.例如:

This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。

c.引导非限制性定语从句,用which, 而不用that.例如:

Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。

五、关系副词的用法

(1)when指时间,其先行词表示时间,在句中作时间状语。例如:

This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。

(2)where指地点,其先行词表示地点,在句中作地点状语。例如:

This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。

(3)why 指原因,其先行词是原因,起原因状语作用。例如:

Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。

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初中英语语法归纳:宾语从句

为了提高同学们的英语复习效率,中国教育在线整理了初中英语语法之宾语从句,宾语从句是初中英语知识中的重点和难点。下面为大家详细讲解一下。

一、概述

宾语从句是主从复合句的一种。主从复合句是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的。

主句是复合句的主体,从句仅仅是主句的一个成分,它从属于主句,不能独立。从句在全句中充当什么成分,就叫什么从句。宾语从句当中的从句在全句中作宾语。 简单句She knew the teacher(宾语)复合句 She knew that the teacher had seen the film.(宾从)

二、宾语从句

1.语序

无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句,宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序,即―主句+连词+宾语从句(主语+谓语+……)‖句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分,可分为以下四种:

1)连接词+谓语。连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有: who,what,which等。如:

Could you tell me who knows the answer,please?你能告诉我谁知道答案吗? The small children don't know what is in their stockings.这些小孩子不知道袜子里有什么东西.

I don't know which belongs to my father.

2)连接词+名词+谓语。连接词在从句中作主语的定语。常见的连接词有:whose,what,which,how many,how much等。如:

He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.他问我们班上谁的书法最好。

The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room.老师问我们房间里有多少人。

3)连接词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的连接词有:who(m),what,which, how many, how much, when, why, how, where, if /whether(在句中不充当任何成分)。如:

He hasn't decided if he'll go on a trip to Wuxi.他还没决定是否去无锡旅行。 Could you tell me what I should do with the money ?你能告诉我我如何处理这笔钱吗?

4)连接词+名词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词有:what,which,how many,how much,how等。如:

Do you know which class he is in ?你知道他在哪个班吗?

She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。

2.连接词

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1)当由陈述句充当宾语从句时,用that引导,that无词义,在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如:

He said that he could finish his work before supper.他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。

2)当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时,用if或whether引导,意为―是否‖。如: I don't know if /whether he still lives here after so many years.

但在下列情况下只能用whether:

① 在具有选择意义,又有or或or not时,尤其是直接与or not连用时,往往用whether(if…or not也可以使用)。如:

Let me know whether /if he will come or not.(=Let me know whethe or not he will come)

I don't know whether/if he does any washing or not.(=I don't know whether or not he does any washing.)

I wonder whether we stay or whether we go.

② 在介词之后用whether。如:

I'm interested in whether he likes English.我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。 We're thinking about whether we can finish the work on time.

I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.我担心是否伤了她的感情。

③ 在不定式前用whether。如:

He hasn't decided whether to visit the old man.他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人。 I don't know whether to go.我不知去否。

He hasn't decided whether to go by bus or by train.他还未决定是乘公共汽车去还是坐火车去。

④ whether置于句首时,不能换用if。如:

Whether this is true or not,I can't say.这是否真的我说不上来。

⑤引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether。如:

Whether she will come or not is still a question.她是否能来还是个问题。

The question is whether we can catch the bus.问题是我们能否赶上公共汽车。 ⑥ 若用if会引起歧义时,则用whether。如:

Please let me know if you like the book.可理解为:a. Please let me know whether you like the book.请告诉我你是否喜欢这本书。B. If you like the book, please let me know.你如果喜欢这本书,请告诉我。

3)如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句,只需用原来的特殊疑问词引导。如:

Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning?

3.时态

含宾语从句的复合句,主、从句谓语动词的时态呼应应包括以下三点内容:

1)如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词可根据需要,选用相应的任何时态。如:

I don't know when he will come back.我不知道他将何时回来。

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He tells me that his sister came back yesterday.他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。

2)如果主句的谓语动词是过去时,宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要,选用过去时态即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。如:

①The children didn't know who he was.孩子们不知道他是谁。

②He asked his father how it happened.他问他父亲这件事是如何发生的。

3)如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等,不管主句用什么时态,从句时态都用一般现在时。如:

The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说地球绕着太阳转。

4.注意:

if和when既可以引导宾语从句,也可以引导状语从句,应注意它们在两种从句中的意思和用法的不同。if和when引导宾语从句时,分别意为―是否‖和―何时‖,其时态应和主句时态相呼应;它们引导状语从句时,意思分别为―如果,假如‖和―当……时候‖,当主句时态是一般将来时时,其时态用一般现在时。它们常常放在含有状语从句和宾语从句的题干中进行综合考查。如:

—Do you know when he will come back tomorrow ?你知道他明天什么时候回来吗?

—Sorry, I don't know. When he comes back, I'll tell you. 对不起,不知道。当他回来了,我将告诉你。

—I don't know if he will come.我不知道他是否会来。

—He will come if it doesn't rain.如果不下雨,他会来的。

★宾语从句的复合句转化为简单句(六种方法),使其与原句意思相同(或相近)的试题。 方法一:当主句谓语动词是hope, decide, wish, choose, agree, promise(和主观决定有关)等,且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时,宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。例如:

Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon. →Li Ming hopes to be back very soon. We decided that we would help him. →We decided to help him.

方法二:当主句谓语动词是know, learn, remember, forget, tell(和记忆认知有关)等动词,且主句主语与从句主语一致时,宾语从句可简化为―疑问词+不定式‖结构。例如:

She has forgotten how she can open the window. →She has forgotten how to open the window.

注:当主句谓语动词是tell, ask, show, teach等动词,且后带双宾语,从句主语和间接宾语一致时,宾语从句可简化为―疑问词+不定式‖结构。例如:

Could you tell me how I can get to the station? →Could you tell me how to get to the station?

方法三:当主句的谓语动词是order(命令),require(需要)等时,如果主句和从句的主语不一致,宾语从句可简化为―名词(代词)+不定式‖结构。例如:The headmaster ordered that we should start at once. → The headmaster ordered us to start at once. 28

方法四:某些动词后的宾语从句,可以用介词加动名词(短语)等其他形式简化。例如: He insisted that he should go with us. →He insisted on going with us. The poor boy doesn’t know when and where he was born. →The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of his birth.

方法五:某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为―宾语+V-ing形式(作宾语补足语)‖结构。例如:Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground. → Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.

方法六:动词seem后的宾语从句,也可以用不定式(短语)来简化,但句型需要进行适当的变化。例如:It seemed that the boys were going to win. →The boys seemed to win.

除上述方法外,还有一些特殊句式的转化。例如:

I found that it was difficult to learn English well. →I found it difficult to learn English well.

Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow. →Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.

They found that the box was very heavy. →They found the box very heavy

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初中英语语法归纳:状语从句

为了提高同学们的英语复习效率,中国教育在线整理了初中英语语法之状语从句,状语从句是用来修饰主句中的动词,副词和形容词的从句。根据其含义状语从句可分为时间状语从句,地点状语从句,条件状语从句, 原因状语从句,结果状语从句,比较状语从句,目的状语从句,让步状语从句。

1. 时间状语从句

(1)时间状语从句常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as等连词来引导。例如:

It was raining hard when got to school yesterday.

While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang.

As he walked along the lake, he sang happily.

He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China.

After he finished middle school, he went to work in a factory.

(2)在时间状语从句里,通常不用将来时态,用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如: I’ll ring you up as soon as I get to New York.

I will tell him everything when he comes back.

He won’t believe it until he sees it with his own eyes.

(3)在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里,如果主句用肯定式,其含义是―一直到……时‖,谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式,其含义是―直到……才……‖, ―在……以前不……‖, 谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如:

The young man read till the light went out.

Let’s wait until the rain stops.

We won’t start until Bob comes.

Don’t get off until the bus stops.

2. 条件状语从句

(1)条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导。例如:

What shall we do if it snows tomorrow?

Don’t leave the building unless I tell you to.

(2)在条件状语从句里,谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如: I’ll help you with your English if am free tomorrow.

He won’t be late unless he is ill.

(3)―祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句‖ 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如:

Hurry up, or you’ll be late.

=If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late.

Study hard and you will pass the exam.

=If you study hard, you will pass the exam.

3. 原因状语从句

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(1)原因状语从句通常由because, since, as引导。例如:

He didn’t come to school because he was ill.

As it is raining, we shall not go the zoo.

Since you can’t answer the question, I’ll ask someone else.

(2)because表示直接原因,语气最强。Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问题,只能用because。As和since语气较弱,一般用来表示明显的原因。由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首。例如:

------Why aren’t going there?

------Because I don’t want to.

As he has no car, he can’t get there easily.

Since we have no money, we can’t buy it.

(3)because和so不能同用在一个句子里。

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初中英语语法归纳:一般现在时

英语语法一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作,或表示现在的特征或状态。那么,英语一般现在时的句子结构和语法特点是怎样的呢?下面为您讲解一下。

其动词形式是:动词原形(只有第三人称单数作主语时除外,要加-s)其疑问句和否定句需要用助动词do或does

1) 肯定句用行为动词原形表示

They get up very early every morning. 他们每天早晨起来很早。

I visit my grandparents four times a month. 我一个月去看望祖父母四次。

2) 否定句用don’t + 动词原形来表示

We do not go shopping on Sundays. 我们周日不去购物。

I don’t think you like this colour. 我想你不喜欢这个颜色。

3) 一般疑问句则是把助动词do提前至句首,后面动词用原形。回答时,肯定用 ―Yes, 主语+do‖;否定句用 ―No, 主语+don’t‖。

–Do they go to school at seven o’clock? 他们七点去上学吗?

--Yes, they do.

--Do you like this skirt? 你喜欢这条裙子吗?

--No, I don’t. 不,我不喜欢。

一般现在时用来表示经常的或习惯性的动作,常与以下的时间状语连用:often 经常,always 总是,sometimes 有时,usually 通常,every day/ week 每天/ 周等。 He usually goes to school by bike. 通常他骑车上学。

I visit my grandparents every week. 我每个星期都去看祖父母。 She is always late for class. 她总是上课迟到。

My parents and I sometimes go out to eat. 我和父母有时出去吃饭。 It often rains here. 这儿常常下雨。

主语为第三人称单数时的一般现在时

一般现在时态,当主语为第三人称单数时,谓语动词也要是第三人称单数,后要加-s或-es。

He likes reading at night. 他喜欢夜里读书。

She usually goes to school by bike. 她平时骑车上学。

The little cat drinks milk every day. 小猫每天都喝牛奶。

转换成否定句要加doesn’t,其后的动词用原形。

Kelly doesn’t get up early on Saturdays and Sundays. 凯丽星期六星期天起床不早。

He doesn’t feel well today. 他今天感觉不舒服。

转换成一般疑问句,句首用Does,其后的动词用原形。

Does he have lunch at school? 他在学校吃午饭吗?

Does it take long by train? 乘火车要很长时间吗?

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初中英语语法归纳:一般将来时

英语语法一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作,事情或存在的状态,也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作或事情。那么,英语一般将来时的句子结构和语法特点是怎样的呢?下面为您讲解一下。

1)will/shall+动词原形 shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。will not=won't shall not=shan't例如: Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?

Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗?

2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。

a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?

b. 计划,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。

c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。

3) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如:

We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。

4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。例如:

He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。

注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。

Notice:be to和be going to

be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如: I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排) I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排)

5)现在进行时表将来时

下列动词的现在进行时表示将来时

go.come.fly.leave.start.begin.finish.end.arrive and so on.

she is leaving for Wuhan tomorrow.

6)一般现在时表将来

1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如:

The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。

When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。

2)以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。

一般将来时常见结构大比拼

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1. ―be going to+动词原形‖结构用来表示按照主观意图打算或按计划,安排将要做的事,有―打算、就要‖的意思。也常用于表示从迹象上表明将要发生的事情,多指个人主观臆断的推测。如:Look at the clouds. It’s going to rain. 看这些云,要下雨了。

2. ―shall或will+动词原形‖指对将来事物近期或远期的预见,表达个人主观意图以及征求对方意见或表示客气的邀请。在书面语中,shall多用于第一人称;在口语中,will可以用于任何人称。如:I shall/will show my photos to you next Monday. 我下周一给你看我的照片。

句型转换

1. ―be going to+动词原形‖结构的一般疑问句是将be的相应形式前移到句首,即―Are/Is/Am+主语+going to+动词原形+其它?‖。其否定句是在be动词的相应形式后加not.如:

(1)They are going to play football this afternoon.(肯定句)

(2)Are they going to play football this afternoon?(一般疑问句)

(3)They are not going to play football this afternoon. (否定句)

2. ―shall/will+动词原形‖结构的一般疑问句是将shall或will前移到句首,即―Shall/Will+主语+动词原形+其它?‖。其否定句是在shall或will后加not.如:

(1)Our teacher will come back very soon. (肯定句)

(2)Will our teacher come back very soon?(一般疑问句)

(3)Our teacher won’t come back very soon. (否定句)

一般将来时的用法

一般将来时的用法(1)

表示将要发生的动作。

Perhaps I shall (will) pay a visit to France this winter. 可能在今年冬天到法国观光。

We shan't (won’t) be free tomorrow. 们明天没空。

Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点你会在家吗?

The agreement will come into force next spring. 协议将在明年春天生效。 常用于此类情况的时间状语有:

1.表示未来的时间状语

tomorrow明天,next year明年,from now on从现在起,in a month一个月之后,in the future将来,等。

2.包含现在的时间状语

today今天,this evening今天晚上,this week这个星期,this month这个月,this year今年,等。

一般将来时的用法(2)

―be going to +不定式‖多用于口语中,表示打算、将要发生的事。

What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天你要干什么?

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We are going to visit the Summer Palace next week. 下个星期我们要去参观颐和园。

Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,暴风雨快来了。 一般将来时的用法(3)

―be +不定式‖表示安排或计划好了的动作。

When are they to hand in their plan? 他们的计划什么时候交上来?

The queen is to visit Japan next year. 女王将于明年访日。

一般将来时的用法(4) ―be about +不定式‖表示即将发生的动作。

He is about to retire. 他即将退休。 The English evening is about to begin. 英语晚会即将开始。

注意:be about to 一般不与时间状语连用。

一般将来时的用法(5)

come,go等动词用―一般现在时‖表示按规定、计划或时间表将要发生的事。 He starts next week. 他下个星期出发。

We leave very soon. 我们很快就离开。

The train starts at 10 o'clock in the morning. 火车将在早上10点开出。

这类用法限于表示"移动"的动词:come来,go去,leave离开,start出发,begin开始,arrive到达,depart离开,stay逗留,等。

一般将来时的用法(6)

come,go等动词在口语中用―现在进行时‖表示主语计划将要作的动作。

They are leaving for New York tomorrow. 明天他们将要动身前往纽约。 Is your brother departing soon? 你的兄弟很快就要启程吗?

这类情况常与come来,go去,leave离开,start开始,begin开始,arrive到达,depart离开,stay逗留,等动词连用。所用的动词必须是动作而不是状态,主语必须是人。 come,go等动词的用法比较

come,go等动词用―一般现在时‖表示按规定、计划或时间表将要发生的事。(较为严格,正式;主语可以是人,也可以是交通工具、会议、戏剧或电影。) come,go等动词在口语中用―现在进行时‖表示主语计划将要作的动作。(较为宽松,主语必须是人。) The train leaves the station at 11:20. 火车将在11点20分离站。

We are leaving for Boston next week. 我们将在下周前往波士顿。

What time does the film begin? 电影几点开映?

Is your sister staying here long? 你的姐妹在这儿会逗留很长时间吗?

He starts next week. 他下周出发。

She is departing soon. 她很快就要动身。

will和be going to的选用原则

1. 关于―打算‖

原先作好的打算用―be going to‖。

―Kate is in hospital.‖ ―Yes, I know. I am going to see her this afternoon.‖ 35

―凯特在住院。‖―是的,我知道。我下午要去看她。‖

说话时即时的打算用―will‖。

―Kate is in hospital.‖ ―Oh, really, I didn’t know. I will go and see her at once.‖ ―凯特在住院。‖―哦,是吗?我都不知道呢。我得马上去看她。‖

2. 关于―预料‖ 在有迹象表明的情况下的预料用―be going to‖

Look at the clouds. It’s going to rain. 你看天上的云。快下雨了。

My God! We are going to crash. 天哪!我们快撞车了。

在没有迹象表明的情况下进行的猜测用―will,be going to‖皆可。

I think the weather will be nice.

I think the weather is going to be nice. 我想天会晴朗。

Do you think the car will start?

Do you think the car is going to start? 你想车能发动起来吗?

当动词表示内心活动时,表示猜测的句子必须用―will‖

I think she will like the cake I made for her. 我想她会喜欢我为她做的蛋糕。 常和一般将来时连用的时间状语

表示将要发生的动作。

Perhaps I shall (will) pay a visit to France this winter. 我可能在今年冬天到法国观光。

We shan't (won’t) be free tomorrow. 我们明天没空。

Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点你会在家吗?

The agreement will come into force next spring. 协议将在明年春天生效。 常用于此类情况的时间状语有:

1.表示未来的时间状语

tomorrow明天,next year明年,from now on从现在起,in a month一个月之后,in the future将来,等。

today今天,this evening今天晚上,this week这个星期,this month这个月,this year今年,等。

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初中英语语法归纳:一般过去时

英语语法一般过去时表示过去某一时候或某一段时间所发生了的事情或存在的状态。那么,英语一般过去时的句子结构和语法特点是怎样的呢?下面为您讲解一下。

一、定义

一般过去时常与过去时间yesterday, this morning, just now, a moment ago, in May, last night / year / week, once upon a time, the other day, before …, when – clause, in the past连用。

如:What did you do yesterday? 昨天你干了什么?

I met Lin Tao this morning. 今天上午我会到了林涛。

I was there a moment ago. 刚才我在那儿

二、 用法说明

1表示在过去某个时间所发生的动作或所处的状态。 常与yesterday, last week, in 1989, just now, a moment ago, the other day等连用。

如:He was here just now. 他刚才还在这里。

What did you do yesterday? 你昨天做了什么事?

2在过去一段时间内的经常性或习惯性动作。

如:We often played together when we were children. 我们小时候常在一起玩。 注:表示过去经常发生的动作还可用used to 和would。

如:He used to smoke a lot, but he doesn’t now. 他过去经常抽烟,但现在不抽了。 Whenever we were in trouble, he would help us. 每当我们遇到困难,他都会帮助我们。

3表示主语过去的特征或性格。

如:At that time she was very good at English. 那时她英语学得很好。 4用在状语从句中表示过去将来。

如:He said he would wait until they came back.

5一般过去时有时可以表示现在,多与 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等动词连用,使语气更委婉。

如:I wondered if you could help me. 不知你能不能帮我一下。 有时用一般过去时也是时态一致的需要。

如:I didn’t know you were here. 没想到你在这里。

注意:

1. 表示一系列的动作,尽管有先后,都用一般过去时,最后两个动词之间用and连结。如: He opened the door, rushed out and then disappeared. 他打开门,冲了出去,然后就消失了。

2. 注意在语境中理解―我刚才/原来还不……‖。

如:—Your phone number again? I didn’t quite catch it. —It’s 2566666. 请再说一次你的电话号码,好吗?我刚才没听清楚。是2566666。

三、 一般过去时对谓语动词的要求

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一般过去时用动词的过去式构成。即一般过去时的谓语动词要用动词的过去式。动词过去式的构成分规则变化和不规则变化两种形式,不规则变化通常需要逐个记忆,规则变化则遵循以下原则:

(1) 一般在动词后加-ed。如:play—played, offer—offered, weigh—weighed, destroy— destroyed, sign—signed.

(2) 在以字母e结尾的动词后,只加-d。如:like—liked, provide—provided, hate — hated, date—dated。

(3) 在以―辅音字母+y‖结尾的动词后,则改y为i,再加—ed。如:supply—supplied, fly—flied, study— studied. (from )

(4) 在以单短元音的重读闭音节结尾且,末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词后,双写最后一个辅音字母,再加-ed。如:plan—planned, refer—referred, regret—regretted, ban—banned.

四、特别说明

有些动词的过去时,如:expect, hope, intend, plan, wanted 等一般过去时,后接不定式的完成时;或它们的过去完成时接不定式的一般式,都可表示过去未曾实现的意图、打算或希望。

如:I hoped to have been invited to his wedding party. —I had hoped to be invited to his wedding ceremony. 我本希望他来邀请我参加他的婚礼。

I intended to have joined their games. —I had intended to join their games. 我本打算参加他们的比赛。

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初中英语语法归纳:现在进行时

英语语法现在时表示现在成为习惯或经常性的动作,进行时则表示现在正在进行的动作。那么,英语现在进行时的句子结构和语法特点是怎样的呢?下面为您讲解一下。

一、现在进行时用法:

1,表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作。

Please don't make so much noise. I'm writing a composition. 不要吵闹。我正在写作文。 Let's set off. It isn’t raining now. 咱们出发吧。现在不下雨了。

这类情况常与now现在,at the present现在,at the moment现在,today今天,this week这个星期,this year今年等时间状语连用。有时通过上下文可以判断出应采用何种时态,如: It's four o'clock in the afternoon. The children are playing football on the sports ground. 现在是下午四点。孩子们在操场上踢足球。

Hurry up! We are all waiting for you. 快点!我们大家都等着你。

Look! They are reading over there under the tree. 看!他们在那边的树底下看书。 Listen! She is singing in the room. 听!她在房间里唱歌。

Where is Kate? She is reading in the room. 凯特在哪里?她在房间里看书。 Why are you crying? Is something wrong? 为什么哭呢?有什么不对?

2,表示现阶段正在进行而说话时不一定在进行的动作。

We are working in a factory these days. 这几天我们在一家工厂工作。 They are compiling a dictionary. 他们在编一本词典。

这类情况常与today今天,this week这个星期,this evening今天晚上,these days现在、目前等时间状语连用。

3,在口语中表示主语计划将要作的动作。

They are leaving for New York tomorrow. 明天他们将要动身前往纽约。 Is your brother departing soon? 你的兄弟很快就要启程吗?

这类情况常与come来,go去, leave离开,depart离开,arrive到达,stay逗留,start开始等动词连用。所用的动词必须是动作而不是状态,主语必须是人。 4,现在进行时与always等副词连用时带有感情色彩。

He's always quarrelling with others. 他老喜欢跟别人吵架。

She is constantly worrying about her son's health. 她不停地为她儿子的健康担心着。 The boy is forever asking questions. 那个男孩老是问问题。

这类情况常与always总是,usually通常,continually不断的,constantly经常的,forever永远、老是等副词连用。

5,有的现在进行时句子和一般现在时同义。用现在进行时表示问者的关切心情。 How are you feeling today? (How do you feel today?)你今天感觉如何? I am looking (look)forward to your next visit. 我盼望你下次再来。

Why are you looking(do you look)so sad? 为什么你看起来这么愁眉苦脸的样子呢?

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6,有的动词用于现在进行时表示―逐渐‖的含义。此种用法除了偶尔和now连用外,一般不和其他时间副词连用的。

Our study is becoming more interesting. 我们的学习变得越来越有趣了。 The leaves are turning red. 树叶渐渐地变红了。 The war is ending. 战争接近尾声了。 Wait a moment; I am finishing my supper. 等一会儿,我的晚饭就要吃完了。 适合于此种用法的动词有:bet/grow/become/turn/run/go变成,begin开始,forget忘记,remember记得,die死,finish完成,find发现,rise增强等.

7,―be‖动词的现在进行时。―be‖动词用于现在进行时表示说话者认为是短暂的、和平常不一样的、甚至是伪装的。 He is being foolish. 他在装傻。 He is being honest. 他表现得特别老实。 She is being rude. 她故意表现粗鲁。

I can't understand why he is being so selfish.我不明白此时他为何如此自私。 适合于此种用法的有:foolish愚蠢的,nice好的,kind好心的,careful细心的,patient耐心的,lazy懒惰的,silly傻的,rude粗鲁的,polite礼貌的,impolite无礼的等表示人的特性、性格的形容词。(―be‖动词用于现在进行时表示人的行为,纯粹表示心理或生理的状态而不带有行动时或主语不是人时,―be‖动词不能用于现在进行时)如: I am happy.(表语是纯粹的心理状态,不可用am being) 我很快乐。

He's tired.(表语是纯粹的生理状态,不可用is being) 他很疲倦。

It's hot today.(主语不是人,不可用is being) 今天很热。

常和现在进行时连用的时间状语

用法实例:

(1)当句子中有now时,常表示动作正在进行,这时要用现在进行时。如: They are playing basketball now.现在他们正在打篮球。

(2)以look, listen开头的句子,提示我们动作正进行,这时要用现在进行时。如: Listen!She is singing an English song.听,她正在唱英语歌。

(3)表示当前一段时间或现阶段正在进行的动作,且此时有this week, these days等时间状语,这时常用现在进行时。如:

We are making model planes these days.这些天我们在做飞机模型。

(4)描述图片中的人物的动作,也为了表达更生动。此时也常用现在进行时。如: Look at the picture. The children are flying kites in the park.看这幅图,那些孩子正在公园放风筝。

二、一般结构:

肯定句式:主语+be( am, is, are)+现在分词+其它.

否定句式:主语+be(am, is, are) +not +现在分词+其它.

一般疑问句:Be(am, is, are) +主语+现在分词+其它?

特殊疑问句:疑问词+be(am, is, are)+主语+现在分词+其它?

对一般疑问句作答,肯定回答:yes,主语+be,否定回答:no,主语+be not

对现在进行时的特殊疑问句的回答,它不可以用Yes或No直接作答,要根据实际情况回答。

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Eg:They are working these days. He is buying a bike.

They aren’t working these days. He isn’t buying a bike.

Are they working these days? Is he buying a bike? What are they doing these days? What is he doing ?

现在分词的变法有

1、一般在动词词尾加上-ing

Jump——jumping go——going pushing——pushing play——playing

2、以不发音字母e结尾的动词,先去e,再加-ing.

Take——takeing leave——leaving write——writing have——having

3、.以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的词,它前面是单个元音字母时要先将词尾的辅音字母双写,再加上-ing.

Cut—cutting put—putting stop—stopping fit—fitting begin—beginning forget—forgetting 4.以ie结尾的词,将ie变为y再加ing Lie—lying

41

初中英语语法归纳:现在完成时

英语语法现在时表示在过去发生但与现在情况有联系的动作或状态的时态。那么,英语现在完成时的句子结构和语法特点是怎样的呢?下面为您讲解一下。

1、现在完成时的构成:

现在完成时是由―助动词have/has+动词过去分词‖构成的。

①助动词have/has可以与主语缩写为’ve/’s。

e.g. I have → I’ve We have → We’ve He has → He’s It has → It’s ②规则变化的过去分词与动词过去式一样。

③不规则变化的动词过去分词见表。

2、现在完成时的基本句型。

①陈述句肯定形式。

e.g. I have had lunch. 我已经吃过午饭了。

He has gone to Beijing. 他去北京了。

②陈述句否定形式。(在助动词have/has后+not,可缩写为haven’t/hasn’t) e.g. I haven’t had lunch. 我还未吃午饭。

He hasn’t gone to Beijing. 他还没有去北京。

③一般疑问句形式及其答语。(将助动词have/has提前,答语一般用have, has回答) e.g. Have you had lunch? 你吃过午饭了没? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t. Has he gone to Beijing? 他去过北京了没有? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t. 否定回答还可以用:No, not yet. / No, never. / No, not even once等。 ④特殊疑问句形式。(疑问词+一般疑问句)

e.g. Where has he gone? 他去了哪里?

3、现在完成时的三个基本用法。

(1) 现在完成时的第一个基本用法表示过去发生或已完成的某一个动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

e.g. Have you had lunch? Yes, I have. I’ve just had it. 你吃过午饭没?有,吃过了,我刚刚吃的。(影响及结果:我现在饱了,不需要了)

He has gone to Beijing. 他已经去北京了。(影响及结果:他人现在不在这里了) 该用法常already(已经), never(从不), ever(曾经), yet(仍然), just(刚刚), before(以前)等副词(作状语)连用。

① already, just, ever, never常用于助动词之后,实义动词之前。 already, just多用于肯定陈述句。

e.g. She has already finished her work. 她早已干完了活。

Would you like to go to see the film? No, I’ve seen it already.不,我已经看过了。(already偶尔会出现于句末)

They have just won a game. 他们刚刚赢了一场比赛。

有时already可以用于疑问句,表示期待肯定回答,或表示惊讶、意外。 42

e.g. Have you finished reading the book already? 你真的已经读完这本书了?(表示惊讶)

ever多用于疑问句,问初次经历。

e.g. Have you ever spoken to a foreigner? 你跟外国人讲过话吗?(问初次经历) never多用于否定陈述句(注:本身表示否定意义)

e.g. He has never done such a thing, has he? 他从来没有做过这样的事,不是吗?(否定)

② yet一般用于疑问句(已经)或否定句(还),常位于句末。

e.g. Have you got ready yet? 你已经准备好了吗? He hasn’t finished his homework yet. 他还没完成作业。

③ before一般位于句末。

e.g. I have never seen the film before. 以前我从未看过那部电影。 现在完成时的第一种用法常与以上的副词连用,因此这些词有时可以作为现在完成时的标志词。

(2) 现在完成时的第二个基本用法表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。该用法常和表示过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用。

①与for +一段时间连用,表示多久。

e.g. He has learned English for two years. 他已经学习两年英语了。

I have been here for three days. 我在这里已经3天了。

②与since +时间(起点)连用,表示自…以来。

e.g. His father has worked in that factory since 1991. 他爸爸自19xx年以来都在这家工厂工作。

I’ve had a cold since last Friday. 自上星期五起我就感冒了。

③与since +一段时间+ ago连用,表示自…以前就…。

e.g. Jim has waited there since half an hour ago. 吉姆自半个小时前就已经在那里等候了。

He has stayed here since three weeks ago. 他在这儿已呆了三个星期。 ④与since +从句(从句用一般过去时)连用,表示自某事发生后就一直…。

e.g.The Greens have lived in Beijng since they came to China. 格林一家自从来到中国后就一直住在北京。

I’ve known her since I came to work here. 自从我来这里工作就认识他了。

(3) 现在完成时的第三个基本用法表示到现在为止这一时期中多次动作的总和或所做过的工作的量的积累。

e.g. I have been to Beijing twice. 我去过北京两次。

We’ve learnt five English songs this year. 今年我们学了五首英语歌曲。 How many pages of the book have you read? 这本书你读了多少页了?

4、延续性与非延续性动词在现在完成时态中的使用。

(1)有一些动词是瞬间动词,也叫非延续性动词,这些动词一发生就结束了,常见的有:come, go, arrive, reach, leave, begin, start, buy, join, die, borrow, get up, become, 43

open, stop等。这些动词虽然可以用于现在完成时(说明某个动作的结果还存在),但由于它们不能延续,因此不能跟表示一段的时间状语连用。(也即现在完成时的第二个基本用法中不能使用非延续性动词)。

e.g. Jim has come back. (正) 吉姆已经回来了。

Jim has come back for a month. (误) come back的动作不能延续一个月,因此错误。

(2)瞬间动词不可以用于有段时间的现在完成时态中,因此,若要解决这一问题,就应把它改为相应的延续性动词或短语,主要有以下几种:

①用相应的延续性动词

如: buy → have borrow → keep come/go/become → be put on → wear catch a cold → have a cold ②转换成be+名词

如: join → be a member of go to school → be a student ③转换成be+形容词或副词

如: die → be dead leave → be away begin → be on finish → be over fall asleep — be asleep open → be open get up → be up close → closed ④转换成be+介词短语 如: come to/go to/arrive in (at)/get to/reach …→ be in/at… join the army → be in the army(军队)

e.g. I have borrowed the book. 我已经借了那本书。

I have kept the book for two days. 我已经借那本书两天了。

Jim has joined the band. 吉姆已经加入那乐队了。

Jim has been a member of the band for a month. 吉姆已经加入那个乐队一个月了。

His grandfather has died. 他祖父已经死了。

His grandfather has been dead for 2 years. 他祖父已经死了两年了。

My father has arrived in China. 我父亲已经到达中国了。

My father has been in China for a week. 我父亲已经在中国一个星期了。

(3)在否定句中,非延续性动词也可以与时间段连用。

e.g. I haven’t borrowed books from the library since last year. 自去年以来我就没有在图书馆借过书。

Jim hasn’t come back for a year. 吉姆已有一年没回来了。

6、现在完成时的几种常见的句型转换。

现在完成时可以转化成一般过去时,还可以转化成―It is/has been +时间段+since从句(用一般过去时)‖等句型。

e.g. Jim has been back for a month. 吉姆已经回来一个月了。 = Jim came back a month ago. 吉姆一个月前就回来了

= It is/has been a month since Jim came back. 自吉姆回来已经有一个月了。 = A month has passed since Jim came back. I have kept the book for two days. = I borrowed the book two days ago.

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= It is / has been two days since I borrowed the book. = Two days has passed since I borrowed the book.

7、现在完成时和一般过去时的区别:

现在完成时强调的是过去的动作对现在的影响,它和现在有密切的联系。现在完成时经常会出现下列的标志词。

如:already, yet, just, ever, never, several times, before, so far, for +时间段, since +时间点或从句等。一般过去时强调的是动作发生的时间、地点,不涉及对现在的影响,所以凡含有表示过去的时间状语的句子,都必须用一般过去时,不能用现在完成时。

45

初中英语语法归纳:过去完成时

英语语法过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。那么,英语现在完成时的句子结构和语法特点是怎样的呢?下面为您讲解一下。

一、过去完成时的结构特点

概念:过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,即―过去的过去( past-in-the-past )‖。

----|-------------------------- |-------------------------------|----------------------------> 过去完成时 过去时 现在进行时

构成:过去完成时由―助动词 had + 过去分词‖构成,其中 had 通用于各种人称。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. She had finished writing the composition by 10 :00 this morning.

二、过去完成时的判断依据

1. 由时间状语来判定

一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有: ( 1 ) by + 过去的时间点。如:

I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.

( 2 ) by the end of + 过去的时间点。如:

We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. ( 3 ) before + 过去的时间点。如:

They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

2. 由―过去的过去‖来判定。 过去完成时表示―过去的过去‖,是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在:

( 1 )宾语从句中,当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 如: She said that she had seen the film before.

( 2 )状语从句中,在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。

如: When I got to the station, the train had already left. After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.

注意: before, after ,as soon as引导的时间状语从句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系,若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连,则主、从句都用一般过去时。如:

Where did you study before you came here?

After he closed the door, he left the classroom.

(3)表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"

We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 3. 根据上、下文来判定。 46

I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.

三、过去完成时的主要用法

1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束,即发生在―过去的过去‖。如:

When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 我醒来时,雨已经停了。(主句的动作发生在―过去的过去‖)

2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态,表示的是―过去的过去‖,只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如:

He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 )

3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用,它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。

47

初中英语语法归纳:过去进行时

英语语法过去进行时,是表示过去某个具体时刻正在进行的事情或动作。那么,英语过去进行时的句子结构和语法特点是怎样的呢?下面为您讲解一下。

(一)定义

过去进行时,是表示过去某个具体时刻正在进行的事情或动作。

(二)结构

was/were +doing (现在分词)

(三)用法

1、过去进行时表示过去某段时间内持续进行的动作或者事情。常用的时间状语this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while

例如: (1)We were watching TV from seven to nine last night. 昨天晚上七点到九点的时候我们在看电视。

(2)What was he researching all day last Sunday? 上周日他一整天都在研究什么?

(3)My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我哥哥骑自行车的时候从车上摔下来,受伤了。

(4)It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站的时候天正在下雨。

(5)When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 当我到达山顶的时候,阳光灿烂。

2. 过去进行时可以表示在过去某个时间点发生的事情。时间点可以用介词短语、副词或从句来表示。如:

What was she doing at nine o'clock yesterday?昨天晚上九点她在做什么? (介词短语表示时间点)

When I saw him he was decorating his room.当我看见他的时候他正在装饰房间。 (when从句表示时间点)

3. 在复合句中,如果主要动作和背景动作都是延续的或同时发生的,那么主从句的动词都可用过去进行时。例如:

While he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper. 他边等车边看报。 (两个动作都是延续的)

He was cleaning his car while I was cooking. 他擦车时我在做饭。(两个动作同时进行)

4、表示在过去即将发生的动作。如:

She asked him whether he was coming back for supper.

5、表示过去的反复性或习惯性的动作,常与副词

always,constantly,continually,frequently等连用,常常带有说话人的某种感情色彩。如: His mother was always working like that.他目前总是那样工作。 48

6. 通常不能用于过去进行时的动词主要有:agree, be, believe, belong, care, forget, hate, have(拥有), hear, know, like, love, mean, mind, notice, own, remember, seem, suppose, understand, want, wish等。

49

初中英语语法归纳:过去将来时

英语语法过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。那么,英语过去将来时的句子结构和语法特点是怎样的呢?下面为您讲解一下。

一、定义

过去将来时常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。过去将来时常用―would + 动词原形‖或―was / were going to + 动词原形‖来表达。

初中英语语法归纳

过去将来时的基本特征,也就是我么年今天所谈到的―立足过去,着眼未来‖。它表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的某个动作或存在的某种状态。

例如:Mary told me that she would go to Shanghai by plane. 玛丽告诉我说她将要坐飞机去上海。

二、用法

1. 表示从过去某个时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。

I didn’t know when he would go to the park.

He said that he would wait for me at the school gate.

此种情况常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。用―was / were going to + 动词原形‖,―was / were about to + 动词原形‖表示将来的动作或状态。

She told me she was going to fly to Yunnan.

I was about to leave the house when the telephone rang.

50

和一般将来时一样,也可用相应的其他形式表示。

2.过去进行时态有时可用来表示过去将来。

He said the train was leaving at

five the next morning. He said he was coming to see me.

常见于come, go等瞬间动词。

(1)基本构成——

A ) would + 动词原形

如:He asked me if I would stay here. 他问我是否要待在这儿。

B ) was / were going to + 动词原形

如:No one knew when he was going to finish his homework. 没有人知道他什么时候会完成作业。

C ) was/ were ( about ) to + 动词原形

如:He said that they were to leave at six. 他说他们将于6点动身。

She said that the meeting was about to begin. 她说会议就要开始了

D) come, go, arrive, leave, die 等瞬时动词,用在过去进行时态中表示过去将来。 如:She told us that she was leaving for Yunnan. 她告诉我们她将要去云南。

(2)基本用法——

A ) 主句为过去时,宾语从句常表示将要发生的事情。

如:Nobody knew what would happen after a hundred years.没有人知道一百年之后将会发生什么事。

We wanted to know whether she was going to speak at the meeting. 我们想知道她是否准备在会上发言。

B ) 在叙述过去的事情或事情发生的经过时,用过去将来时表示在当时看将来会发生的事。

如:It was a Sunday afternoon. A young woman named Maria had just left school.

一个星期天的下午,一位名叫玛丽亚的年轻人刚离开学校。

He was going to start to work the next week, so she decided to buy some new clothes and a new pair of shoes. 因为她准备下周开始工作,所以,决定买些新衣服和一双新鞋子。

C ) 过去将来时还可以用来表示非真实的动作或状态。

如:If I had a chance to study abroad, I would study at Harvard University.如果我有机会出国学习的话,我就会去哈佛大学。

I wish he would go with me to the cinema tonight. 今晚他能和我一起去看电影就好了。

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