天津职业技术师范大学

毕业设计（论文）中期报告

注：本表格同毕业设计（论文）一同装订成册，由所在学院归档保存。

第二篇：英语专业文学方向毕业论文 .

武汉轻工大学

毕业论文

设计（论文）题目： 从德伯家的苔丝中看女性主义

院 （系）： 外国语言文学系

专 业： 英 语

姓 名： 刘 小 红

学 号： 101001304

指导教师： 秦 治 全___

20xx年 06 月 2 日

A Thesis

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the B.A. Degree in Foreign Language and Literature.

By

Liu Xiaohong

Undergraduate Program

Department of English Language and Literature

Wuhan Polytechnic University

Supervisor: Academic Title:

Approved

June 2, 2014

Contents

Abstract ………………………………...................…………………….....….…i 摘要……….............................………………………………………................... ii Acknowledgements………………… …………………………………….…….iii

I Introduction…………………………………………………...………...……..1

1.1 The foreign situation of the research………………………………… …………….….....1

1.2The domestic situation of the research……………………………..…….……………..…2

1.3 Significance and purpose of the essay………………………………..................……..….2

II.Brief Information about feminism……………………..…….........................4

2.1.The definition of feminism . ……………………………….........................................4

2.2. The origin and development of feminism ………………………....…….................4

2.3.The significance of feminism in modern age ………………………………………5 III.Female images of Tess in Hardy's novels ……………....................................7

3.1.Nature's daughter--Tess .…………………………………………………….......…..……..7

3.2.Pessimism and fatalism of Hardy .. ..…………………................................……………....9

3.3The essential reasons of Tess' s tragedy.............................………………………………....11

IV. The Feminism Messages Conveyed in the Images of Tess………........…....14

4.1.Tess?s characteristics reflect the social culture of female........................................................

4.2.Tess' s rebellion against the patriarchal society and social customs....................................... V.The Modern Enlightenment of Feminism from Tess..............................................

5.1.Female independence on both material and spirit.....................................................................

5.2.Social system should promote the harmony and equality between two genders.......................

VI. Conclusion..........................................................................................................16

VII.Bibliography....................................................……………………....…….....18

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Abstract

Tess of the D’urbervilles is hardy's masterpiece, it describes the tragic fate of the a rural girl. Hardy regards the heroine in the novel's subtitle is "a pure woman", challenging the social morality of hypocrisy in the Victorian era in the public . The heroine ,Tess was born in a poor family working as a vendor, her parents asked her to go to a rich old woman's house to climb relatives.As a result she was seduced and raped by the young master Alec,later she had an engagement with a priest, the son of Claire.At their wedding night she confessed to her husband her past misfortunes but her husband could not forgive her,so they separated, her husband went to Brazil, a few years later, Tess met Alec again, the latter began to pester her, at this time her family poor conditions forced her to dwell with the enemy, Claire soon returned home from abroad, said to his wife his past remorse callous, in this case, what made Tess felt painfully is that Alec let her lose Angel again,then killed Alec angrily. At last she was arrested and was hanged. Hardy tells us that a female tragic story, but the novel is brimming with feminist thoughts, showing us an independent ,self-improvement, yearning for a main kind of economic independence, hardworking female image.

Key Words: Thomas.hardy; Tess; independence; feminism

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摘要

《德伯家的苔丝》是哈代的代表作,它描写了一位农村姑娘的悲惨命运。哈代在小说的副标题中称女主人公为“一个纯洁的女人”，公开地向维多利亚时代虚伪的社会道德挑战。女主人公苔丝生于一个贫苦小贩家庭，父母要她到一个富老太婆家去攀亲戚，结果她被少爷亚历克诱奸，后来她与牧师的儿子克莱尔恋爱并订婚，在新婚之夜她把昔日的不幸向丈夫坦白，却没能得到原谅，两人分居，丈夫去了巴西，几年后，苔丝再次与亚历克相遇，后者纠缠她，这时候她因家境窘迫不得不与仇人同居，不久克莱尔从国外回来，向妻子表示悔恨自己以往的冷酷无情，在这种情况下，苔丝痛苦地觉得是亚历克·德伯使她第二次失去了安吉尔便愤怒地将他杀死。最后她被捕并被处以绞刑。哈代虽然向我们讲述的是一个女性悲剧故事，但不乏女性主义思想，展现了一位独立自强、向往主球经济独立的善良、勤劳的女性形象。

关键词：托马斯.哈代；苔丝；独立；女性主义

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Acknowledgements

This thesis concludes my university study for several years. I would like to thank all my teachers in the Foreign Languages and Literature Department of Wuhan Polytechnic University; to whom I owe much of my knowledge in the English language, linguistics, literature, and especially in the literature appreciation.

Firstly and foremost, my heartfelt thanks go to my supervisor, Mr. Qin, who has led me into the field of literature studies by her systematic and effective expert guidance and has been extremely supportive throughout this research. His guidance has broadened my horizon in this realm, her profound learning has strengthened my interest in literature studies and his enlightening advice and help have been so important in rendering the present research possible as well as worthy of conducting. Most important of all, his patience and constant encouragement helped me drag through the numerous difficulties I have been confronted with in writing and revising this thesis.

Secondly, I will thank Mr.Wang, whose lectures arouse my interest in literature. I benefited a lot from his lessons. And I also have been inspired by his scientific spirit.

I am also obliged to my friends, classmates and roommates especially, who have been accompanying me and providing me with much help which will be remembered in my whole life. I am also grateful to all those who have devoted much of their precious time to reading this thesis and offered me much beneficial advice.

Last but not the least, my sincere gratitude for my parents? love, support and companionship in my life, extends beyond words.

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I. Introduction Thomas hardy is one of the outstanding writers in the history of English literature, the main purpose of his generation of literary creation is depicting the real life,and depicting the characters in his novels,which fully follows the principle of realism. His characters are the ordinary people in society, there exist the weakness of human nature. For the sake of art ,he is not willing to make him an outright thug. All the figures in his works are humane, even the Alec in the Tess of the D’urbervilles is no exception. He tells us the relationship between man and nature, men and women ,which attracts much attention among all folks of people.He is good at catching women' s subtle psychological activities and harmony between human beings and nature, and the women' s inner emotional world and the change of fate.can be reflected through nature. He calls for social care and respect for women which reflects the feminist color, he plays an important role in promoting the progress of social thought,wether in the past ages or in the modern society,it has a great historical significance in the real society, helping to build a human society with harmony and equality between genders.

1.1The foreign situation of the research

Hardy was a great critical realist in the late 19th century.He was born in 1840 and died in 1928.During this period,industrial revolution took place in Britain,which promoted the development of science and technology,thereupon,the realistic writer,Hardy was famous in that age.There are many foreign experts paying attention to the study of Hardy's outstanding work,Tess of the D’urbervilles in the late 19th century.In 1894,Lionel.P.John issued the "Thomas hardy's art"as the first to study hardy's collection,the book of hardy's thoughts and art to carry on a various research.The 20th century,hardy's research in the western presents various situations,flowers collective sum up mainly in the following aspects:1.the research of hardy's philosophical ideas;2.the analysis on character in hardy's fiction 5

image,Virginia Woolf' s "on Thomas hardy's novels" points out,hardy has a strong ideological force,a profound poetic and characteristics of human concern,especially to women has been shaping another peak in the literary.

There are a lot of articles about Tess,the most positive of the early academic analyses the novel's theme is entitled:"the nature novel from hardy to Larence"(1997).It was written by John Alcorn who concluded the theme as the criticism of social background Victorian time. So the root of Tess tragedy can be concluding as Tess' s unfaithfulness in a transitional social period.Tess of the D’urbervilles could be regarded as the summit of hardy's realism novel in a transitional period.

All in all,there are many different opinions about Tess,each has meaningful basis.As a new woman born in a poor family and a conventional society,it si hard for her to become a sound and perfect woman,so we can learn much about feminism from Tess of the D’urbervilles,it is indeed a classic work in the world.

II．A Brief Introduction about Feminism 2.1.The definition of feminism

Feminism, also known as the feminist movement and women' s rights,which means a social theory and political movement to end the sexism, sex exploitation and oppression, promoting equality and harmony between genders. Except in the criticism of social relations, feminists also focuses on the analysis of the gender inequality and the improvement of the rights, interests and issues for the people who live in the least bottom of society such as some women and transgenders.

Feminism is the historical language in the initial stage of feminism, but both of them is the same from the nature.Feminists? values are based on that, the current 6

society was founded on the center of the man patriarchal system.Feminist theory aims to understanding the nature of inequality and emphatically in sexual politics, power relations, sexuality and sexual consciousness.Their political action challenges many rights ,such as reproductive rights, abortion rights, education, family violence,

maternity leave, salary equality, voting rights, representation (politics says), sexual harassment, discrimination and issues of sexual violence, and so on,exploring the theme of discrimination, stereotyping, materialized objects(especially about sexual objectification), body, oppression and patriarchy.

2.1.The origin and development of feminism

In the point of view of modern philosophy and social movements, feminism often originated from the enlightenment thinkers in the 18th century. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman written by Mary Wollstonecraft is is one of the feminism works before 19th century . Mary Wollstonecraft regards women as nobility, the social elite,the spoiled,and vulnerable and is in danger of intellectual and moral laziness, she believes that men and women are both responsible to such a situation, and takes it for granted that women share more power than men. But it does not say that earlier before there was no other books about the gender equality.The mysterious philosopher Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa wrote the Declamation on The Nobility and Preeminence of The Female Sex in 1529.

Feminism, gradually transformed into organizational social movement in the 19th century, when people believed that women was treated much more inequality in a male-centered society(please see the patriarchal entry). Rooted in western progressive feminist movement, especially in the reform movement in the 19th century.,feminism originated in1848 and organized the first women?s rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York.

Emmeline Pankhurst is one of the founders in the movement that women have the right to take part in political activities , she tries to reveal the gender discrimination in the British Social system, and sets up the Women' s Social and Political Union .Later, many members were arrested , because of the Cat and Mouse Act,they were in and out 7

of prison for repeated several times , they turned on a hunger strike to protest.,resulting that the members were as sick as a dog because they were forced to eat, make the legal system of brutality by social attention, also contributed to their purpose,which called people?s attention to the current cruel law system and accelerated their purpose to achieve the feminism.

Early feminists and the feminist movement of the origin is often referred to as "the first wave of feminism", and after 1960,it is referred to as "the second wave of feminism",it also has the so-called the third wave of feminism, but feminists show different opinions for its necessity of existence , contribution and concepts. The reason why the three "wave" is so called is that they like the waves of the sea, one by one, and never stopped, later comers make full use of the formers? contribution and resources.Modern feminism has a very important supporting factor,that is the anthropologist ,Margaret Mead?s published book ,Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies, 1935. She is a professor at Columbia University, where one of the main leaders, Bella Abzug,of the feminism in the United States graduated from it. In Mead's book, the report said women of the Tchambuli tribe have a dominant position, and does not cause any problem.The book enables intellectuals of Zagreb era to believe that the Europeans? concepts for masculinity, masculinity is very cultural orientation, rather than an unerased nature.

2.3. The significance of feminism in modern age

The significance of contemporary feminism is not only the fight for women' s rights, the pursuit of improving the status of women, it is fundamentally the pursuit of a kind of new social order, social relation and social mode, which can replace the current society full of mess and discrimination. Feminist thought, only in a new social mode,can women' s rights and status can be radically improved. To complete such a grand goal, in addition to social reforms, more in-depth existing modes of thinking need to be deeply elaborated and criticised to establish a new paradigm of thinking. 8

A common simple impression of feminist theory is that feminism does not have a character of methodology and lacks theoretical system. Feminist theory, in fact, already broke through the simple equality between men and women, and involves the profound theoretical thinking, the superficial non-system or the opposite system is often a kind of strategy of female against the Philippines of patriarchy and the centralism and rationalism tradition. It based on the angle of gender, creatively or critically absorbing various literary thoughts. Besides dedicating to the pursuit of women' s liberation goal, it focused more on the deconstruction of deep social consciousness, thinking habits and cultural codes. Women?s issues are not a pure gender issues nor equal rights problems between men and women, it is about our views and explanations of history . Women' s groups experience not only the supplement or improvements of human experience, on the contrary, it is a kind of subversion and reconstruction, it will show how the human being survive and in what kind of way to survive. , of course, this does not mean that women will regard the human history as a struggling history between two genders. In fact, what women are able to write is not another kind of history, but a history that everything has been written on it unconsciously and something that rulers must suppress, hide and kill in order to prove their structure, perfection.

III.Female images of Tess in Hardy's novels

3.1.Nature's daughter--Tess

Tess is the avatar of nature in the novel ,which embodies in the closed and

harmonious relationship between her and land, and animals.Hardy often set woman under the natural environment and combined her with nature,thus nature and heroine have a mutual induction,for that nature is not only Tess?s stage for activities but also a place to work and live in for him.Born in and grown in the beautiful valley,she

breathed air of nature and indowed with some natural qualities.Tess loves nature and always remains the rustic characteristics as the daughter of nature,there are some

fragrances of soil surrounding her.What Tess gives the first glimpse of us is that she is a naive girl with rosy lips and big eyes full of spiritual,her beautiful and kind image 9

impresses many readers deeply,she is as lovely as nature,as tender as nature?s daughter,which gives some voice of female from the inner heart. Tess is a pure, hard-working girl. Unfortunately, she encounters a variety of mental and physical damage, but she is still struggling with the fate. With a high sense of responsibility and self sacrifice she suffers from much humiliation.In the writer's eyes, though Tess?s seductions and murder, the daughter of the earth is innocent. She has a good qualification granted by nature , that is a kind of beauty which lets a person want to see also want to see again. she has a beauty of nature, good moral character, and hard-working qualities as natural as grassland. Simple, kind and selfless, she can bear hardships and stand hard work and has a sense of self sacrifice but without vanity. She has a tenacious vitality and destiny in unique ways, but multiple factors from social, family, individual circumstances always lead the pure nature of woman slowly to destruction.Tess is a new typical women Hardy shapes. She has a double character. On the one hand, she dares to rebel against traditional moral and hypocritical religion; On the other hand, she can not completely get rid of the fetters of traditional morality of its own. In particular, the latter is directly related to her tragic fate.Because Tess was born in a peasant family, remnants of farmers in some of the old moral and destiny view has cultivated her weakness when she was in a revolt against traditional moral aspects. She suffers persecution not only from the public opinion, but also the traditional moral aspects. As for the moral standard , she rethink her guilty. "She sees itself as a the embodiment of evil," "she always think people all over the world pay attention to her case, daring not to see people".Compared to the others, she could not forget his humiliation. Tess is bounded up by a moral net herself weaved. In fact, her self consciousness has its profound historical foundation, is the manifestation of the whole social consciousness. Tess as individuals of a certain historical period, which is a specific reflection of the whole social consciousness and morality.As an individual of a historical period, her thoughts and actions will necessarily restricted by age and social consciousness and formed a given social consciousness and values.

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3.2.Pessimism and fatalism of Hardy

Hardy's novels are full of pessimism color, Tess of the D’urbervilles is most famous one among them, the heroine Tess in the story is purely a tragedy, in our view, she is the biggest tragedy since queen Elizabeth era .Karl weber commented that: "no one will argue for this kind of evaluation,even it is his greatest novel." As Hardy?s peak of his tragedy novel creation, this novel combines the destiny tragedy, social tragedy, personality tragedy as a whole, which is the perfect embodiment of pessimism thought and tragedy consciousness of Hardy. As an outstanding achievement of Hardy, he arranged such a tragic end for Tess, and think that "only in this way, there can be no other results". People can not help asking, why? Foreign scholars? study on causes of Tess?s tragedy tend to a view that "Tess is the victim of fate". Some comments at domestic shows that "Tess?s all tragic sufferings come from cruel fate with careful planning and design". Hardy argues that Tess?s virginity has been lost is her"destiny"; it is a karma that Tess' s family is scattered : "at the beginning, her ancestry is a rich family in the county, there must be many times, who had the landless, unceremoniously expelled"; And through angel to explain in the perspective of genetic factors why Tess killed ya-lei,we have no idea what kind of characteristics in D?urberville?s blood which can not be understood by us that lets Tess do something abnormal .Hardy seems to suggest that everything is "fate", the reality of suffering and the crisis is always a mysterious and unknowable will in the universe,while in the fight against the environment, humans are at the mercy of fate, this is the core idea of fatalism and pessimism of Hardy?s thoughts..

In addition, Hardy is influenced by German philosopher Schopenhauer and Hartmann, thinking that there is a supernatural willpower existing in the universe,which holds the destiny of man to a certain extent.Hardy's works of the hero's misfortune appears to be at the mercy of fate. As a result, some critics say that Hardy is a fatalist. In fact, this comment is not fair. Hardy lives in a society where the lower people's fate is not in their hands, they also have no consciousness of his own fate. In his fiction Hardy tries to illustrate the society or reality hindered the people to 11

realize their thoughts or wishes, the coincidence and chance events arranged by him in the story is just like the obstacles on the roads of the main character's life, and only the strong can pass. From this point of view, people say that Hardy is a fatalist, pessimism is not fair, there are some examples of the survival of the fittest in his novels, he is advocating people to struggle with fate.

3.3The essential reasons of Tess' s tragedy

First,Tess?s tragedy is the social tragedy. British capitalist industrial civilization flooded into the countryside in the middle of the 19th century ,Hardy's hometown had also suffered a strong shock, the patriarchal society had been disintegrated rapidly, individual farmers were in economic misery with unemployment and poverty . Facing the consequences of the industrial civilization, Hardy, as a humanitarian, whose heart suffered a strong shock ,and had a deep emotional attachment to the ancient patriarchal civilization, hating the destruction to harmonious living conditions for people from industrial civilization. In the Tess of the D’urbervilles, Hardy shows us a panoramic description on the impact of the industrial civilization to a village and then casts Tess as an epitome of the individual farmer, showing that people struggle deeply and distressfully for the materials . Social tragedy is caused by the conflict between people and the social environment. Tess lives in the Victorian Age when British capitalism invaded to the countryside and poisoned the social atmosphere . The soft woman, despite that she is bright, beautiful, diligent and kind, she is as poor as a church mouse with much financial burden and low social status.As a laborer, an agricultural worker without power nor money, there is no doubt that Tess will suffer from oppression and reproach from capitalist society, these oppressions come from economic oppression and abuse, powerful, physical, spiritual, religious, moral, and traditional concepts.

The second reason is that Tess is a victim of violent and evil forces and laws that defend their state machines. The representation of this kind of violence, evil forces is Alec. Tess grew up in a countryside with natural beauty, although she suffers 12

distress from family life, the young Tess?s heart is bright and cheerful. She deeply loves the life and dares to face all the difficulties. In order to maintain a family, she sacrifices himself. For the sake of the family life, this girl who has never been outside with the feelings of fear and shame, finally went to Alec?s home for help. Alec's father was a wealthy businessman, and then lives under an aristocratic German name. The young tycoon,Alec, relying on his father's money and power in countryside, is undisciplined. When he saw Tess the first time, his dissolute lewd is exposed. Due to the lack of experience, Tess was young and foolish, and the surrounding environment is so dark, no one help her, therefore, Alec set a trap, ravaged, defiled Tess, destroying the girl's virginity and happiness in her whole life.

But Tess?s father died, her mother was in poor health, and sister dropped from school , house lease expired, the big family had no place to live and were expelled from the village, for the sake of the family, Tess had to accept the help of the Alec to be his mistress with humiliation. From then on, Alec completely ruined her life-long happiness. Tess' s life are the victims of power and violence. The reason why Alec is armed with hegemony of evil to do everything, not only because he is rich, powerful, but also majorly because that he has the protection from the state machine and the law of the bourgeois. Society and law thought the people who insult and persecute Tess is justified,while Tess with persecution is guilty. Tess will resign herself to adversity and endure dirty, has no any self-defense rights.Tess became offerings of bourgeois? national altar .Tess?s misery and injustice from society shows the inhumanity and hypocrisy of bourgeois law.

The another major reason of Tess' s tragedy from the traditional ethics?damage to her spirit. Tess decisively left Alec and went back to their parents for she was not willing to be Alec?s mistress against her strong self esteem Secular public opinion, traditional moral, however, like sharp arrows and coming to her. However,the secular public opinions and traditional ethics are just like sharp arrows shooting at her. To avoid public opinion and human, she dares not to go out of the house, only when it is dark and when she feel lonely ,will she run to the woods, experiencing a kind of 13

spiritual freedom. Tess was a brave woman, she bravely accept the position of a woman without chaste .After her child died, in order to avoid public opinion and forget the unhappy past, looking for happiness, the dreams of the future promoted her to leave home again and was employed by a milk factory and became a milkman.It is in here that she knew Angel, and had a good time for a short time in her whole life.However,their love is pregnant with tragedy at the beginning.In Angel?s eyes, Tess is "nature's baby", a symbol of purity, the perfect masterpiece.However, once Tess honestly confessed to him her past reproach,what impressed him first is that he is fooled ,this all ruined all his life, his universe, everything has changed.Another important reason of their love?s tragedy is that the deep-rooted traditional ethics and moral values in Angel ?s inner heart. He himself had a dissolute behavior, and forgiven by Tess but refused to forgive the innocent Tess,.He is against traditional ideas, class bias, but not completely, his deep soul still has the marks of his original class.

All in all,Tess' s death is the concentration and enrichment of social tragedy. The tragedy of Tess, based on the precondition of total social tragedy, is also a tragedy of her character. The cause of the tragedy is not only the objective and subjective factors, i.e. not only the external, but also the internal factors.All of these factors have a direct link with the capitalist society at that time, and it is the reflection of the capitalist society. Tess' s destruction is inevitable and inescapable in capitalist society.

IV. The Feminism Messages Conveyed in the Images of Tess

4.1.Tess’s characteristics reflect the social culture of female.

Tess of the D’urbervilles is a realist novel which shows us a great woman,Tess,who dares to pursue freedom, equality and angrily fights against the evil of life. Under the patriarchal culture and ideological imprison, women' s status can only be

embarrassed,being the subsidiary position with a loss of sovereignty. In the Victorian 14

era, Tess?s female status also couldn't be free from the patriarchy and social manners. Women' s beauty is "dangerous" in the perspective of the patriarchal consciousness, and becomes an excuse for men to shirk their sins; Men think that women' s loyalty of spirit and chastity of the body should be remained forever while they can ignore their own indulgence. And under the pressure from the patriarchal society, the thinking mode of women is also controlled and rigidified by the power and rights of statutes. In the Victorian era, Tess is unable to avoid the "hegemony"from the patriarchal consciousness and the harsh social manners that have no understanding of the essence of "women". And the patriarchal system of the society deprived women?s independent status at that time. To some extent, Tess?s life has never existed, as a woman, she has never gain her real status of a women. Instead, her status is formulated by the

patriarchal men according to their distorted understanding about women. At that time, Tess had to obediently accept the position of the imposed upon her. Men possess absolute rights has been deeply rooted in the concept of women both in that age and modern society , and it becomes a kind of internalized patriarchal ideas. The men denies women in the perspective of cultural value,thinking that women are just their accessories and private belongings, while women tend to unconsciously default all these from men?s culture impulsed upon them. It's like a master-slave relationship in which the main party seldom or never consider the affiliate party?s interests, ideas and needs and the main parties have to regulate and control power to satisfy their needs,while those who deprived of the initiative and to be the affiliate can fully realize and cater to the needs of the main party.

4.2.Tess' s rebellion against the patriarchal society and social customs

In Victorian era, it was impossible that women' s status could escape from the bondage of the patriarchal society and their thoughts were greatly controlled under the oppression of patriarchal consciousness .But Tess is not willing to oppressed by such 15

social ideology, so she tried her best to fight against it.In order to escape from people?s criticisms, Tess went to a factory to be a milkman, believing that where there is a life ,there is a hope,she pulled herself out to start a new life. It is in this place, she met her true love, Angel. She finally accepted Angel?s proposal and confessed fearlessly his past to him. Faced with the difficulties created on purpose by the employer on the farm, she talks sense bravely with the boss and rejects those unreasonable demands.

At the end of the novel, what surprised us is that Tess,such a soft and kind girl killed Alec and Angel came back,which reflects Tess?s victory in their fight against the patriarchal society, She defends the loyalty of their love at the cost of her own life. Tess,with her independent spirit, full of vitality and noble character realizes the self transcendence.Tess shows dissatisfaction with patriarchy society and culture in her own practical action . After experiencing the unbearable suffering, she didn't give up hope,and pursues his own fortune with a strong willed heart.No matter what difficulties and hardships, Tess didn't give up, insisting on fighting with the unfair society,she is a brave and great woman ,an epitome of feminism advocator.

V.The Modern Enlightenment of Feminism from Tess.

5.1.Female independence on both material and spirit

Tess of the D’urbervilles shows us that Tess was trapped in three times? economic crisis and was not willing to depend on men but at last she had to rely on men to solve the economic difficulties.We modern youth can also learn that : women?s love must be based on the economic independence,but not wait for the "financial aid" of love. Once women is not financially independent, they will not be able to keep their initiative rights in marriage nor to pursue their true love in the heart,protect themselves against temptation and economic oppression, maintain the true love. True love can withstand the pressure from social moral public opinions, yet it is hard to survive the economic 16

crisis, as Tess can resolutely protect her dignity and love many times regardless of social moral pressure, but finally had to be Alec's lover for the sake of financial crisis. As for women ,economy is not independent will easily let them in exchange for a work with their beauty, and even have a desire to change the state of the economy through love or marriage.

Facing the choice of "love"between Angel and Alec, you can see,Tess is confused in marriage. Love is not a compromise or settling,but it needs you to learn how to stick to and how to let it go. Standing in the perspective of an onlooker, if Tess devotedly stays with a man and has her own independent opinions, she will be happy. Staying with Alec, it will bring her happiness of materials; Waiting for the Angel will bring her spiritual happiness. But Tess has not realized what kind of life does she want and where her value of love is.Whether in physical or mental aspect, she is always a selected object, passively accept the two men,but can not hold her fate in her hands.It is said that “Women in love are blind”,may be it is right,so women should be strong-willed to manage her own love rationally,being a real independent lover and wife.

5.2.Social system should promote the harmony and equality between two genders.

In Victoria era,men possessed the leading status weather in work or in family because of the unfair federal system.Tess ,a poor and pure girl,is the sacrifice of the social system,we,the new generations ,can learn some lessons from Tess?s tragedy.Fortunately,we live in a civilized society with sound laws and stable circumstances.However,women are still the vulnerable groups to some extent compared with men due to some unavoidable reasons such as their responsibility to giving birth to child and they are weaker inborn in physical strength than men,especially in rural eras,this inequality exists between the two genders forever. 17

Women are playing a more and more important role in modern society their status has been greatly improved in the past few decades ,for they not only shoulder the responsibility of looking after family members but also have their own independent work to support the family,there are many excellent women who make big contribution to the progress of society.Armed with legal and justified institutions,women can become as great as men,even much more outstanding than men. So on the one hand ,social system should be improved and perfected to protect women?s rights,giving them more bonus to make up some disadvantages both from mental and physical aspects;on the other hand,women should make full use of the legal and equal chances to be mature independently but not just want to rely on men,only in this way,can women lead a significant life ,thus helping to building a harmonious society between the two genders.

V. Conclusion

The thesis mainly analyses Tess?s double characteristics(a combination of weakness and braveness) and a change of her tragic fate,during this complicating procedure,feminism elements are completely embodied in the whole novel,Hardy shapes a considerate,kind ,soft but brave ,diligent girl for us,her tragedy comes from social tragedy.We criticize the malpractice of male-dominated society and get some enlightenment from Tess?s tragedy,knowing that if women want to get rid of tragic fate ,they must armed themselves with feminism to fight for life and defend themselves from inequality and persecution.Women?s real emancipation comes from their independence on both material and spirit.

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